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    Key Elements and Key Phrases (2) - 1

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    Key Elements and Key Phrases (2) - 1

    Uploaded by

    hazal
    9 views4 pages

    Original Title

    Key Elements and Key Phrases (2)-1[1]

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    9 views4 pages

    Key Elements and Key Phrases (2) - 1

    Uploaded by

    hazal

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    SUMMARISING: KEY ELEMENTS AND PHRASES

    Patterns of Discourse Organisation

    Writers write in different genres depending on the topic, purpose (reason for
    writing) and audience (readers) of the text.

    Each genre uses different patterns of discourse organisation (PODO).

    To write a successful summary, you need to identify a text’s genre and use the
    PODO to structure your writing.

    Study the tables below to identify the different PODO of each genre. Pay close
    attention to the very important need to write a clear topic sentence that tells
    your reader that you a writing a summary. Also note the genre specific verbs or
    phrases. These are very powerful and immediately identify the genre of the
    text you are summarising. Writing a clear topic sentence with an appropriate
    verb immediately gains you 5 points.

    KEY ELEMENTS (PODO) OF A TEXT AND THEIR USE IN A SUMMARY

    SPRE Research News Report Report of Opinion Comparative


    Article of Research Survey Argument evaluation
    Topic Sentence(s): This text / In this text, the writer / author …
    + genre specific verb / phrases …
    explains reports reports reports the argues that compares X
    analyses research research results of a and Y
    about / into about … survey about…
    discusses
    conducted by commissioned
    … by …
    and published conducted by
    by … …
    Situation Aim Aim Aim Topicality Topicality
    P Problem Method Method Survey details Opinion For X
    Cause(s) For Y

    O Impact(s)
    Response(s) Findings Findings Findings Supporting Against X

    D
    arguments Against Y
    Comment or
    evaluation by

    O Evaluation of Conclusion
    others
    Conclusion Conclusion Counter- Conclusion
    Response(s) argument and
    rebuttal

    773747575.docx Page 1 of
    KEY PHRASES FOR EACH GENRE

    SPRE
    IDENTIFYING PODO GENRE SPECIFIC EXPRESSIONS
    TOPIC SENTENCE + In this text, the writer / author / … explains/analyses/discusses a
    GENRE VERB name of author problem with/about ……. (include the
    OR SITUATION)
    This text …
    SITUATION Use the title, first paragraph
    What, where, when
    PROBLEM
    The statement of the A significant/serious problem is ….(that)
    problem
    The cause(s) of the A/The/One cause of the problem is that ..
    problem
    The impact of the The / One impact of the problem is …. Furthermore, ….
    problem
    RESPONSE One response to the problem is / could be / has been to …
    to the problem A second response to the problem is / could be / has been to …
    EVALUATION(S) This response has not been fully successful; … (supporting details)
    (has it, does it, will it This response has been successful; … (supporting details)
    work?) This response has been somewhat successful; … (supporting details)
    One criticism of this response has been (that) …
    One measure of the success of this response is (that) …

    REPORT OF RESEARCH
    IDENTIFYING PODO GENRE SPECIFIC EXPRESSIONS
    TOPIC SENTENCE + This text reports research into …, conducted by …
    GENRE VERB
    AIM The aim of the research was to …
    The research aimed to …
    METHOD The method employed in this research was to ….
    The researchers used …
    FINDINGS (results) A significant finding was that ………..
    The main finding(s) is/are that ……. , and that ………..
    A second significant finding was that ……
    CONCLUSION What the findings mean is that …
    The researchers conclude that ..

    773747575.docx Page 2 of
    SUMMARISING: KEY ELEMENTS AND PHRASES
    Patterns of Discourse Organisation

    NEWS REPORT OF RESEARCH


    IDENTIFYING PODO GENRE SPECIFIC EXPRESSIONS
    TOPIC SENTENCE + This text reports research by … into …,
    GENRE VERB This text reports research into …, conducted by …
    AIM The aim of the research was to …
    The research aimed to …
    METHOD The method employed in this research was to ….
    The researchers used …
    FINDINGS A significant finding was that ………..
    (results) The main finding(s) is/are that ……. , and that ………..
    A second significant finding was that ……
    CONCLUSION What the findings mean is that …
    The researchers conclude that ..
    PUBLISHED The results were published in/by …(publication) in … (date)
    where and when
    EVALUATION from One /A comment made by X from Y is that the research suggests/promises/
    another academic, contradicts/ supports …
    expert or organisation X from Y commented on / praised/ criticised… the research, saying
    not involved in the
    research

    NEWS REPORT OF RESULTS OF A SURVEY


    IDENTIFYING PODO GENRE SPECIFIC EXPRESSIONS
    TOPIC SENTENCE + This text reports results of a survey into …… , conducted by ….,
    GENRE VERB commissioned by …
    AIM The aim of the survey was to …
    The survey aimed to …
    METHOD The researchers surveyed … using quantitative / qualitative data
    The researchers collected data from N respondents (Demographics: Sex or
    gender? Age? Race? Country? Profession? Any defining elements.)
    FINDINGS A significant finding was that …
    (results) The main finding(s) is/are that … , and that …
    A second significant finding was that …
    CONCLUSION What the findings mean is that …
    The researchers conclude that …
    PUBLISHED The results were published in/by …(publication) in … (date)
    where and when
    EVALUATION from an One /A comment made by X from Y is that the research suggests/promises/
    expert or organisation contradicts/ supports …
    not involved in the X from Y commented on / praised/ criticised… the research, saying …
    research survey

    773747575.docx Page 3 of
    OPINION AND ARGUMENTATION
    IDENTIFYING PODO GENRE SPECIFIC EXPRESSIONS
    TOPIC SENTENCE + In this text the writer explains / argues / expresses his/her/their opinion about
    GENRE VERB …
    TOPICALITY The writer is responding to news that …
    The writer’s opinion is topical because ….
    OPINION or The opinion of the writer/author is that ….
    POSITION The writer argues that X is …
    SUPPORTING To support his/her/their opinion, he/she/ they argue(s) that …
    ARGUMENTS Another argument used by the writer is that …
    The writer also argues that ….
    COUNTER A counter-argument is that ….
    ARGUMENT(S) & The writer rebuts the counter-argument by arguing / showing that ….
    REBUTTAL

    COMPARATIVE EVALUATION (SIMILAR TO OPINION/ARGUMENTATIVE/FOR AND AGAINST)


    IDENTIFYING PODO GENRE SPECIFIC EXPRESSIONS
    TOPIC In this text the writer compares general classification
    SENTENCE + In this text the writer compares X and Y (and Z)
    GENRE VERB In this text the writer explains his/her/their opinion about X and Y ( and Z)
    TOPICALITY The writer is responding to news that …
    The writer’s opinion is topical because ….
    ARGUMENTS FOR The writer / author argues that X is better than Y for a number of reasons.
    X (OR Y OR Z): Firstly, …
    One benefit / advantage of X is that ..
    One strong point in favour of X is that … .

    ARGUMENTS The writer / author argues that Y is not as good as X for a number of reasons.
    AGAINST Firstly, …
    X (OR Y OR Z): One drawback to / advantage of Y is that ..
    One weak point counting against X is that … .

    773747575.docx Page 4 of

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