Substation Engineering

Substation Automation
Technical Trainer:
Celestino Cole

SafePlus Internationale Corporation

Presented by: Celestino ColeProfessionals.
Engineers. | www.electricalaxis.com
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Consultants
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28/04/2024
 Objectives
At the end of this session, the trainees will be able to understand the following:

1. Concepts and components of substation automation

2. The importance of substation automation.
3. The signal flow path of substation control.

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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 Basic Components and
Characteristics of Digital Substation

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 Digital Substation
Characteristics of Digital Substation

❑ Used smart IED’s for sensing, measuring and

control of network parameters and
equipment

❑ Application of interoperable
communications network and protocols
IEC 61850
to tie the different pieces together.
❑ Time synchronization element which
enable monitoring and response close
to real time.

❑ Used software applications at various

levels of the grid that can be used for
wide
Presented area monitoring
by: Celestino and optimization.
Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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 Intelligent Electronic
Devices (IED)

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)

A device that has intelligent function in substation

automation and possess versatile functions such
as:

❑ System protection
❑ Advanced control intelligence
❑ Enhanced optimization
❑ Capability of extensive communications
directly to different device in the system.

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)
Intelligent Electronic Device (IED)

The functions of a typical IED includes the following:

❑ Protection
❑ Control
❑ Monitoring
❑ Metering
❑ Data Logging

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Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)
IED – PROTECTION Functions

Detects the fault and initiates the operation of

the circuit breaker to isolate the defective
element from the rest of the system.

❑ Used to protect transformer, bus,

switchgear, electric motor, and generator.

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)

MV Transformer Protection

Credit: GE Multilin 845

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Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)

MV Feeder Protection

Credit: GE Multilin 350

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Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)

MV Motor Protection

Credit: GE Multilin 339

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Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED)

IED CONTROL & MONITORING Function

❑ Can be programmed using IEC 6113-3

programming languages.

❑ Control and monitor substation devices by

integrating directly to plant DCS or
substation SCADA.

❑ Status Monitoring of the substation

(open/close status of switchgears, alarms).

❑ Sampled Measured Value i.e. voltage and

current.
Credit: GE Multilin C30

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 Merging Unit

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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Merging Units

❑ Measures the current and voltage signals

from the instrument transformers.

❑ Merges the signal and send them to IED in

a standardized digital output format.

Note: IEC 61850 protocol used only

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Merging Units
MUX

SMV

Conventional Modern

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Merging Units

Credit: Siemens
Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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 Process Bus and
Station Bus

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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Process Bus
Process bus provides communications
for the measurement and status of
primary devices, such as:

❑ Voltage
❑ Current
❑ Device status (close/ open)

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Process Bus

Credit: Siemens
Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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 Process Bus

Traditional Traditional

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Process Bus

Impact of Merging Unit & Process Bus.

1. Eliminate 33% of breaker terminations.

2. Reduce copper cabling by 40%.
3. Reduce latency (from seconds to
minutes down to less than 200 ms.)

Modern Modern

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 Station Bus
Station Bus – the connection between
station and bay levels.

Provide primary communications for:

• Station protection
• Control
• Monitoring
• Logging functions
• Event recording
• Maintenance Records
• History

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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 Input Devices

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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 Instrument Transformers
Current Transformers

Current transformers are used to

transform electrical current in the
power system down to a levels that
can safely be handled by meters and
relays.

Most CT’s have secondary current

value of 5 or 1.

Example
• 100:5
• 100:1
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 Instrument Transformers
Voltage Transformers

Voltage transformers, abbreviated as VTs, are

used to transform primary voltages to safer
and more practical lower values for use in
metering and relaying.

Most VT’s have secondary voltage value of 120

Volts.

Example
• 100:5
• 100:1

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 Sensor, Transmitter & Transducers
Pressure Sensors

❑ Monitoring for SF6 pressure, density and leakage.

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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 Sensor, Transmitter & Transducers
Pressure Sensors

❑ Monitoring for SF6 pressure, density and leakage.

Capacitive
Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com Transformer Piezoelectric

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 Sensor, Transmitter & Transducers
Temperature Sensors

Monitor the temperature of:

❑ Transformer winding
❑ Transformer oil
❑ Motor winding
❑ Generator winding

Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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 Sensor, Transmitter & Transducers
Temperature Sensors

❑ RTD is mostly made of Platinum

❑ RTD operation is based on the

proportionality of temperature and
resistance.

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 Hierarchical Control

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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Hierarchical Control of Digital Substation

Station Level

Bay Level

Process Level

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Process Level

Process Level - The process level is the

interface between the primary equipment in MUX
the substation and the secondary (protection
& control) system. SMV

Instrument Transformers

❑ All measurements, both analog and

binary is digitized using MERGING UNIT
and sent to the IEDs over fiber-optic links.

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Process Level
Capacitive PS RTD
Transmitters

❑ All measurement signals from the

pressure and temperature sensors will be
harmonized to a standard analogue signal
of 4-20 mA.

❑ The harmonized signal will be connected

to Merging Unit.

Merging
Unit, or
Controller

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Process Level
Capacitive PS RTD
Discrete I/O’s

❑ All measurement signals from the

pressure and temperature sensors will be
harmonized to a standard analogue signal
of 4-20 mA.

❑ The harmonized signal will be connected

to Merging Unit.

Merging
Unit, or
Controller

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Process Level

Credit: Siemens
Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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Bay Level

Bay Level - includes equipment normally

referred to as ‘secondary equipment’ in
the substation – protection relays, bay
controllers, measuring and recording
IEDs etc.

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Bay Level

Bay Level - includes equipment normally

referred to as ‘secondary equipment’ in
the substation – protection relays, bay
controllers, measuring and recording
IEDs etc.

BCU

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Station Level

Station Level - The equipment at the station

level may comprise substation HMIs, engineering
workstations for IED access or local
concentration and archiving of the power
system,

❑ Human Machine Interface (HMI)

Workstations i.e. Operation, Engineering,
Maintenance and others.

❑ Data Historian
❑ Time Synchronization
❑ SCADA gateways

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Station Level

HMI – Human Machine Interface

A device which enable human to interact

with machines to control processes.

❑ Panel display
❑ Personal computer
❑ Keyboard
❑ Computer mouse
❑ Etc…

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Station Level
Gateway

❑ Collects data from IED’s and

other smart devices, pre-
processes the data and moves it
up to EMS and DMS SCADA
systems providing centralized
substation management.

❑ Summarizes data from the

substation devices and makes it
available locally/remotely
through a standard secure web
browser (HTTPS).

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

Credit: GE Multilin D400

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Station Level

Operator Workstation

❑ A computer stations that are

connected with the SCADA
network.

❑ It serves as a client (in a

client/server system), that
request and send information
to the central host computer
(server) based on the request
and action of the operators.

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Station Level

Engineering Workstation

❑ The engineering workstation allow the

users to perform engineering functions
such as modifying or creating new
control loops, creating various input
and output points, modifying
sequential and continuous control logic,
configuring device and others.

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

Credit: GE Multilin D400

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Station Level

Maintenance Workstation

• A station that centralizes maintenance

information and facilitates the
processes of maintenance operations.

• It helps optimize the utilization and

availability of equipment parts essential
to operation.

Note: This option is usually applied only

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Station Level

Time Synchronization

Use GPS receiver via IEEE 1588 protocol

Provide common time stamps,

corresponding to the astronomic time in
UTC standard for all signals, captured in
digital substation.

To ensure:

❑ Clocks must run at the same rate.

❑ Clocks ticks in unison
❑ Clocks to agree on the time of the day.
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Station Level

Time Synchronization

IED A/D Time Stamping

❑ Operation: Analyze the operation of

multiple IED’s at different physical
locations in response to an electric
power system event.

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Station Level

Time Synchronization

IED A/D Time Stamping

❑ Investigation: Show all events occurred in

the substation as event messages with time
stamp.

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 SCADA

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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SCADA

SCADA - Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition.

Data Acquisition Supervisory Control

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SCADA

SCADA - Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. SCADA Hardware Architecture

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SCADA

SCADA Hardware Architecture

❑ Client Layer – handles the man-machine interaction

❑ Data Server Layer - handles most of the process data

control activities. The data servers communicate with
devices in the field through IED’s and process
controllers.

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SCADA

SCADA Software Architecture

❑ Client – handles the man-machine interaction.

❑ Server – responsible for storing the SCADA

client applications in the data base i.e. alarm
checking, historian, calculations, logging, and
archiving.

Note: it is possible to have dedicated servers for

each application.

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 Data Communication
(Fundamentals of IEC 61850)

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Data Communication

Data Acquisition

Data:

• MVA

• Voltage
• Current
• Frequency

• Temperature
• Pressure

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

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Data Communication

Data Modelling

Physical World

• Transformer
• Buchholz Relay
• Sensors
• OLTC
• CT/ VT
• Etc…

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Data Modelling

13 Logical Node Groups

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Data Modelling
Substation will never look the same again

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Data Modelling

IED

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

Credit to: Siemens

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Data Modelling

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 Data Modelling

86 Logical Node Classes

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Data Modelling

355 Data Classes

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Data Modelling

Sample Hierarchical Transmission of Data MMS Conformance

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

Credit: ABB
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GOOSE

GOOSE – Generic Object Oriented

Substation Event
• Anything that requires the exchange of
information within relays (currently done by
hardwired connections)
• Breaker Failure
• Transfer Scheme
• Reclosing in multi breaker arrangements
Credit: Siemens

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GOOSE

MMS Application Layer

G
TCP Transport Layer O
O
S
IP Network Layer E

LAN Link Layer

Credit: Siemens

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Stack Mapping

Credit: ABB
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 Device Level Programming/ Parameter Setting

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 Device Level Programming/ Parameter Setting

❑ Algorithm - a process or set of rules to be

followed in calculations or other problem-
solving operations, especially by a computer.

❑ Programming - A computer program is a

collection of instructions that can be executed
by a computer to perform a specific task.

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 Device Level Programming/ Parameter Setting
230 kV Bus

D1 D2

ES1

CB

Credit: SEL
ES2
D3

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 Device Level Programming/ Parameter Setting

CB D1 D2

D2 D1 ES1

&
D3 CB

ES1 D3

ES2
ES2 D3

Example
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 Device Level Programming/ Parameter Setting

D1 D2

ES1

CB

ES2
ES2 D3

Credit: Siemens

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 Device Level Programming/ Parameter Setting

D1 D2

ES1

CB

ES2
ES2 D3

Credit: General Electric

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Example: Distance Protection Relay ANSI 21

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Example: Distance Protection Relay-ANSI 21

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Use of Third Party Software
Third party software that supports all IEC 61850 compatible devices

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

Credit: Omicron
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Use of Third Party Software

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

Credit: Omicron

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Use of Third Party Software

Presented by: Celestino Cole | www.electricalaxis.com

Credit: Omicron
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Use of Third Party Software

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 Thank you very much.

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