Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Unit-01

Artificial Intelligence

Computer Engineering Department

LJIET
 Outline
Looping

 Introduction : What is AI?

 The Underlying Assumption

 AI Task Domains

 AI techniques

 Application of an AI

 Advantages and Disadvantages of an AI

Introduction of AI
 In today's world, technology is growing very fast, and we are getting in touch with different new
technologies day by day.

 Here, one of the booming technologies of computer science is Artificial Intelligence which is
ready to create a new revolution in the world by making intelligent machines.

 The Artificial Intelligence is now all around us. It is currently working with a variety of subfields,
ranging from general to specific, such as self-driving cars, playing chess, proving theorems,
playing music, Painting, etc.

 AI is one of the universal fields of Computer science which has a great scope in future. AI holds a
tendency to cause a machine to work as a human.
Introduction of AI
 Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made" and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made
thinking power.“

 So, we can define AI as:

 "It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can
behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."
Introduction of AI
 Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as learning,
reasoning, and solving problems.

 With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to do some work, despite
that you can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can work with own
intelligence, and that is the awesomeness of AI.
Why Artificial Intelligence?
 Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the importance of AI
and why should we learn it. Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:

 With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-world problems
very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.

 With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Google Assistant, Siri,
etc.

 With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment where survival
of humans can be at risk.

 AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.
Goals of Artificial Intelligence
 Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:
 Replicate human intelligence
 Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
 An intelligent connection of perception and action
 Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
 Proving a theorem
 Playing chess
 Plan some surgical operation
 Driving a car in traffic
 Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
 Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and requires lots of
other factors which can contribute to it.

 To create the AI first we should know that how intelligence is composed, so the Intelligence is an
intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning, learning, problem-solving
perception, language understanding, etc.
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
 To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence requires the
following discipline:
 Mathematics
 Biology
 Psychology
 Sociology
 Computer Science
 Neurons Study
 Statistics
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
 Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

 High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and high
accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.

 High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of that AI
systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.

 High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple times
with high accuracy.
The Underlying Assumption
 Four component :

1) Acting humanly.
2) Thinking humanly.
3) Thinking Rationally.
4) Acting Rationally.
The Underlying Assumption
1) Acting humanly: Can Machine Behave Intelligently?
Turing Test in Artificial Intelligence
 The Turing test developed by Alan Turing (Computer scientist) in 1950.

 He proposed that “Turing test is used to determine whether or not computer (machine) can think
intelligently like human”?

 Imagine a game of three players having two humans and one computer, an interrogator (as
human) is isolated from other two players.

 The interrogator job is to try and figure out which one is human and which one is computer by
asking questions from both of them.

 To make the things harder computer is trying to make the interrogator guess wrongly. In other
words computer would try to indistinguishable from human as much as possible.
Turing Test in Artificial Intelligence
 The “standard interpretation” of the Turing Test, in which player C, the interrogator, is given the
task of trying to determine which player – A or B – is a computer and which is a human.
 The interrogator is limited to using the responses to written questions to make the determination

 The conversation between interrogator and computer would be like this:

C (Interrogator): Are you a computer?
A (Computer): No
C: Multiply one large number to another, 158745887 * 56755647
A: After a long pause, an incorrect answer!
C: Add 5478012, 4563145
A: (Pause about 20 second and then give as answer) 10041157
Turing Test in Artificial Intelligence
 If interrogator wouldn’t be able to distinguish the answers provided by both human and computer
then the computer passes the test and machine (computer) is considered as intelligent as
human.

 In other words, a computer would be considered intelligent if it’s conversation couldn’t be easily
distinguished from a human’s.

 The whole conversation would be limited to a text-only channel such as a computer keyboard and
screen.
Features required for a machine to pass the Turing test
 Natural language processing: NLP is required to communicate with Interrogator in general
human language like English.

 Knowledge representation: To store and retrieve information during the test.

 Automated reasoning: To use the previously stored information for answering the questions.

 Machine learning: To adapt new changes and can detect generalized patterns.

 Vision (For total Turing test): To recognize the interrogator actions and other objects during a
test.

 Motor Control (For total Turing test): To act upon objects if requested.
The Underlying Assumption
2) Thinking Humanly: Can Machine Thinking Intelligently?

 Try to get inside our minds. How we reason, learn, Remember and Predict?

3) Thinking Rationally: Can Machine Think According to situation?

Example: All computers use energy.

Using energy always generates heat.
There fore all computers generate heat.
The Underlying Assumption
4) Acting Rationally: Can Machine Acting According to situation?

 Ex: Robot communicate with person according to height of person.(tall/short)

AI Task Domains
 Much of the early work in the field of AI focused on formal tasks, such as game playing and
theorem proving.

 Game playing and theorem proving share the property that people who do them well are
considered to be displaying Intelligence.

 Initially computers could perform well at those tasks simply by being fast at exploring a large
number of solution paths and then selecting the best one.

 Humans learn mundane (ordinary) tasks since their birth. They learn by perception, speaking,
using language, and training. They learn Formal Tasks and Expert Tasks later.
AI Task Domains
 Another early foray into AI focused on commonsense reasoning, which includes reasoning about
physical objects and their relationship to each other, as well as reasoning about actions and their
consequences.

 As AI research progressed, techniques for handling large amount of world knowledge were
developed.

 New tasks reasonably attempted such as perception, natural language understanding and
problem solving in specialized domains.

 Some of the task domains of artificial intelligence are presented in table I.

 Earlier, all work of AI was concentrated in the mundane task domain.

AI Task Domains
 Later, it turned out that the machine requires more knowledge, complex knowledge
representation, and complicated algorithms for handling mundane tasks.

 This is the reason why AI work is more flourishing in the Expert Tasks domain now, as the expert
task domain needs expert knowledge without common sense, which can be easier to represent
and handle.
AI Task Domains
Mundane Tasks
 Human learns the mundane tasks since their birth.
 They learn by perception, speaking using language.
 Mundane tasks simply said as every day task or task which most humans are able to perform
successfully in meeting their daily needs.
 They learn formal tasks and expert tasks later in that orders.

 Perception: The ability to understand something by using computer vision, Speech or voice.
Natural Language
 Understanding
 Generation
 Translation
 Common sense reasoning: Leaning from experience
 Robot Control
Formal Tasks
 Much of the early work in AI focused on formal Task such as game playing and theorem proving
and these includes,
 Games
 Chess
 Tic tac toe
 Backgammon
 Checkers
 Go
 Mathematics
 Geometry
 Logic
 Integral calculus
 Proving properties of Programs
Expert Tasks
 This tasks requires and expert person to perform task and builds AI System it includes,
 Engineering
 Design
 Fault finding
 Manufacturing planning
 Scientific analysis
 Medical diagnosis
 Financial analysis
AI Techniques
 AI Problems cover a very broad field, There are some techniques for thesolution of a problem.
 Before learning individual techniques, let’s see the properties it will have.
 One important property is that “Intelligence requires knowledge”.
 To compensate overwhelming quality, knowledge have some less desirable properties.

1. It is huge.
2. It is difficult to characterize correctly.
3. It is constantly varying.
4. It differs from data by being organized in a way that corresponds to itsapplication.
5. It is complicated.
AI Techniques
 An AI technique is a method that exploits knowledge that is represented in such a way that:
1. The knowledge captures generalizations that share properties, are grouped together, rather
than being allowed separate representation.
2. It can be understood by people who must provide it even though for many programs bulk of the
data comes automatically from readings.
3. It can be easily modified to correct errors and reflect changes in real conditions.
4. It can be widely used even if it is incomplete or inaccurate.
What is AI Technique?
 In the real world, the knowledge has some unwelcomed properties −
 Its volume is huge, next to unimaginable.
 It is not well-organized or well-formatted.
 It keeps changing constantly.

 AI Technique is a manner to organize and use the knowledge efficiently in such a way that −
 It should be perceivable by the people who provide it.
 It should be easily modifiable to correct errors.
 It should be useful in many situations though it is incomplete or inaccurate.

 AI techniques elevate the speed of execution of the complex program it is equipped with.
What is AI Technique?
 There are three important AI techniques:

 Search
 Provides a way of solving problems for which no direct approach is available.
 It also provides a framework into which any direct techniques that are available can be embedded.

 Use of knowledge
 Provides a way of solving complex problems by exploiting the structure of the objects that are involved.

 Abstraction
 Provides a way of separating important features and variations from many unimportant ones that would
otherwise overwhelm any process.
AI Techniques
 There are three important AI techniques:

1. Search :

 Provides a way of solving problems for which no direct approach is available.

 It also provides a framework into which any direct techniques that are available can be
embedded.

2. Use of knowledge: Provides a way of solving complex problems by exploiting the structure of the
objects that are involved.

3. Abstraction: Provides a way of separating important features and variations from many
unimportant ones that would otherwise overwhelm any process
AI Techniques
Application of AI
 Artificial Intelligence has various applications in
today's society.

 It is becoming essential for today's time because

it can solve complex problems with an efficient
way in multiple industries, such as Healthcare,
entertainment, finance, education, etc.

 AI is making our daily life more comfortable and

fast.

 Following are some sectors which have the

application of Artificial Intelligence:
Application of AI
 AI in Astronomy
 Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI technology can
be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works, origin, etc.

 AI in Healthcare
 In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare industry and
going to have a significant impact on this industry.

 Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans.

 AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical
help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
Application of AI
 AI in Gaming
 AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where
the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.

 AI in Finance
 AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other.

 The finance industry is implementing automation, chat-bot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm

trading, and machine learning into financial processes.
Application of AI
 AI in Data Security
 The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very rapidly in
the digital world.

 AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2
Platform, are used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.

 AI in Social Media
 Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of user profiles,
which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way.

 AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify the
latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.
Application of AI
 AI in Travel & Transport
 AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries.
 AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to
suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers.
 Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with
customers for better and fast response.

 AI in Automotive Industry
 Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for better
performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant.
 Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can make your
journey more safe and secure.
Application of AI
 AI in Robotics:
 Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics.
 Usually, general robots are programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but
with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own
experiences without pre-programmed.
 Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent Humanoid robot
named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk and behave like humans.

 AI in Entertainment
 We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some entertainment
services such as Netflix or Amazon.
 With the help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or
shows.
Application of AI
 AI in Agriculture
 Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for best result.
Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this field.
 Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis.
AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.

 AI in E-commerce
 AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming more
demanding in the e-commerce business.
 AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size, color, or even
brand.
Application of AI
 AI in education:
 AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach.
 AI Chabot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
 AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be accessible
easily at any time and any place.
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb,
exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.

 Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as AI
technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per
customer requirement.

 Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving car which
can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose, Natural
language processing to communicate with the human in human-language, etc.
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
 Every technology has some disadvantages, and the same goes for Artificial intelligence.
 Being so advantageous technology still, it has some disadvantages which we need to keep in our
mind while creating an AI system.

 Following are the disadvantages of AI:

 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of
maintenance to meet current world requirements.

 Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they cannot
work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or
programmed.
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
 No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does not
have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with human, and may
sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.

 Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting more
dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.

 No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but still AI
machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.
 THANK YOU

Computer Engineering Department

LJIET