Logical Thinking

1. There are 27 blue balls, 28 red balls and 29 green balls in a bag. If balls are picked
randomly from the bag without replacement, at least how many balls need to be
picked to ensure 12 non-blue and 10 non-green balls?
2. Find the average of the following sequence.
1234, 1240, 1246, 1252, … , 7408
3. If 4 is subtracted from Riley’s step-brother age, the difference is multiplied by 3, 7 is
added to the product and the sum is divided by 10. The result is 10. How old is Riley’s
step-brother?
4. There are some chickens and rabbits in a cage and the number of chickens is 7 times
of the number of rabbits. The chicken and rabbit have 234 legs in total. How many
rabbit(s) is/are there?
5. According to the pattern shown below, what is the number represented in the
question mark?

Arithmetic
6. Find the value of:
7
.
7
6+ 6
5−
5
4+4

7. Find the value of:

1 1 1
+ + + ⋯ + 125 + 625 + 3125.
3125 625 125
8. Find the value of:
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ⋯+ + .
40 60 84 420 480
9. Find the value of:
72 + 82 + 92 + ⋯ 172 + 182 + 192 .

10. Find the value of:

832 − 9 × 121
Number Theory
11. How many positive simplified fraction(s) with denominator 2024 is/are there?
12. Find the last digit of:
22 + 23 + 24 + ⋯ + 298 + 299 .
13. A 4-digit number has a remainder 2 when divided by 7, has a remainder 4 when
divided by 9 and has a remainder 3 when divided by 8. What is the largest possible
value of this 4-digit number?
3×𝑎×𝑏
14. It is known as 𝑏 ≠ 4 and define the operation symbol 𝑎 ⊗ 𝑏 = 𝑏−4 , find the value of
11 ⊗ (6 ⊗ 13).
15. If 9-digit number 2024𝐴68𝐵 is divisible by 24, find the sum of the possible value(s)
of 𝐴 × 𝐵.
Geometry
16. How many rectangle(s) containing at least 2 “*” is/are there in the figure below?
17. How many side(s) does regular polygon have if its exterior angles equal to 45
degrees?
18. How many rectangle(s) is / are there in the figure below?

19. A square is formed by 243 rectangles that are 1𝑐𝑚 × 3𝑐𝑚. Find the difference
between total perimeter of original 243 rectangles and perimeter of new square in
cm.
20. There is a cuboid. When the length increases 2 cm, the volume will be increased by
576 cubic centimeters. When the width increases 4 cm, the volume will be increased
by 1008 cubic centimeters. When the height increases 6 cm, the volume will be
increased by 1344 cubic centimeters. How many cubic centimeter/s is the volume of
the cuboid?
Combinatorics
21. Fourteen (14) students join a competition. Only half of the students can be promoted
to next round. How many different combination(s) is/are there?
22. Numbers are drawn from 199 integers 101 to 299. At least how many number(s)
is/are drawn at random to ensure that there are two numbers whose sum is 499?
23. Choose 3 digits from 0 to 9 to form 3-digit numbers. How many odd number(s)
between 500 and 900 is/are there? (The repetition of digits is not allowed)
24. Six identical black cups, 8 identical blue cups and 2 identical yellow cups are lined
up from left to right. How many different permutation(s) is/are there?
25. It is given that the total weight of 10 bananas and 12 sweet potatoes is 1.47 kg. The
weight of a sweet potato is the same as that of 2 ube. The weight of 2 bananas is the
same as that of 15 tapioca pearls. The weight of 4 bananas is the same as that of 10
ube. How many grams does 1 tapioca pearl weight?
Logical Thinking
1. There are 27 blue balls, 28 red balls and 29 green balls in a bag. If balls are picked
randomly from the bag without replacement, at least how many balls need to be
picked to ensure 12 non-blue and 10 non-green balls?
Answer: 39
Solution:
1st case prioritizing 12 non-blue:
29 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 + 10 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 39 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠
2nd case prioritizing 10 non-green:
27 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 + 12 𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 = 39 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠
2. Find the average of the following sequence.
1234, 1240, 1246, 1252, … , 7408
Answer: 4321
Solution:
Average of arithmetic sequence:
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 + 𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡 1234 + 7408
= = 4321
2 2
3. If 4 is subtracted from Riley’s step-brother age, the difference is multiplied by 3, 7 is
added to the product and the sum is divided by 10. The result is 10. How old is Riley’s
step-brother?
Answer: 35
Solution:
Working Backwards:
10 × 10 = 100
100 − 7 = 93
93
= 31
3
31 + 4 = 35
4. There are some chickens and rabbits in a cage and the number of chickens is 7 times
of the number of rabbits. The chicken and rabbit have 234 legs in total. How many
rabbit(s) is/are there?
Answer: 150
Solution:
Let 𝑐 = 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑡
𝑐 = 7𝑟 (𝑒𝑞. 1)
2𝑐 + 4𝑟 = 234 (𝑒𝑞. 2)
(1) to (2)
2(7𝑟) + 4𝑟 = 234
14𝑟 + 4𝑟 = 234
18𝑟 = 234
𝑟 = 13

5. According to the pattern shown below, what is the number represented in the
question mark?

Answer: 5
Solution:
The observable pattern is: 𝐴 × 𝐵 = 𝐶 × 𝐷
15 × 7 = 21 ×?
15 × 7
?= =5
21
Arithmetic
6. Find the value of:
7
.
7
6+ 6
5−
5
4+4

Answer: 189/211
Solution:
7 7 7 7 7 7 567 189
= = = = = = =
7 7 7 7 147 633 633 211
6+ 6 6 + 6 6 + 24 6 + 81 6 + 81 81
5− 5 − 21 5 − 21
5 21
4+4 4

7. Find the value of:

1 1 1
+ + + ⋯ + 125 + 625 + 3125.
3125 625 125
781
Answer: 3906 3125
Solution:
1 1 1
𝑥= + + + ⋯ + 125 + 625 + 3125
3125 625 125
1 1 1
5𝑥 = + + + ⋯ + 625 + 3125 + 15625
625 125 25
1 3124
5𝑥 − 𝑥 = 15625 − ; 4𝑥 = 15624
3125 3125
781
𝑥 = 3906
3125
8. Find the value of:
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ⋯+ + .
40 60 84 420 480
Answer: 3/32
Solution:
1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( + + + ⋯+ + )
2 20 30 42 210 240
1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( + + …+ + )
2 4×5 5×6 6×7 14 × 15 15 × 16
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( − + − + − + ⋯+ − + − )
2 4 5 5 6 6 7 14 15 15 16
1 1 1 1 3 3
= ( − )= × =
2 4 16 2 16 32
9. Find the value of:
72 + 82 + 92 + ⋯ 172 + 182 + 192 .
Answer: 2379
Solution:
72 + 82 + 92 + ⋯ 172 + 182 + 192 = (12 + ⋯ + 192 ) − (12 + ⋯ + 62 )
19 × 20 × 39 6 × 7 × 13
− = 19 × 10 × 13 − 7 × 13 = 13(190 − 7)
6 6
13 × 183 = 2379

10. Find the value of:

832 − 9 × 121
Answer: 5800
Solution:
832 − 9 × 121 = 832 − 32 112 = 832 − 332
(83 − 33)(83 + 33) = 50 × 116 = 5800
Number Theory
11. How many positive simplified fraction(s) with denominator 2024 is/are there?
Answer: 880
Solution:
2024 = 23 × 11 × 23
Using Euler’s Totient Theorem:
2 − 1 11 − 1 23 − 1
23 × 11 × 23 ( × × ) = 22 × 1 × 10 × 22 = 880
2 11 23

12. Find the last digit of:

22 + 23 + 24 + ⋯ + 298 + 299 .
Answer: 2
Solution:
Unit digit pattern of 2: 2,4,8,6
98
= 24𝑟. 2
4
4 + 8 + 6 + +2 … + 4 + 8
Every 4 terms 4 + 8 + 6 + 2 = 20 the unit digit is 0
4 + 8 = 12
13. A 4-digit number has a remainder 2 when divided by 7, has a remainder 4 when
divided by 9 and has a remainder 3 when divided by 8. What is the largest possible
value of this 4-digit number?
Answer: 9571
Solution:
𝑥 ≡ {2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 7 ≡ −5 𝑚𝑜𝑑 7 4 𝑚𝑜𝑑 9 ≡ −5 𝑚𝑜𝑑 9 3 𝑚𝑜𝑑 8 ≡ −5 𝑚𝑜𝑑 8
𝑥 ≡ −5 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝐿𝐶𝑀 (7,8,9) ≡ −5 𝑚𝑜𝑑 504
9999
⌊ ⌋ × 504 − 5 = 19 × 504 − 5 = 9576 − 5 = 9571
504
 3×𝑎×𝑏
14. It is known as 𝑏 ≠ 4 and define the operation symbol 𝑎 ⊗ 𝑏 = , find the value of
𝑏−4
11 ⊗ (6 ⊗ 13).
Answer: 39
Solution:
3 × 6 × 13 3 × 6 × 13
6 ⊗ 13 = = = 2 × 13 = 26
13 − 4 9
3 × 11 × 26 3 × 11 × 26
11 ⊗ 26 = = = 3 × 13 = 39
26 − 4 22

15. If 9-digit number 2024𝐴68𝐵 is divisible by 24, find the sum of the possible value(s)
of 𝐴 × 𝐵.
Answer: 144
Solution:
It must follow divisibility rule of 3 and 8
Divisibility rule of 8: Last 3 digit must be divisible by 8
𝐵 = 0,8
Divisibility rule of 3: Sum of the digits must be divisible by 3
2 + 0 + 2 + 4 + 𝐴 + 6 + +8 + 𝐵 = 22 + 𝐴 + 𝐵
Case 1: 𝑏 = 0
22 + 𝐴; 𝐴 = 2,5,8
𝐴 + 𝐵 = 2,5,8
Case 2: 𝑏 = 8
30 + 𝐴; 𝐴 = 0,3,6,9
𝐴 × 𝐵 = 0(2 + 5 + 8) + 8(0 + 3 + 6 + 9) = 8 × 18 = 144
Geometry
16. How many rectangle(s) containing at least 2 “*” is/are there in the figure below?

Answer: 132
Solution:

4 × 3 × 2 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 3 × 4 + 2 × 5 × 2 × 3 − 2(2 × 2 × 3 × 3)
72 + 72 + 60 − 2(36) = 132
17. How many side(s) does regular polygon have if its exterior angles equal to 45
degrees?
Answer: 8
Solution:
360
= 45
𝑛
360
𝑛=
45
𝑛=8

18. How many rectangle(s) is / are there in the figure below?

Answer: 93

Solution:

2×3×4×5 2×3×6×7 2×3×3×4 2×3×2×3 2×3×2×3

+ + − −
4 4 4 4 4
30 + 63 + 18 − 9 − 9 = 93
19. A square is formed by 243 rectangles that are 1𝑐𝑚 × 3𝑐𝑚. Find the difference
between total perimeter of original 243 rectangles and perimeter of new square in
cm.
Answer: 1836
Solution:
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 3

𝐴𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑙𝑒 × 169 = 3 × 243 = 729

𝑆𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = √𝐴𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = √729 = 27

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 − 𝑃𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 243 × 2(1 + 3) − 4 × 27 = 1944 − 108 = 1836

20. There is a cuboid. When the length increases 2 cm, the volume will be increased by
576 cubic centimeters. When the width increases 4 cm, the volume will be increased
by 1008 cubic centimeters. When the height increases 6 cm, the volume will be
increased by 1344 cubic centimeters. How many cubic centimeter/s is the volume of
the cuboid?
Answer: 4032
Solution:
𝑉𝑙′ 𝑉𝑤′ 𝑉ℎ′
𝑉=√ × ×
𝑙′ 𝑤′ ℎ′

576 1008 1344

𝑉=√ × × = √288 × 252 × 224 = √2 × 144 × 7 × 36 × 14 × 16
2 4 6

𝑉 = 14 × 12 × 6 × 4 = 4032
Combinatorics
21. Fourteen (14) students join a competition. Only half of the students can be promoted
to next round. How many different combination(s) is/are there?
Answer: 3432
Solution:
14! 14! 14 × 13 × 12 × 11 × 10 × 9 × 8 × 7!
14𝐶7 = = =
7! (14 − 7)! 7! 7! 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 × 7!
13 × 11 × 3 × 8 = 3432
22. Numbers are drawn from 199 integers 101 to 299. At least how many number(s)
is/are drawn at random to ensure that there are two numbers whose sum is 499?
Answer: 150
Solution:
499 − 299 = 200
(200,299) (201,298) (202,297) …
Only numbers from 200 to 299 have pairs
299 − 200 + 1
𝑃=⌊ ⌋ = 50 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑠
2
Worst-case scenario:
𝐼 − 𝑃 + 1 = 199 − 50 + 1 = 150
23. Choose 3 digits from 0 to 9 to form 3-digit numbers. How many odd number(s)
between 500 and 900 is/are there? (The repetition of digits is not allowed)
Answer: 144
Solution:
Case 1: 500-599 and 700-799
2 × 8 × 4 = 64
(dapat wala nay minus 1)
Case 2: 600-699 and 800-899
2 × 8 × 5 = 80
64 + 80 = 144
24. Six identical black cups, 8 identical blue cups and 2 identical yellow cups are lined
up from left to right. How many different permutation(s) is/are there?
Answer: 360360
Solution:
(6 + 8 + 2)! 16! 16 × 15 × 14 × 13 × 12 × 11 × 10 × 9 × 8!
= =
6! 8! 2! 6! 8! 2! 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 × 8! × 2 × 1
7 × 13 × 4 × 11 × 10 × 9 = 360360
25. It is given that the total weight of 10 bananas and 12 sweet potatoes is 1.47 kg. The
weight of a sweet potato is the same as that of 2 ube. The weight of 2 bananas is the
same as that of 15 tapioca pearls. The weight of 4 bananas is the same as that of 10
ube. How many grams does 1 tapioca pearl weight?
Answer:
Solution:
Let 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑎 = 𝑏 𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜 = 𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑜𝑐𝑎 = 𝑡 𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 𝑢
10𝑏 + 12𝑠 = 1.47𝑘𝑔 = 1470 𝑔 (𝑒𝑞. 1)
𝑠 = 2𝑢 (𝑒𝑞. 2)
2𝑏 = 15𝑡 (𝑒𝑞. 3)
4𝑏 = 10𝑢 (𝑒𝑞. 4)
(2) to (4)
4𝑏 = 5(2𝑢) = 5𝑠 (𝑒𝑞. 5)
(5) to (3)
4𝑏 5𝑠
= = 15𝑡; 𝑠 = 6𝑡 (𝑒𝑞. 6)
2 2
(6) and (3) to 1
5(2𝑏) + 12𝑠 = 1.47𝑘𝑔 = 1470
5(15𝑡) + 12(6𝑡) = 1470; 147𝑡 = 1470
𝑡 = 10