Logical Thinking

1. There are 8 pairs of blue chopsticks, 12 pairs of red chopsticks and 10 pairs of green
chopsticks mixed together. If you want to get 3 pairs of different color chopsticks, at
least how many piece(s) of chopstick(s) is/are needed to be taken?
2. Find the average of the following sequence.
1234, 1238, 1242, 1246, … , 1634
3. It requires 5 people to complete a task for 36 days. How many day(s) is/are needed
for 6 people to finish the same task?
4. There are some chickens and rabbits in a cage and the number of chickens is 5 times
of the number of rabbits. The total number of legs of chicken is 180 more than of the
rabbit. How many chicken(s) is/are there?
5. How many times(s) will a straight line be made by the hour hand and minute hand
between 7 pm and 8 pm?
Arithmetic
6. Find the value of:
9
.
7
8+ 5
6− 3
4+2
7. Find the value of:
1 1 1
+ + + ⋯ + 1 + 6 + 11 … + 51.
3125 625 125
8. Find the value of:
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ⋯+ + .
80 120 168 440 528
9. Find the value of:
42 + 82 + 122 + ⋯ 322 + 362 + 402 .
10. Find the value of:
1030301 × 10101
Number Theory
11. How many positive simplified fraction(s) with denominator 180 is/are there?
12. Find the unit digit value of:
2999 + 4999 + 6999 + 8999 .
13. A 3-digit number has a remainder 1 when divided by 4, has a remainder 4 when
divided by 7 and has a remainder 3 when divided by 6. What is such smallest 3-digit
number?
14. Find the sum of all positive factor(s) of 2160.
15. From 1 to 444, how many integer(s) is/are divisible by 4 or 10, but not divisible by 8?
Geometry
16. How many rectangle(s) with 2 “*” is / are there in the figure below?

17. How many side(s) does regular polygon have which has 135 degrees as interior angle?
18. How many rectangle(s) without “*” is / are there in the figure below?

19. The area of a rectangle is 288. If sides of the rectangles are integers, find the minimum
value of the perimeter of the rectangle.
20. A solid cuboid is formed by merging 99 cubes with side length 2. Find the minimum
value of the total surface area of the cuboid.
Combinatorics
21. Fourteen (14) students join a competition. Only top 3 students can be promoted to
next round. How many different way(s) of promotion advance is/are there?
22. Numbers are drawn from 150 integers 20 to 169. At least how many number(s) is/are
drawn at random to ensure that there are two numbers whose sum is 120?
23. In a primary school with 6 grade level, at least how many of the 699 students are in
the same grade?
24. A flight of stairs has 10 steps. Jose can go up for 1 step, 2 steps or 3 steps each time.
The 8th step and the 9th step cannot be stepped on as they are destroyed. How many
way(s) is/are there for Jose to go up the stairs?
25. Choose 3 digits from 0 to 9 to form 3-digit numbers. How many even number(s)
greater than 400 is/are there? (The repetition of digits is not allowed)
Logical Thinking
1. There are 8 pairs of blue chopsticks, 12 pairs of red chopsticks and 10 pairs of green
chopsticks mixed together. If you want to get 3 pairs of different color chopsticks, at
least how many piece(s) of chopstick(s) is/are needed to be taken?
Answer: 46
Solution:
Worst Case Scenario:
24 𝑟𝑒𝑑 + 20 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 + 2 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 46
2. Find the average of the following sequence.
1234, 1238, 1242, 1246, … , 1634
Answer: 1434
Solution:
Average of arithmetic sequence:
𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 + 𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡 1634 + 1234
= = 1434
2 2
3. It requires 5 people to complete a task for 36 days. How many day(s) is/are needed
for 6 people to finish the same task?
Answer: 30
Solution:
𝑃1 𝐷1 = 𝑃2 𝐷2
5 × 36 = 6 × 𝐷2
5 × 36
𝐷2 = = 30
6
4. There are some chickens and rabbits in a cage and the number of chickens is 5 times
of the number of rabbits. The total number of legs of chicken is 180 more than of the
rabbit. How many chicken(s) is/are there?
Answer: 150
Solution:
Let 𝑐 = 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑏𝑖𝑡
𝑐
𝑐 = 5𝑟; 𝑟 = (1)
5
2𝑐 = 4𝑟 + 180 (2)
(1) to (2)
𝑐
2𝑐 = 4 ( ) + 180
5
10𝑐 = 4𝑐 + 900
6𝑐 = 900
𝑐 = 150
5. How many times(s) will a straight line be made by the hour hand and minute hand
between 7 pm and 8 pm?
Answer: 2
Solution:
Straight line is made when the angle between the hour and minute hand is 0 or 180
11
𝜃 = |30𝐻 − 𝑀| 0 < 𝑀 < 60
2
Case 1:
11
0 = |30(7) − (𝑀)|
2
11 420 2
210 = (𝑀 ) ; 𝑀 = 𝑜𝑟38 (𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑)
2 11 11
Case 2:
11
180 = |30(7) − (𝑀)|
2
11 11 60 5
2. 𝑎: 180 = 210 − (𝑀); −30 = − 𝑀; 𝑀 = 𝑜𝑟 5 (𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑)
2 2 11 11
11 11 780 10
2. 𝑏: −180 = 210 − (𝑀); −390 = − 𝑀; 𝑀 = 𝑜𝑟 70 (𝑟𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑)
2 2 11 11
Arithmetic
6. Find the value of:
9
.
7
8+ 5
6− 3
4+2
Answer: 24/25
Solution:
9 9 9 9 9 9 504 24
= = = = = = 𝑜𝑟
7 7 7 7 77 525 525 25
8+ 8+ 8+ 10 8 + 8 +
5 5 56 56 56
6− 6 − 6 − 11
3 11 11
4+
2 2

7. Find the value of:

1 1 1
+ + + ⋯ + 1 + 6 + 11 … + 51.
3125 625 125
781
Answer: 286 3125
Solution:
1 1 1
Separate in 2 series 3125 + 625 + 125 + ⋯ + 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 6 + 11 + ⋯ . +51
1 1 1
+ + + ⋯+ 1 = 𝑥
3125 625 125
1 1
+ + ⋯ + 1 + 5 = 5𝑥
625 125
1 3124 781
5𝑥 − 𝑥 = 5 − ; 4𝑥 = 4 ;𝑥 = 1
3125 3125 3125
51 + 6 51 − 6 57
6 + 11 + ⋯ . +51 = ( )( + 1) = × 10 = 285
2 5 2
781 781
285 + 1 = 286
3125 3125
8. Find the value of:
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ⋯+ + .
80 120 168 440 528
Answer: 1/24
Solution:
We have a telescoping series:
1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ⋯+ +
8 × 10 10 × 12 12 × 14 20 × 22 22 × 24
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( − + − + − + ⋯+ − + − )
2 8 10 10 12 12 14 20 22 22 24
1 1 1
= ( − )
2 8 24
1 1 1
= × =
2 12 24
9. Find the value of:
42 + 82 + 122 + ⋯ 322 + 362 + 402 .
Answer: 6160
Solution:
42 + 82 + 122 + ⋯ 322 + 362 + 402 = 42 (12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 102 )
10 × 11 × 21
42 ( ) = 16 × 5 × 11 × 7 = 6160
6
10. Find the value of:
1030301 × 10101
Answer: 10407070401
Solution:
1030301 × 1000 = 10303010000
1030301 × 100 = 103030100
1030301 × 1 = 1030301
10303010000 + 103030100 + 1030301 = 10407070401
Number Theory
11. How many positive simplified fraction(s) with denominator 180 is/are there?
Answer: 48
Solution:
180 = 22 × 32 × 5
Using Euler’s Totient Theorem:
2−1 3−1 5−1
22 × 32 × 5 ( × × ) = 2 × 3 × 1 × 2 × 4 = 48
2 3 5

12. Find the unit digit value of:

2999 + 4999 + 6999 + 8999 .
Answer: 0
Solution:
999
Unit digit pattern of 2: 2,4,8,6 4 = 249 𝑟. 3 Unit digit is 8
999
Unit digit pattern of 4: 4,6 = 499 𝑟. 1 Unit digit is 4
2
Unit digit pattern of 6: 6 Unit digit is 6
999
Unit digit pattern of 8: 8,4,2,6 4 = 249 𝑟. 3 Unit digit is 2
8 + 4 + 6 + 2 = 20 Unit digit is 0
13. A 3-digit number has a remainder 1 when divided by 4, has a remainder 4 when
divided by 7 and has a remainder 3 when divided by 6. What is such smallest 3-digit
number?
Answer: 165
Solution:
As what we can observe the remainder obtained are all 3 lesser than the divisor
Thus we just need to get LCM(4,7,6)=84
Then the smallest 3 digit number multiple of 84 and subtract 3
𝑥 = 84 × 2 − 3 = 165
Alternative solution:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 4 ≡ −3 𝑚𝑜𝑑 4
𝑥 ≡ { 4 𝑚𝑜𝑑 7 ≡ −3 𝑚𝑜𝑑 7
3 𝑚𝑜𝑑 6 ≡ −3 𝑚𝑜𝑑 6
𝑥 ≡ −3 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝐿𝐶𝑀 (4,7,6) ≡ −3 𝑚𝑜𝑑 84
84 × 2 − 3 = 165
14. Find the sum of all positive factor(s) of 2160.
Answer: 7440
Solution:
2160 = 24 × 33 × 5
(24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 )(33 + 32 + 31 + 30 )(51 + 50 )
(16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1)(27 + 9 + 3 + 1)(5 + 1) = 31 × 40 × 6 = 7440
15. From 1 to 444, how many integer(s) is/are divisible by 4 or 10, but not divisible by 8?
Answer: 78
Solution:
444 444 444 444
⌊ ⌋+⌊ ⌋−⌊ ⌋−⌊ ⌋
4 10 20 8
111 + 44 − 22 − 55 = 111 + 44 − 22 − 55 = 78
Geometry
16. How many rectangle(s) with 2 “*” is / are there in the figure below?

Answer: 16
Solution:

2 × 2 × 4 = 16
17. How many side(s) does regular polygon have which has 135 degrees as interior angle?
Answer: 8
Solution:
(𝑛 − 2)180
= 135
𝑛
(𝑛 − 2)180 = 135𝑛
180𝑛 − 360 = 135𝑛; 45𝑛 = 360
𝑛=8
18. How many rectangle(s) without “*” is / are there in the figure below?

Answer: 240
Solution:

4×5×8×9
= −2×4×3×5
4
= 5 × 8 × 9 − 2 × 4 × 3 × 5 = 360 − 120 = 240

19. The area of a rectangle is 288. If sides of the rectangles are integers, find the minimum
value of the perimeter of the rectangle.
Answer: 68
Solution:
Minimum area is obtained when the dimensions are closest to each other
288 = 25 × 32
288 = 23 × 32 × 22 = 8 × 9 × 22 = 8 × 2 × 9 × 2 = 16 × 18
𝑃 = 2(16 + 18) = 68
20. A solid cuboid is formed by merging 99 cubes with side length 2. Find the minimum
value of the total surface area of the cuboid.
Answer: 518
Solution:
Minimum surface area is obtained when the dimensions are closest to each other
𝑉 = 99 × 23 = 99 × 8 = 9 × 11 × 8
𝑆𝐴 = 2(9 × 11) + 2(9 × 8) + 2(11 × 8)
𝑆𝐴 = 198 + 144 + 176
𝑆𝐴 = 518
Combinatorics
21. Fourteen (14) students join a competition. Only top 3 students can be promoted to
next round. How many different way(s) of promotion advance is/are there?
Answer: 364
Solution:
14! 14! 14 × 13 × 12 × 11!
14𝐶3 = = =
3! (14 − 3)! 3! 11! 3 × 2 × 11!
= 14 × 13 × 2 = 364
22. Numbers are drawn from 150 integers 20 to 169. At least how many number(s) is/are
drawn at random to ensure that there are two numbers whose sum is 120?
Answer: 111
Solution:
120 − 20 = 100
(20,100) (21,99) (22,98) …
Only numbers from 20 to 100 have pairs
100 − 20 + 1
𝑃=⌊ ⌋ = 40 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑠
2
Worst-case scenario:
𝐼 − 𝑃 + 1 = 150 − 40 + 1 = 111
23. In a primary school with 6 grade level, at least how many of the 699 students are in
the same grade?
Answer: 117
Solution:
699
⌈ ⌉ = 117
6
24. A flight of stairs has 10 steps. Jose can go up for 1 step, 2 steps or 3 steps each time.
The 8th step and the 9th step cannot be stepped on as they are destroyed. How many
way(s) is/are there for Jose to go up the stairs?
Answer: 44
Solution:
1st Step 1
2nd Step 2
3rd Step 4
4th Step 7
5th Step 13
6th Step 24
7th Step 44
8th Step 0
9th Step 0
10th Step 44

25. Choose 3 digits from 0 to 9 to form 3-digit numbers. How many even number(s)
greater than 400 is/are there? (The repetition of digits is not allowed)
Answer: 216
Solution:
Case 1: 400-499, 600-699 and 800-899
3 × 8 × 4 = 96 = 96
Case 2: 500-599, 700-799 and 900-999
3 × 8 × 5 = 120
96 + 120 = 216