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Unit 4 Elasticity

physics in engineering

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13 views8 pages

Unit 4 Elasticity

physics in engineering

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shreyasingh.0125
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT 4

ELASTICITY
Elasticity is a property of material bodies by virtue of which they regain their original shape
and size after the deforming forces are removed.
Stress and Strain: When a force acts on a body producing deformation, the internal reactional
force which tries to restore the original condition is called stress. It is measured in terms of
force per unit area. Its unit is Nm-2.
The stress may be
(i) Longitudinal (force acting along one direction such as length),
(ii) Tangential (force acting along the surface) and
(iii) Normal (force acting perpendicular to the surface).
 When a deforming force acts on a body, the dimensions of the body such as length, shape
or volume undergoes a change. The ratio of change in dimension to its original dimension
is called strain. It has no unit and is a dimensionless quantity.
 If a force acting on the body results in change of length, then the strain is longitudinal. The
longitudinal strain is the ratio of change in length to the original length.
 If a tangential force is applied on a body, there is a shearing strain. The body is sheared
through an angle θ. This shearing angle is called shearing strain.
 If a normal force (force acting perpendicular to the surface of the body) is applied on the
body which changes its volume, then the ratio of change in volume to the original volume
is called volume strain.

Hooke’s law Within the elastic limit, the stress is directly proportional to strain. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∝
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝐸) . E depends on the nature of the
material and its unit is Nm-2.

Stress- strain diagram:

It is a graph showing the variation of strain with stress (load). Consider a wire stretched by
applying load (weight). As the stress is increased, the strain (extension of length) also increases
linearly obeying Hooke’s law. This is indicated by the straight-line OA. The point A indicates
the elastic limit i.e. within this limit of stress the wire will regain its original length if the load
is removed.
When the load is further increased beyond elastic limit, the extension of wire is such that, it
will not regain its original length if the load is removed. Here Hooke’s law is not obeyed. The
variation is nonlinear as shown by the path A to B. Point B is yield point.
If the load is further increased, the extension increases drastically. Also area of cross section
of the wire (thickness of the wire) decreases drastically. This is called necking. The extension
increases until the wire breaks. This point is called the breaking point i.e. C. The stress
required to break the wire is called the breaking load. The ratio of the breaking load to the
original area of cross section of the wire is called the breaking stress or ultimate strength of
the material.
It is observed that even within the elastic limit, the material takes some time to regain its
original dimension after the load is removed. This delay is called elastic after effect.
In the design of structures, care should be taken to see that material is well within the breaking
stress. The fraction of the breaking stress to be maintained is called working stress. The ratio
of the ultimate strength to working stress is called the factor of safety. For most of the materials
this factor is between 5 and 10.
Most expected questions

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