University: Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT)

CAMPUS: Bellville (main)

Department: Civil Engineering and Surveying

Subject: Reticulation

Surname Initial Student Number Signature

Henniker ZD 218093713
Sias BJ 220090408
Jantjies AY 220339287
Schoeman HE 220389411
Hoffman BB 216169429
Lecturer: Mr R. Mambwe
Contents
Introduction:..........................................................................................................................................3
Background:...........................................................................................................................................3
Aim & objectives:...................................................................................................................................4
Calculations:..........................................................................................................................................5
a.) AADD Calculations....................................................................................................................5
TAADD Calculations.......................................................................................................................6
b) Suction pipe and delivery pipe both have a diameter of 160 mm.............................................6
c) System Curve.............................................................................................................................8
D) check for cavitation.................................................................................................................10
Conclusions and Recommendations....................................................................................................12
Appendices..........................................................................................................................................13

Figure 1: Tombstone Curves.......................................................................................8

Figure 2: System Curve, Power, and NPSH...............................................................9

Table 1 TAADD & Peak Factors..................................................................................6

Table 2 : Category & Peak Demand............................................................................6
Introduction:

This report focuses on designing a sustainable water supply infrastructure for

Grabouw, Western Cape, South Africa. Its main objectives are to determine the daily
water demand of Grabouw and select a suitable pump using the tombstone curve
methodology. Accurate estimation of water demand is crucial for meeting the
community's current and future needs, considering factors like population growth,
commercial and industrial activities, and seasonal variations. The pump selection
process will ensure that the chosen pump can meet both peak and average demand.
By addressing these objectives, this report aims to provide valuable insights and
recommendations for the design and implementation of an efficient and sustainable
water supply infrastructure in Grabouw.

Background:

In estimating water demand, the selection of an appropriate pump for the water
supply infrastructure is equally important. The pump needs to match the anticipated
water demand while ensuring energy efficiency and optimal performance. To achieve
this, the tombstone curve methodology will be employed. By analysing the system
head and flow rate, the tombstone curve enables the identification of a suitable pump
size that can handle the peak and average demand requirements while minimizing
energy consumption.

By addressing the challenges of accurately estimating water demand and selecting

the most suitable pump using the tombstone curve methodology, this report aims to
provide practical insights and recommendations for the design and implementation of
an effective water supply infrastructure in Grabouw. The proposed infrastructure
should not only cater to the current water needs but also consider future growth
projections.

Aim & objectives:

Determine the daily water demand of Grabouw: Accurate estimation of water

demand is crucial for designing an infrastructure system that can meet the current
and future needs of the community. By considering factors such as population
growth, commercial and industrial activities, and seasonal variations, we will gain a
comprehensive understanding of Grabouw's water consumption patterns.

Select a suitable pump using the tombstone curve: Once the daily water demand is
established, the report will focus on selecting an appropriate pump for the
infrastructure. The tombstone curve methodology will be employed to match the
water demand requirements with the optimal pump capacity. This approach ensures
that the pump can meet both peak and average demand while optimizing energy
consumption.
Calculations:
a.) AADD Calculations
Abattoir
Cattle = 120 x 0.8 KL/head = 96 kl/d
Sheep = 200 x 0.14 KL/head =28 kl/d
Hospital
Beds = 250 x 0.6 Kl/bed = 150 KL/d
Day School
Students = 600 x 0.06 KL/student = 36 KL/d
Boarding school
Students = 450 x 0.3 KL/student = 135 KL/d
Church
550m2 x 0.3 KL/100m2/d = 1.65 kl/d

Filling Station
400m2 x 0.8 kl/100m2/d = 3.2 kl/d
Standpipes
1050 x 0.025 kl/c/d =26.25 kl/d
Yard connections
2460 x 0.07 kl/c/d = 172.2 kl/d
Low Income housing connections
4000 x 0.09 kl/c/d = 360 kl/d
Residential houses
1200 x 0.23 kl/c/d = 276 kl/d
Lodge
Single room = 70 x 0.3 kl/d = 21 kl/d
Double room = 90 x 0.6 = 54 kl
Fruit processing industry
600 kl/d
TAADD Calculations
Sum of AADD = 1959.3 kl/d
∑ AADD 1959.3
TAADD = =
(1−REAL LOSS %) (1−0.18)
Therefore TAADD = 2389.390 Kl/d

Table 1 TAADD & Peak Factors

Category TAADD (kl/d) PF (day) PF (hour)

Low income 681.037 1.9 3.6
housing
Residential 428.049 2.2 4.6
housing
Business 1280.305 1.7 3.3

Table 2 : Category & Peak Demand

Category Peak daily demand Peak Hourly demand

(KL/d) (KL/h)
Low income 1293.970 102.156
Residential 941.708 82.043
Business 2176.519 176.042
Total 4412.197 360.241

b) Suction pipe and delivery pipe both have a diameter of 160 mm.

2
πD
Area of pipes =
4
2
π x 0.16
=
4
= 0.02 m2
4412.197
 Q= = 0.051 m3/s
24 x 60 x 60
Q = VA
Q
V=
A
0.051
V= = 2.55 m/s
0.02
Minor Losses
2
KV
Hm =
2g
2
7 ×2.55
- Meter = = 2.32 m
2 ×9.81
2
0.05 ×2.55
- Bellmouth = = 0.017 m
2 ×9.81
2
0.2× 2.55
- Gate valve = = 0.066 m
2 ×9.81
2
4 × 2.55
- Non-return valve = = 1.326 m
2× 9.81
2
0.45 ×2.55
- Bends = x 5 = 0.746 m
2 ×9.81
2
0.3 ×2.55
- Ball valve = = 0.099 m
2 ×9.81

Total minor losses = 4.574 m

Head loss due to friction using Hazen-Williams

1.852
10.68× L× Q
Hf = 1.852 4.87
C ×D

 C = 150
 L = 78 m
 D = 0.16 m
1.852
10.68× 78 ×0.051
Hf = 1.852 4.87
150 × 0.16

= 2.36 m

ΣhL = 6.934 m

Pump Head required:

Hp = z2 + hL

Hp = 13 + 6.934

Hp = 19.934 m
c) System Curve

Figure 1: Tombstone Curves

Therefore we use a size of 150 – 250.

Hsystem formula:
Head=Static head + Dynamic head
2
19.935=13+ x ( 360.241 )
6.935=129773.5781 x

∴ x=5.344 ×10−5

−5 2
H sys =13+5.344 ×10 Q

Hsys (m) 13 13.534 15.138 17.810 19.935 21.55 23.822

Q (m3/hr) 0 100 200 300 360.241 400 450
Figure 2: System Curve, Power, and NPSH
Duty Point from graph:
Head = 20 m
Flow, Q = 366 m3/hr
Efficiency ,η = 82.1%

Power = 24.3 kW
NPSH = 3.4 m

Power check:
366
1 ×9.81 ×20 ×
ρgHQ 3600
P= = =24.3 kN
η 0.821
⸫ Power from graph = Power from hand calculations.

D) check for cavitation

Minor losses on suction side:
2
KV
Hm =
2g
2
0.2× 2.55
- Gate valve = = 0.066 m
2 ×9.81
2
0.45 ×2.55
- Bends = =0.149 m
2 ×9.81
2
4 × 2.55
- Non-return valve = = 1.326 m
2× 9.81

Head loss due to friction

1.852
10.68× L× Q
Hf = 1.852 4.87
C ×D

 C = 150
 L = 70m
 D = 0.16 m
1.852
10.68× 70 ×0.051
Hf = 1.852 4.87
150 × 0.16
=2.110m

ΣhL = 3.651m

Pvapour @ 15 degrees Celsius= 12.788mm Hg

3
0.0128 m x 13600 kg/m
3 = 0.174m
1000 kg/m

Patm in meter head

98000 Pa
= 9.990m
1000 x 9.81

NPSHa= 9.990-1-3.651-0.174=5.165

5.165>3.4 Therefore pump is suitable.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The daily water demand of Grabouw has been determined allowing for an accurate
estimation of water demand, an appropriate pump has therefore been chosen
accordingly. The tombstone curve methodology has also been used to ensure that
the water demand matches with the optimal pump capacity. The tombstone curve in
figure 1 has been used to select an adequate size of 150-250m. This approach has
been used as it allows for the pump to meet both peak and average demand while
optimizing energy consumption as indicated in the report.
Appendices
Figure 1: Tombstone Curves

Figure 2: System Curve, Power, and NPSH