Syllabus:

1. Simple stress & strain

2. Thermal stresses
3. Complex stresses
4. SFD & BMD
5. Centroid
6. Bending stresses
7. Shear stresses
8. Torsion
9. Pressure vessels
10. Buckling of column
11. Strain Energy
12. Theories of failure
13. Slope & Deflection
 SIMPLE STRESS STRAIN
Syllabus:

1) Types of Material
2) Assumptions in SOM
3) Properties of Materials
4) Stress-Strain & its types
5) Elastic constants & their relations
6) Stress Strain diagram for mild steel, high carbon steel & Cast Iron
7) Deformation of bars
8) Bars in Series
9) Bars in Parallel
10) Indeterminate Structure
11) Deformation & Stress due to self-weight
12) Deformation of tapered bar
13) Volumetric Strain

1) Types of Material:

1. Homogenous Material: at any point, in one particular direction, properties

are same then it is called as Homogenous material.
2. Ex. all pure forms of metal (Cu, Al, Steel), wood
3. Isotropic Material: at one point, in all direction, properties are same then it
is called as Isotropic Material. Ex. all pure forms of metals.
4. Orthotropic: at one point, in perpendicular direction, properties are different.
Ex. wood
5. Anisotropic (Non-Isotropic) material: at one point in all direction, properties
are different then it is called anisotropic. E.g.- composite
 These materials have direction dependent properties.
Note: All homogenous materials need not to be Isotropic & Orthotropic but
few homogenous materials may be Isotropic or Orthotropic.

2) Assumptions in SOM:
1. There should not be any crack or voids i.e. material should
be homogenous & Isotropic.
2. Self-weight of member should be neglected.
3. Sudden change in cross section should be avoided.
4. Material should be incompressible.

3) Properties of Materials:
1. Elasticity: Property of material to regain its original shape & size after
removal of load is called as Elasticity.
2. Plasticity: Property of material to retain its deformed shape even after
removal of load is called Plasticity.
3. Ductility: ability of material to deform plastically when tensile load is acting
or ability of material to drawn into wire
4. Malleability: ability of material to deform plastically when compressive
load is acting or ability of material to convert thick sheet into thin sheet.
5. Brittleness: failure of object before any prior indication is called as
Brittleness.
6. Hardness: Resistance to indentation or penetration (impression).
7. Strength: Resistance to external loading is called as Strength.
8. Stiffness: Resistance to deformation is called Stiffness.
9. Toughness: Resistance to crack propagation when impact load is acting is
called as Toughness.
10. Fatigue: Resistance to fluctuating loading is called as Fatigue.
11. Creep: Progressive deformation of object at constant loading w.r.t. time at
high temp is called as creep.

Note:

 Ductile materials are stronger in Tension, weaker in Shear & Moderate in

compression.
 Brittle materials are stronger in Compression, Moderate in Shear & Weaker
in Tension.

1. The materials having same elastic properties in all directions are called

a) Ideal materials

b) Uniform materials

c) Isotropic materials

d) Piratical materials

2. The property of material to resist any elastic deformation is known as:

a) Stiffness

b) Hardness

c) Malleability

d) Strength

3. Resistance developed by surface of any material is known as :

a) Strength

b) Hardness

c) Stiffness

d) Creep Strength

4. Permanent deformation of material with respect to time due to constant load

and variable temperature is known as:

a) Elasticity

b) Isotropy

c) Hardness

d) Creep

5. The tendency of a deformed solid to regain its actual proportions instantly

upon unloading known as _____

a) Perfectly elastic

b) Delayed elasticity

c) Inelastic effect

d) Plasticity

6. The permanent mode of deformation of a material known as _____

a) Elasticity

b) Plasticity

c) Slip deformation

d) Twinning deformation
7. The ability of materials to develop a characteristic behaviour under repeated
loading known as______

a) Toughness

b) Resilience

c) Hardness

d) Fatigue

8. Deformation that occurs due to stress over a period of time is known as

______

a) Wear resistance

b) Fatigue

c) Creep

d) Fracture

9. Time dependent permanent deformation is called ______

a) Plastic deformation

b) Elastic deformation

c) Creep

d) Inelastic deformation

Stress:

Internal resistance offered by materials to be externally applied load per

unit cross section is called as Stress.

ζ=
Unit:

1MPa =

1GPa =

Note:

 Stress is produced due to resisting force or internal resistance, but its

direction is due to applied force only.
 A member free to deform or free to move without showing resistance to
applied load will have zero stress.
Note:

 Resultant:

 Angle of Obliquity:

10. The stress developed due to external force in elastic material.

a) Depends on elastic constant

b) Does not depend on elastic constant
c) Depends partially on elastic constant
d) Depends on limit of proportionality

11. Stress is

a) External force

b) Internal resistive force

c) Axial force

d) Radial force
12. A load of 1KN acts on a bar having cross-sectional area 0.8 cm2 and length
10 cm. The stress developed in the bar is

(a) 12.5 N/mm2

(b) 25 N/mm2

(c) 50 N/mm2

(d) 75 N/mm

13. A rectangular bar of length 2 m, breadth 20 mm and depth 40 mm is

subjected to an axial pull of force 400 N along its length. Calculate the tensile
stress developed in the bar.

1) 5 N/mm2
2) 10 N/mm2
3) 0.5 N/mm2
4) 1 N/mm2
Strain:

 Change in dimension to the original dimension is called strain (e)

 Unit less Quantity.

Types of Strain:

1. Longitudinal strain/Axial strain/Linear strain: Ratio of change in length to the

original length

 εl = longitudinal strain =

2. Volumetric strain: Ratio of change in length to the original length

 εv = Volumetric strain =

3. Shear strain:

 Angular distortion or angular change between any two mutually

perpendicular planes when shear stress applied is called as shear strain.
 Measured in Radian.
14. The ratio of lateral strain to the linear strain is called as ____

A) Modular ratio

B) Modulus of rigidity

C) Young’s Modulus

D) Poisson's ratio

15. The deformation of the bar per unit length in the direction of the force is
known as _____

A) Linear strain

B) Lateral strain

C) Volumetric strain

D) Shear strain

Elastic constants & their relations:

 E = Young’s Modulus
= Modulus of Elasticity

 G = Modulus of Rigidity
= Shear Modulus

 K = Bulk Modulus
 μ = Poisson’s Ratio
Young’s Modulus/Modulus of Elasticity (E)

 Normal Stress Normal Strain

Unit:

 E steel =
 E cu =
 E al =
 E rubber =
 E diamond =

Note: More young’s modulus means more the material is elastic, therefore
diamond is more elastic than steel & rubber.

Modulus of Rigidity (G)

 Shear Stress Shear Strain

 Unit:

Bulk Modulus (K):

 Volumetric Stress Volumetric Strain

 Unit:
 Krigid =
 KIncompressible =

Poisson’s Ratio (μ):

 μ=

 μBrittle
 μDuctile
 μIncompressible
 μGenetic
 μCork
 μRigid

Elastic Constants Relations

1. E = 2G(1+μ)
2. E = 3K(1-2μ)
3. E = 9KG
3K+G

4. μ = 3K - 2G
6K + 2G
16. If poison’s Ratio is 0.5, then the ratio of modulus of rigidity to the young’s
modulus will be ______ (a) ½ (b) 1/3 (c) ¼ (d) 1/5

17. Bulk modulus of Elasticity is twice of modulus of rigidity, then value of

poison’s ratio will be _______ (a) 1/7 (b) 2/7 (c) 3/7 (d) 4/7

18. If bulk modulus and modulus of rigidity for a material are K & G
respectively then what will be Poisson's ratio

1) 3K + 2G

6K - 2G

2) 3K + 4G
6K + 4G

3) 3K - 4G
6K - 4G

4) 3K - 2G
6K + 2G
19. If the young’s Modulus & Poisson’s ratio of material are 2 x 10^6 kg / cm2
and 0.25 respectively. find the bulk Modulus.

(1) 6/5 x 10^6 kg/cm2

(2) 3/4 x 10^6 kg/cm2

(3) 5/6 x 10^6 kg/cm2

(4) 4/3 x 10^6 kg/cm2

20. The bulk modulus of an elastic body subjected to normal tensile stress in all
directions (x, y, z) is __ (Where µ = Poisson’s ratio & E = young’s Modulus)

21. The Modulus of elasticity in term of Bulk modulus & Modulus of rigidity is

22. Choose the correct relation between modulus of elasticity (E), Modulus of
rigidity (G) & bulk modulus (K) from the following options
23. In an experiment it is found that the bulk modulus of material is equal to its
shear modulus then poison’s ratio is ____

(1) 0.125 (2) 0.250 (3) 0.375 (4) 0.5

24. Young’s Modulus of elasticity is

a) Tensile stress / Tensile strain

b) Shear stress / Shear strain

c) Tensile stress / Shear strain

d) Shear stress / Tensile strain

25. Modulus of rigidity is

a) Tensile stress / Tensile strain

b) Shear stress / Shear strain

c) Tensile stress / Shear strain

d) Shear stress / Tensile strain

26. For which material the Poisson’s ratio is more than unity

a) Steel

b) Copper

c) Aluminium

d) None
Stress Strain Diagram for Mild steel/Plain carbon steel/Low carbon steel

 L=
 D=
 Ao =
 L/D =
 Gauge Length = L = 5.65 √Ao
 Gauge length: The length over which the observations are measured is
called as Gauge length.
 Gauge Length is depends on Original cross section only & it is independent
on
(1) Material of bar,

(2) Intensity of loading,

(3) Length of bar.

 A-Proportionality limit: From point O to A, stress is directly proportional to
strain i.e. Hooke’s law is valid up to proportionality limit.
 B-Elastic limit: Material is elastic up to point B, from point A to B, graph is
slightly curve & hence Hooke’s law is not valid between A to B.
 C-Upper yield point
 C’-Lower Yield point:
 Design yield point
 Only mild steel showing both upper yield point(ULP) & LYP.
 In Yield zone (CC`) resistance of material suddenly drop at constant strain.
 C`D-Plastic Zone: Continuous deformation under constant stress due to
separation of carbon from Iron (permanent deformation)
 E-Ultimate tensile strength: Strength increased due to gathering of
Impurities (dislocations) at grain boundaries called as strain Hardening.
 F-Breaking Point/Fracture Point

 OA-Linear region
 OB-Elastic Zone
 AB-Nonlinear zone
 CC`- Yield zone
 C`D-Plastic zone
 DE-Strain Hardening
 EF- Strain softening/Necking
zone
Note:

 Slope of stress strain diagram up to proportionally limit is called as Young’s

Modulus.
 In MS failure will occur at 45 degree.
 To fine any stress always consider original cross section Area (not
instantaneous area)
True stress–strain curve:
 The curve based on the original cross-section and gauge length is called the
engineering stress–strain curve, while the curve based on the instantaneous
cross-section area and length is called the true stress–strain curve. Unless
stated otherwise, engineering stress–strain is generally used.
 Engineering & True stress stain curve are same up to elastic limit.

High carbon steel (0.7% – 2.1% carbon)

 No specific yield point, so to find

yield strength we have to use offset
method.
 Offset line drawn parallel to OA at 0.2% strain
Note:

(1) Compressive yield strength is greater than tensile yield strength.

(2) Tensile test is carried out for both ductile & brittle material.

(3) Compressive test is only carried out on brittle material.

27. Hooke’s law is valid up to

1. limit of proportionality

2. Elastic limit

3. Upper yield point

4. lower yield point

28. The phenomenon of slow growth of strain under a steady stress is called..

1. yielding

2. Creeping

3. Breaking

4. None
29. Hooke’s law is applicable within

a) Elastic limit

b) Plastic limit

c) Fracture point

d) Ultimate strength

30. The actual breaking stress in stress-strain diagram is the ratio of ______

a) load at breaking point and original cross-sectional area

b) load at breaking point and reduced cross-sectional area

c) maximum load and original cross-sectional area

d) yield load and original cross-sectional area

31. Engineering stress-strain curve and true stress-strain curve are equal up to

a) Proportional limit

b) Elastic limit

c) Yield point

d) Tensile strength point

32. Which type of load is applied in tensile testing?

a) Axial load

b) Shear load

c) Transverse load

d) Eccentric load

33. Tensile strength of a material is obtained by dividing the maximum load

during the test by the
(A) Area at the time of fracture

(B) Original cross-sectional area

(C) Average of (A) and (B)

(D) Minimum area after fracture

34. The ratio of the largest load in a test to the original cross-sectional area of
the test piece is called

(A) Elastic limit

(B) Yield stress

(C) Ultimate stress

(D) Breaking stress

35. Which of the following is a proper sequence?

(A) Proportional limit, elastic limit, yielding, failure

(B) Elastic limit, proportional limit, yielding, failure

(C) Yielding, proportional limit, elastic limit, failure

(D) None of the above

36. Flow stress corresponds to

(A) Fluids in motion

(B) Breaking point

(C) Plastic deformation of solid’s

(D) Rupture stress

37. If percentage reduction in area of a certain specimen made of material ‘A’
under tensile test is 60% and the percentage reduction in area of a specimen
with same dimensions made of material ‘B’ is 40%, then

(A) The material A is more ductile than material B

(B) The material B is more ductile than material A

(C) The ductility of material A and B is equal

(D) The material A is brittle and material B is ductile

38. During a tensile test on a specimen of 1 cm2 cross-section, maximum load

observed was 8 tonnes and area of cross-section at neck was 0.5 cm². Ultimate
tensile strength of specimen is

(A) 4 tonnes/ cm² (B) 8 tonnes/ cm²

(C) 16 tonnes/ cm² (D) 22 tonnes/ cm²

Deformation of Bar:

 P=
 L=
 D=
 E=
 dl =
 Stress Strain
Axial Rigidity: AE

 dl = PL/AE
 As Axial rigidity increase its deformation will decrease & therefore strength
of object will increase.
 Unit:

39. A steel cable of 2cm diameter is used to lift a load of 500π kg. E = 2x106
kg/cm2, the length of cable is 10m, the elongation of cable due to load will be
___ cm. 1. 0.25 2. 0.025 3. 0.0025 4. 2.5

40. A bar of 400mm length & of uniform cross section 20mm diameter is
subjected to tensile load of 50 KN. Assuming E= 200 GPa. The Elongation of
bar will be _______

(1) 2.489mm (2) 3.203mm 3) 0.318mm (4) 0.187mm

41. Two bars of the same size but of different material are subjected to the same
tensile force. If the bars have deformations in the ratio 2:3. then the ratio of their
modulus of elasticity be
(1) 2:3 (2) 3:2 (3) 6:4 (4) 4:10

42. A steel rod 1m long and 20 mm × 20 mm in cross-section is subjected to a

tensile force of 40 KN. Determine the elongation of the rod, if the modulus of
elasticity for the rod material is 200GPa.

1.00 mm

2. 0.50 mm

3. 0.25 mm

4. 0.75 mm

43. The cross-section area of the steel rod is 100 mm^2 and was tested for
tension within the elastic region in the laboratory with a tensile force of 50KN.
The rod was elongated by 0.2 mm in a gauge length of 200 mm length. What is
the value of Young's modulus of the rod?

1. 200 Gpa

2. 350 Gpa

3. 250 Gpa

4. 500 Gpa
Bar in Series:

44. If body is in equilibrium as shown in figure. Find unknown force & total
deformation of bar.
45. A steel bar 40cm long in which length of part AB & BC is 20cm each, the
bar is loaded as shown in figure. Find the ratio of stress developed in AB to the
stress developed in BC.
(a) 2 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.25 (d) 4

46. Calculate the maximum stress (N/mm2) acting on the cross section of the
following element. Take P1 = 45 KN, P2 = 445 KN, P4 = 130 KN. (1) 20 (2)
22.5 (3) 28.75 (4) 6.5
47. A steel bar ABC of uniform cross section 100mm2 is suspended vertically &
loaded as shown in the fig. If the lower end of bar C does not move when loads
are applied (neglect self-weight) then the value of force P is (Es = 200
KN/mm2)

Bars in Parallel:

48. Find deformation & stresses acting on steel & copper bar as show in figure.
Indeterminate Structure:

 Total deformation =
 Conditions,
 If load = constant
 Young's Modulus = Constant
 Prismatic: Same cross section throughout length
 Then individual load carried by each bar is,
 P1 = Load carried by bar 1
 P2 = Load carried by bar 2

 P1 =

 P2 =

49. Force carried by member AB & BC

Respectively in N.

a) 6,4 b) 4/6 c) 2,2 d) 4,4

Deformation & Stress due to self-weight

Deformation due to Self-weight:

Self-weight Deformation in terms of Weight density

 Weight Density = Ƴ =
 Mass Density = ρ =
 Self-weight deformation for Cone = 1/3rd of Self-weight Deformation of
Cylinder
Stress due to self-weight:

Note:

 For three rods of circular, rectangular, triangular cross section having same
material & length will have _______ self-weight deformation & _______
self-weight stress.
 Self-weight deformation is Independent on cross section area.
Deformation of tapered bar:
50. A circular bar of length (L) uniformly taper from diameter (d1) at one end to
diameter (d2) at the other end. If the bar is subjected to axial tensile force (P),
then its Elongation will be ___

51. Elongation of a circular rod tapering from zero at one end and diameter D at
the other end with ‘ γ ’ as the density & ‘L’ as the length, due to self-weight is
___

52. Axial deformation of a uniform bar due to its own weight is equal to ____
times the deformation of the same bar when subjected to a direct load equal to
weight of the bar.

(1) 2 (2) 1.5 3) 3 4) 0.5

53. A solid conical bar of uniform diameter diameters D. If length of the bar is L
modulus of elasticity ‘E’ & unit weight ‘γ’. Extension of bar due to self-weight
is _________
Volumetric Strain:

 Strain along x-direction (εx)

 Strain along y-direction (εy)

 Strain along z-direction (εz)

Volumetric Strain:

Volumetric Strain (εv) = εx + εy + εz

 For 3-D,

 For 2-D,

 For 1-D,

Longitudinal & Hoop strain:

 εl = longitudinal strain =
 εh = hoop/circumferential strain =
 εv = Volumetric Strain =
 For Cylinder, εv =
 For Sphere, εv =

54. The change in the unit volume of a material under tension with increase in
its Poisson’s ratio will

(A) Increase

(B) Decrease

(C) Remain same

(D) Increase initially and then decrease

 THERMAL STRESSES
Syllabus:

1) Concept of Thermal Stresses

2) Prismatic bar free to expand
3) Prismatic bar rigidly supported
4) Prismatic bar with yield support
5) Bars in Series
6) Bars in Parallel

Concept of Thermal Stresses:

 Stresses produced due to change in Temperature are called as Temperature

stresses or Thermal stresses.
 It is secondary design considered for safety purpose.
 α = Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
 α = Strain per unit change in temperature
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒏
α =
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒆𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆

 ΔT =
 Strain (ε) =
 Free Deformation (dL) =
 Stress (ζ) =

 αAl = 24
 αCu = 17.5
 αsteel = 12
Note: Higher the value of α, more the materials sensitive for temperature
change.

Prismatic bar free to expand:

 Strain (ε) =
 Free Deformation (dL) =
 Stress (ζ) =
Prismatic bar rigidly supported:

 Strain (ε) =
 Free Deformation (dL) =
 Stress (ζ) =

Prismatic bar with yield support:

 Strain (ε) =
 Free Deformation (dL) =
 Stress (ζ) =
 dL < δ
 dL > δ

55. Which stress is induced in a member, when expansion or contraction due to

temperature variation is prevented?

a. Compressive stress
b. Tensile stress
c. Thermal stress
d. None of the above

56. The thermal stress induced in a steel rod is compressive, if temperature

_____

a. decreases
b. increases
c. remains constant
d. none of the above

57. Force of 100 kN is applied on 900 mm long rod of 20 mm diameter and is

simultaneously heated at 70o C. What is the total elongation of the rod?
(Assume coefficient of thermal expansion = 10 x 10–6 oC, Young's modulus =
150 Gpa)

a. 2.54 mm b. 2.00 mm c. 1.27 mm d. 0.63 mm

58. What is the value of thermal stress, if a rod of 3 m is heated at 50 oC and is
fixed at both the ends? (Take α = 10 x 10-6 /oC & E= 200 x 103 Mpa)

a. 25 Mpa b. 50 Mpa c. 100 Mpa d. 150 Mpa

59. Thermal stress caused when the temperature of body

a. Increased

b. Decreased

c. Constant

d. Both a and b

60. A steel bar of 8 mm is heated from 10° C to 25° C and the bar is free to
expand. The bar will induce

1. Tensile stress

2. No stress

3. Compressive stress

4. Shear stress
Bars in Series:

 As temperature increases, compressive stress will develop on both the bar &
if temperature is decreases tensile stress developed on both the bar.

Bars in Parallel (Composite bar):

Note: A copper rod is enclosed in steel tube & both are rigidly fixed at ends. If
temperature increases compressive stresses will develop on both Cu & Steel.

61. In the diagram shown below, material A and B expand freely as shown in
condition (2). If expansion is prevented for equilibrium condition (3) to reach,
then

a. tensile force exerted by material B on A is equal to tensile force exerted by A

on B.
b. tensile force exerted by material B on A is equal to compressive force exerted
by A on B.
c. compressive force exerted by material B on A is equal to tensile force exerted
by A on B.
d. no force acts on the composite member in equilibrium conditions
62. If a composite bar of copper and steel is heated at 120o C, the stress induced
in copper bar is _______

a. compressive stress
b. shear stress
c. tensile stress
d. thermal stress

63. If a composite bar is cooled, then the nature of stress in the Stress Strain Part
with high coefficient of thermal expansion will be

a. tensile

b. compressive

c. zero

d. none of these.
 COMPLEX STRESSES
Syllabus:

1. Concept of 2-D stress system

2. Principal stresses by analytical method
3. Stresses on inclined plane by using analytical method
4. Principal stresses & stresses on inclined plane by using graphical method
(Mohr’s circle method)
5. 3-D stress system & 3-D Mohr’s circle
6. Strain analysis

Concept of 2-D stress system:

 Stress Tensor =

Note: In 2-D system, there are four stress component in Stress Tensor out of
which three are independent.

Scalar - Magnitude – Zero order tensor

Vector - Magnitude & Direction – 1st order tensor

Tensor - Magnitude, direction & plane of location – 2nd order tensor (stress,
strain MI)
Principal stresses by analytical method:

 ζ1 =

 ζ2 =

 θp1 = α =

 θp2 =

 ηmax =

 θηmax1 =

 θηmax2 =

 6’ =
 Resultant in terms of Normal stress is called Principal stress.
 Maximum normal stress in the Material is called as Major Principal stress
‘61’
 The minimum normal stress in material is called as Minor Principal stress
‘62’
 The plane on which Principal stress is acting is called Principal plane
 There are two types of principal planes.
1) Major Principal Plane
2) Minor principal plane
 The angle between two principal planes is 900.
 Resultant in terms of shear stress is called maximum shear stress.
 The plane on which max shear stress is acting is called as Maximum shear
stress plane (𝜏�max ) plane.
 The angle between any principal plane & nearest 𝜏�max plane is 450.
 On principal plane, no shear stress is acting, only Normal stress is acting.
 On 𝜏�max plane, normal stress is acting & whose magnitude is 6’

Principal stresses by analytical method:

 ζ1 =

 ζ2 =

 θp1 = α =

 θp2 =

 ηmax =

 θηmax1 =

 θηmax2 =

 6’ =
64. The normal stress across the principal plane is known as

1. Shear stress

2. Maximum shear stress

3. Principal stress

4. Tangential stress

65. A body is subjected to a direct tensile stress (6) in one plane. The shear
stress is maximum at a section inclined at _____ to the normal of the section.

1. 45° and 90°

2. 45° and 135°

3. 60° and 150°

4. 30° and 135°

66. If the principal stresses in a plane stress problem, are 61 = 100 MPa, 62 = 40
MPa, the magnitude of the maximum shear stress (in MPa) will be

1. 60 2. 50

3. 30 4. 20

67. The angle between Major Principal plane and Minor Principal plane for a
strained body is:

1. 45°

2. 30°

3. 60°

4. 90°
68. For the state of stress shown in the below figure, normal stress acting on the
plane of maximum shear stress is

1. 25 MPa tension

2. 75 MPa compression

3. 25 MPa compression

4. 75 MPa tension

69. The angle between the principle plane and the plane of maximum shear is

1. 90 degree

2. 125 degree

3. 60 degree

4. None of these

70. Shear stress on mutually perpendicular planes are

1. Zero 2. Maximum

3. Equal 4. Minimum
71. A body is subjected to a direct tensile stress of 300 MPa in one plane
accompanied by a simple shear stress of 200 MPa. The maximum normal stress
on the plane will be

1. 100 MPa

2. 200 MPa

3. 300 MPa

4. 400 MPa

Stresses on inclined plane by using analytical method:

72. If a bar of cross section area 'A' is subjected to a tensile force 'P' resultant
shear stress on a oblique plane inclined at an angle A to its axis is -

1. (P/A) cos 20 2. (P/A) sin 20

3. (P/2A) cos 20 4. (P/2A) sin 20

73. When a component is subjected to axial stress the normal stress ζn is

maximum, if cos θ is ___ .

1. Maximum 2. minimum

3. always one 4. always zero

a. 1 and 4 b. 1 and 3

c. 2 and 3 d. 2 and 4
74. The maximum tangential stress (ζx sin 2θ)/2 is maximum if, θ is equal to

a. 45o

b. 90o

c. 270o

d. all of the above

75. A state of stress in the material is as shown in figure.

Determine

1. Principal stresses & their planes.

2. Maximum shear stress & their plane

3. Normal stress on Tmax plane

Principal stresses by using Graphical (Mohr’s Circle) Method :

 Centre of Mohr’s circle = from origin(OC)

 Radius of Mohr’s (R) = circle

Note:

1. If Txy is zero then normal stresses 6x & 6y will be the principal stresses.
2. Any Mohr’s circle whose centre coincide with Origin then it is the case of
PURE SHEAR.

Stresses on Inclined plane by using Graphical Method :

76. The state of stress represented by Mohr's circle shown in the figure is _

1. uniaxial tension

2. biaxial tension of equal magnitude

3. hydrostatic stress

4. pure shear

77. A two dimensional fluid element rotates like a rigid body. At a point within
the element, the pressure is 1 unit. Radius of the Mohr's circle, characterizing
the state of stress at that point, is

1. 0.5 unit 2. O unit

3. 1 unit 4. 2 unit
78. The stress state at a point in a material under plane stress condition is equi-
biaxial tension with a magnitude of 10 MPa. If one unit on the ζ - η plane is 1
MPa, the Mohr’s circle representation of the state-of-stress is given by

a. circle with a radius equal to principal stress and its center at the origin of the
ζ - η plane

b. a point on the ζ axis at a distance of 10 units from origin

c. a circle with a radius of 10 units on the ζ - η plane

d. a point on the η axis at a distance of 10 units from the origin

79. For the Mohr's circle shown below, major and minor principal stresses are
represented by

1. OA & OB

2. EA & EB

3. OQ1 & OQ2

4. Q1A & Q2B

80. The element is subjected to two equal and like stress 'ζ' on two mutually
perpendicular planes. The shape of the Mohr's circle will be

a. it will be a point only

b. a circle of radius 2ζ

c. a circle of radius ζ/2

d. a circle of radius ζ
81. Two dimensional state of stress at a point in a plane stressed element is
represented by a Mohr’s circle of zero radius. The both principal stresses.

a. are of equal magnitudes and of opposite sign

b. are of equal magnitudes and of same sign

c. are of unequal magnitudes and of same sign

d. are of unequal magnitudes and of opposite sign

82. When a body is subjected to the two mutually perpendicular stresses, ζx &
ζy, then the center of Mohr’s circle from the origin is

83. If an element of a stressed body is in the state of pure shear with stress
magnitude of 30 Mpa then the magnitude of principal stress will be.

(1) 30Mpa (2) 45Mpa

(3) 15Mpa (4) 60Mpa

3-D stress system & 3-D Mohr’s circle

Stress No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Principal

system stress Independent dependent Strain stresses
component stress comp. stress Gauges
comp.

1-D 1 1 0 1 1 (6 )
1

2-D 4 3 1 3 2 (6 >6 )
1 2

3-D 9 6 3 6 3 (6 > 6 >6 )

1 2 3

1-D Stress Tensor

2-D Stress Tensor

3-D Stress Tensor

3-D Mohr’s circle:

Radius of 3-D Mohr's Circle

Radius of 3-D Mohr's Circle

1) 40, 25, 5

2) 60, 20

3) 40, -20

4) -50, -30

Strain Analysis :

Stress Analysis Strain Analysis

ζ ,ζ ε ,ε
1 2 1 2

α α

𝜏� Φ
max max

6θ εθ

𝜏�θ Φθ

Radius Radius

Stress Tensor Strain Tensor

 ζx = εx ,
 ζy = εy,
 𝜏�xy = Φxy /2

ε1 , ε 2

Φmax

εθ

Φθ

Radius

Strain Tensor

 εx =
 ε1 =
 ε2 =
Note:

 Plane stress system:

 For thin member, stress along the thickness will be zero, it is called as
plane stress system.
 It is applicable for thin members only (2-D lamina)
 Plane strain system:
 In long member, strain along the length will be zero called as plane strain
system.
 It is applicable for long members only
 SHEAR FORCE & BENDING
MOMENT DIAGRAM (SFD & BMD)
Equilibrium Equation: These equations are used to calculate support reaction
(unknown forces).

Support Reactions:

Sign Conventions

Force:

Moment:
Types of support:

1. Roller support

2. Hinged support

3. Fixed support

4. Internal Hinge

5.
Types of Beam:

1. Simply supported beam: The beam which is just rest on the support is called
SSB.
2. Cantilever beam: Beam whose one end is fixed rigidly & other end is free.
3. Overhang beam: Beam whose end portions are extended.

Types of Loading:

1. Point Load (Concentrated load): The load which is act at a point is called as
point load.
2. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL): The load which is uniformly spread over
the beam is called Uniformly distributed load.

Total load =

3. Uniformly Varying Load (UVL): Intensity of loading increases or decreases

along the length with constant rate.

Total load =
Shear Force: Algebraic sum of all vertical forces either to right or left of the
point

Sign convention:

Shear force Diagram(SFD): Diagram showing a variation of shear force along

the length of beam is called as SFD.

Bending Moment: algebraic sum of moment of all vertical forces either to right
or left of the point.

Sign conventions:

Bending moment Diagram(BMD): Diagram showing variation of Bending

Moment along the length of the beam.
Note:

1) Bending moment at simple end

supports & end points will be zero

2) Bending moment at free end of

cantilever will be zero

3) At point of zero shear force, bending

moment will be maximum

OR At the point of max bending moment,

shear force must be equal to zero

But at the point of max shear force,

bending moment not to be zero.

OR At the point of zero bending moment, shear force need not to be maximum.

4) Shear force at support will be directly support reaction with respective sign
conventions

5) Moment will be calculated only one side (Except in case of concentrated

moment comes in picture)

6) A vertical jump in shear force diagram can be observed at a point where

concentrated load is acting, in such a case shear force can be taken on the both
side.

7) Vertical jump in bending moment diagram can be observed at a point where

concentrated moment is acting in such a case calculate bending moment on both
the side.
8) Relation between load intensity, shear force & bending moment.

w = dF/dx

= slope of SFD

SF = dM/dx

= slope of BMD

9) Loading, SFD & BMD

10) Point of contra-shear: The point at which shear force changes its sign is
called as point of contra-shear.

11) Point of contra-flexure: : The point at which bending moment changes its
sign is called as point of contra-flexure.

12) Point of Inflection: The point where bending moment just becomes zero.
13) All point of contra-flexure are point of Inflection, but all point of Inflection
need not to be point of contra-flexure.

14) Design moment: It is max magnitude of bending moment over a beam in

bending moment diagram

15) Slope:
Conversion of SFD to Loading Diagram
Fixed Beam

L/4 L/4

L/2

L/(2√3) L/(2√3)
84. A fixed beam subjected to a central point load against gravity, the number of
points of contra flexure and their positions respectively are

a) 1 and L/2 from center of the beam

b) 2 and L/3 from both the supports

c) 2 and L/4 from center of the beam

d) 3 and L/4 from both the supports and at center of the beam

85. A cantilever beam is subjected to a point load against gravity at its free end.
The variation and nature of the bending moment will be

a) linear and hogging

b) linear and sagging

c) parabolic and hogging

d) parabolic and sagging

86. Which one of the following statements is correct?

a) The rate of change of shear force along the length of the beam is equal to
bending moment.

b) The bending moment is zero at the point where shear force changes sign.

c) Shear force changes abruptly at the point of application of couple.

d) Rate of change of bending moment changes abruptly at the location of point

load.

87.A simply supported beam of 9 m span carries a

point load of 30 kN at 2 m from the left end of the
support. It also carries a UDL of 12 kN/m over 4
m span from the right support. What is the value
of shear force at 5 m from the left support?

a) 4 kN b) 44 kN c) 3 kN d) 33 kN

88. A cantilever beam of 4 m span carries three point loads of 1 kN, 2 kN and 2
kN at 2 m, 3 m and 4 m from the fixed end respectively. What is the bending
moment at 3 m from fixed support?

a) 4 kNm (Anticlockwise)

b) 6 kNm (Clockwise)

c) 3 kNm (Clockwise)

d) 2 kNm (Anticlockwise)

89. Consider the following statements :

If at section away from the ends of the beam, M represents the bending moment,
V the shear force, w the intensity of loading and y represents the deflection of
the beam at the section, then

Of these statements:

1 and 2 are correct

1 and 3 are correct

2 and 3 are correct

1, 2 and 3 are correct

90. The shear-force diagram of a loaded beam is shown in the following figure.
The maximum bending moment in the beam is

a) 16 kN-m

b) 11 kN-m

c) 28 kN-m

d) 8 kN-m

91. A uniformly distributed load w (kN/m) is acting over the entire length of 8
m long cantilever beam. If the shear force at the midpoint of cantilever beam is
12 kN. What is the value of w?

a) 6 b) 4 c) 5 d) 3

92. The correct shear force diagram for the cantilever beam with uniformly
distributed load over the whole length of the beam is

93. A fixed beam is subjected to a uniformly distributed load over its entire
span. The points of contra-flexure will occur on either side of the center at a
distance of ______ from the center.

a) L/√3
b) L/3

c) L/(2√3)

d) L(4/√3)

94. A cantilever 9 m long has uniformly distributed load over the entire length.
The maximum bending moment is 8100 N-m, the rate of loading is:

a) 200 N/m b) 100 N/m

c) 400 N/m d) 900 N/m

95. Maximum bending moment for simply supported beam with udl over entire
length of beam, if W = weight of beam and L = length of beam, is:

a) WL/8

b) WL^2/8

c) WL/4

d) WL^2/4

95. Maximum bending moment for simply supported beam with udl over entire
length of beam, if W = weight of beam and L = length of beam, is:

a) WL/8

b) WL^2/8

c) WL/4

d) WL^2/4

96. What is the bending moment at end supports of a simply supported beam?

a) Maximum

b) Minimum
c) Zero

d) Uniform

97. What is the maximum shear force, when a cantilever beam is loaded with
udl throughout?

a) w×l

b) w

c) w/l

d) w+l

98. What will be the variation in BMD for the diagram?

a) Rectangular

b) Trapezoidal

c) Triangular

d) Square

99. How do point loads and udl be represented in SFD?

a) Simple lines and curved lines

b) Curved lines and inclined lines

c) Simple lines and inclined lines

d) Cant represent any more

 CENTROID
Syllabus:

1. Centre of gravity and Centroid

2. Centroid of simple geometry
3. Moment of inertia
4. Parallel axis theorem
5. Perpendicular axis theorem
6. Area moment of inertia of simple geometry
7. Mass moment of inertia of disc
8.
Centre of gravity and Centroid

Centre of gravity:

 It is a Point at which entire mass is concentrated.

 It is applicable for 3-D system.

Centroid:

 It is the point at which entire area is concentrated.

 It is applicable for 2-D system.
Centroid of simple geometry

 Centroid is always falls on axis of symmetry.

 If body is symmetric about two axis then centroid will be lies at the
intersection of these two axis.
Centroid of simple Geometry:
Moment of inertia:

 Stress: Internal resistance offered by material to the externally applied load

is called as stress.
 Inertia: Internal resistance offered by material to the externally applied
moment (moment may be bending or twisting) is called as inertia.
 Significance: As moment of inertia increases strength of object will
increase.
 It’s unit is m^4 or mm^4.
 Scalar = Magnitude
 Vector = Magnitude + direction
 Tensor = Magnitude + direction + point of application
 Example: Stress, Strain & Moment of inertia are tensor quantities.

Parallel axis theorem :

Statement: Moment of inertia of object about an axis which is parallel to
centroidal axis is equal to summation of moment of inertia of that body about
centroidal axis and product of area and square of perpendicular distance
between two parallel axis.

Perpendicular axis theorem

Statement: Moment of inertia of cross-section about an axis which is

perpendicular to cross-section is the summation of moment of inertia of c/s
about Planar axis (Ixx & Iyy)

Note:

 During bending problems MI is taken about Planar axis (Ixx OR Iyy)

 During torstion problem MI is taken about an aixs perpe to c/s (i.e. Iz-z = J
= polar MI)
Area moment of inertia
Mass moment of inertia:

Solid Disc:

m = mass of disc

R = radius

I = Mk^2

K = radius of gyration

Rimmed disc:

m = mass of Rimmed disc

R = radius of Rimmed disc

I = mk2

K = radius of gyration

Unit:

 Area Moment of inertia= Ak2 = m^4

 Mass Moment of inertia= mk2 =kg.m^2
Mass Moment of Inertia of Rod About Pivot :

Centroid of Composite Section :

100. In the following figure, centroids of the shaded area from the reference
axis are:

1. X=35/11 AND Y = 25/11

2. X = 31/11 AND Y = 20/11
3. X= 31/21 AND Y = 20/11
4. X=41/11 AND Y = 30/11
101. Centroidal distance of quarter circle along / about its line of symmetry will
be

102. The point through which the whole weight of the body acts is called
_________

a) Inertial point

b) Centre of gravity

c) Centroid

d) Central point

103. The point at which the total area of a plane figure is asssumed to be
concentrated is called ________

a) Centroid

b) Centre of gravity

c) Central point

d) Inertial point

104. Where the centre of gravity of a circle lies?

a) At its centre

b) Anywhere on its radius

c) Anywhere on its circumference

d) Anywhere on its diameter

105. What is the unit of radius of gyration?

a) m^4

b) m

c) N

d) m^2

106. Moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to the plane of an area is

known as :

1. First moment

2. Second moment

3. Polar moment

4. Axial moment

107. Moment of inertia of a circular section of radius ‘R’ about its diametrical
axis is:
108. The centroid of a quarter circle is:

109. The CG of a semi-circular plate of 66 cm diameter, from its base, is

1. 8/33 cm 2. 1/14 cm 3. 14 cm 4. 63/8 cm

110. The moment of inertia of a hollow circular section about its centroidal axis
is: Where, D = diameter of outer circle, d = diameter of inner circle
111. Centre of gravity of a thin hollow cone lines on the axis of symmetry at a
height of ____.

1. one-half of the total height above base

2. one-third of the total height above base

3. one-fourth of the total height above base

4. None of these

112. The centre of Gravity of an equilateral triangle of side x lies at a height

______ measured on a median from any side.

-----
BENDING STRESSES/PURE BENDING
/FLEXURAL BENDING STRESSES
1. Bending formula
2. Stress distribution diagram
3. Flexural bending formula for solid Circular & Hollow circular shaft
4. Sectional Modulus
5. Flexural Rigidity
6. Strength comparison

Bending formula

Note : Bending stresses are Axial in nature may be compressive or Tensile

ζ=

y=

M=

I=

E=

R=

1/R =

Assumptions:

1. The material of the beam is homogenous and isotropic.

2. The beam is initially straight and the entire longitudinal fibres bend is
circular arcs with a common centre of curvature.
3. Members have symmetric cross-sections and are subjected to bending in the
plane of symmetry.
4. The beam is subjected to pure bending and the effect of shear is neglected.
5. Plane sections through a beam, taken normal to the axis of the beam remain
plane after the beam is subjected to bending.
6. The radius of curvature is large as compared to the dimensions of the beam.
7. The beam materials are stressed within their elastic limit and, thus, obey
Hook’s law.
8. In pure bending every layer has a different radius of curvature but the same
centre of curvature.
Bending Stress distribution diagram:
113. According to pure bending theory, which of the following claims is
factually incorrect?

1. Every layer has a different center of curvature

2. Beam material is isotropic

3. Beam material is homogenous

4. Permissible stresses are under Elastic Limit

5. The radius of curvature is large as compared to the dimensions of the beam.

114. The theory of pure bending can be expressed by _____?

1. Bending Moment Equation

2. Castigliano’s Theorem

3. Bernoulli’s Equation

4. Lame’s Theory

115. In a simply supported rectangular beam loaded transversely, the maximum

tensile bending stress occurs at:

1. top fiber
2. bottom fiber
3. neutral axis
4. between top fiber an neutral axis
116. The bending stress in a beam varies directly with:

1. the moment of inertia

2. the polar moment of inertia
3. the cross section of the beam
4. the distance from the neutral axis
117. What is the stress developed in bending a 10 mm diameter steel rod of E =
2 105 N/mm2 to 2000 mm diameter?

1. 500 N/mm2
2. 2000 N/mm2
3. 1000 N/mm2
4. 981 N/mm2

118. The relation governing the simple bending of beam is:

119. A simply supported beam of span 3 m is acted upon by a concentrated load
12 KN at a point 1 m from support B. The bending stress will be maximum at:

1. the neutral axis of the section under load

2. the neutral axis of the mid-span section
3. the extreme fibre of the section under load
4. the extreme fibre of the mid-span section
120. A steel plate is bent into a circular arc of radius 10 m. If the plate section
be 120 mm wide and 20 mm thick, with E = 2 x 10 5 N/mm2, then the maximum
bending stress induced is….

1. 210 N/mm2
2. 205 N/mm2
3. 200 N/mm2
4. 195 N/mm2

121. If a constant section beam is subjected to uniform bending moment

throughout, it bends as –

1. zig zag
2. a catenary
3. a circular arc
4. a parabolic arc
122. Which of the following is an INCORRECT bending equation based on the
theory of pure bending? Where, M = Bending moment, I = Moment of inertia
exerted on the bending axis, ζ = stress of the fibre at a distance ‘y’ from neutral/
centroidal axis, E = Young’s Modulus of beam material, R = Curvature radius of
this bend beam and Z = Section modulus of the section.

123.

1. The material is heterogeneous and isotropic.

2. The stress is purely longitudinal and local effects near concentrated loads will
be neglected.

3. The radius of curvature is large compared with the dimensions of the cross-
section.

Which of the above statements are correct?

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3
124. A cantilever beam of T cross-section carries uniformly distributed load.
Where does the maximum magnitude of bending stress occur?

1. At the top of cross-section

2. At the junction of flange and web
3. At the mid-depth point
4. At the bottom of the section

125. What is the expression of the bending equation?

a) M/I = ζ/y = E/R

b) M/R = ζ/y = E/I

c) M/y = ζ/R = E/I

d) M/I = ζ/R = E/y

126. On bending of a beam, which is the layer which is neither elongated nor
shortened?

a) Axis of load

b) Neutral axis

c) Centre of gravity

d) None of the mentioned

127. The bending stress is ________

a) Directly proportional to the distance of layer from the neutral layer

b) Inversely proportional to the distance of layer from the neutral layer

c) Directly proportional to the neutral layer

d) Does not depend on the distance of layer from the neutral layer

128. In simply supported beams, the ______ stress distribution is not uniform.

a) Bending

b) Shearing

c) Tensile

d) Compressive

128. In simply supported beams, the ______ stress distribution is not uniform.

a) Bending

b) Shearing

c) Tensile

d) Compressive

129. The maximum _____ stresses occur at top most fiber of a simply supported
beam.

a) Tensile

b) Compressive

c) Shear

d) Bending
130. At the extreme fibre, bending stress is______

a) Minimum

b) Zero

c) Constant

d) Maximum

131. The curvature of a beam is equal to _

a) EI/M

b) M/E

c) M/EI

d) E/MI

132. In cantilever beams, there is ___ stress above neutral axis.

a) Compressive

b) Tensile

c) Temperature

d) Shear

133. Which of the following is/are an assumption(s) made in the theory of

Simple Bending?

1. The material of the beam that is subjected to bending is homogenous

2. The effect of shear stresses is neglected
 3. The beams have a symmetrical cross-section and they are subjected to
bending only in the plane of symmetry.
4. All of the options

134. The steel plate is bent into a circular path of radius 10 meters. If the plate
section be 120 mm wide and 20 mm thick, then calculate the maximum bending
stress. [Consider Young’s modulus = 200000 N/mm2].

a) 350 N/mm2

b) 400 N/mm2

c) 200 N/mm2

d) 500 N/mm2

135. Stress in a beam due to simple bending is ________

a) Directly proportional

b) Inversely proportional

c) Curvilinearly related

d) None of the mentioned

Flexural bending formula for solid Circular shaft:

Flexural bending formula for Hollow Circular shaft:

136. If a shaft diameter d is subjected to bending moment M, the bending stress
(ζb) induced in the shaft is given by:

Beam of uniform strength:

 Beam is said to be uniform strength, when bending stress is same/uniform

throughout the length
137. A rectangular beam of uniform strength and subjected to a bending
moment ‘M’ has a constant width. The variation in depth will be proportional
to…

1. 1/M
2. M
3. √M
4. M2

138. Circular beam of uniform strength can be made by varying the diameter in
such way that ..

1. M/Z is constant
2. ζ/Y is constant
3. M/R is constant
4. E/R is constant

139. A beam is said to be of uniform strength, if ________

a) B.M. is same throughout the beam

b) Shear stress is the same through the beam

c) Deflection is the same throughout the beam

d) Bending stress is the same at every section along its longitudinal axis
Sectional Modulus

Significance of Sectional Modulus: As ‘Z’ increases, strength of c/s will

increase.
Flexural Rigidity:

 IE
 Unit:
 As flexural rigidity increases, strength will increase.

Axial Rigidity:

 Unit:

140. The section modulus of a rectangle with breadth b and depth d will be:
141. The strength of beams depend merely on________

a) Modulus section

b) Moment of inertia

c) Flexural rigidity

d) Moment of resistance

142. Which stress comes when there is an eccentric load applied?

a) Shear stress

b) Bending stress

c) Tensile stress

d) Thermal stress

Strength comparision

Strength comparision:
143. Two beams of equal cross-sectional area are subjected to equal bending
moment. If one beam has a square cross-section and the other has a circular
cross-section, then ______.

1. Both beams will be equally strong

2. Circular section beam will be stronger
3. Square section beam will be stronger
4. The strength of the beam will depend on the nature of loading

Composite beam (fletched beam):

 A beam made up of different material bonded together is

called as composite beam.
 Modular Ratio(m) =
Equivalent in steel Equivalent in wood

Sliced beam:
 FLEXURAL SHEAR STRESSES
Syllabus

1. Flexural shear stress formula with stress distribution

2. Value ηmax / ηavg for different cross section
3. Strength comparison
4. Stress distribution for flanged beam

Flexural Shear stress:

 𝑺𝑨ȳ
𝜏� =
𝑰𝒃

 η=
 S=
 A=

 ȳ=
 I=
 b=
144. A rectangular c/s beam of size 300 mm x 500 mm is subjected to shear
force of 20 kN. What is the shear stress at 150 mm above neutral axis?

1. 0.30 MPa
2. 0.60 MPa
3. 0.26 Mpa
4. 0.13 Mpa

145. Shear stress is given by the relation

(a) η =V A y/I b

(b) η =V A’ y’/I b

(c) η =V (A +y)/I b

(d) None
 Bending Stress Distribution & Flexural Shear stress Distribution:

146. In the case of a triangular section, the shear stress is maximum at the :

1. Neutral axis
2. Height of 2h/3
3. Height of h/2
4. Centre of gravity
147. In a simply supported beam, maximum shear stress in a triangular cross-
section (altitude h) occurs at a distance:

1. h/3 from bottom of beam

2. h/3 from top of the beam
3. h/6 from neutral axis
4. h/5 from top the beam

148. At ____ the shearing stress in a beam are maximum.

a) Extreme fibers

b) Modulus of section

c) Neutral axis

d) Along the cross-sectional area

149. Shear stress in a beam is zero at __

a) Neutral axis

b) Extreme fibres

c) Cross section

d) Junctions

149. Shear stress in a beam is zero at __

a) Neutral axis

b) Extreme fibres

c) Cross section
d) Junctions

150. Shear stress distribution over rectangular section will be _____

a) parabolic

b) elliptical

c) triangular

d) trapezoidal

ηmax/ηavg & ηNA/ηavg for different cross sections

Section ηmax ηavg ηNA ηavg

/ /

Rectangle 3/2 3/2

Circular 4/3 4/3

Triangle 3/2 4/3

Diamond 9/8 1

Strength comparison:

 A c/s which has lesser ηmax/ηavg wil have more resistance against shear
force.
 Diamond > Circular > Rectangle/Triangle
 In a beam both bending & shear will be acting together then strength
comparison should be based on bending only. In this case I-section will be
strong.

151. A steel beam is 200 mm wide and 300 mm deep. The beam is simply
supported and carries a concentrated load w. If the maximum stress are 2
N/mm2. What will be the corresponding load?

a) 50 kN b) 80 kN c) 40 kN d) 85 kN

152. For circular section, the maximum shear stress is equal to ________ times
of average shear stress.

a) 2/3 b) 3/2 c) 4/3 d) 3/4

153. A beam has triangular cross-section having base b & altitude h. If the
section of the beam is subjected to a shear force F, the shear stress at the level of
neutral axis in the cross-section is given by:
154. The maximum shear stress is __ times the average shear stress [For
rectangular beams].

a) 2.5

b) 3

c) 1.2

d) 1.5

155. The ratio of maximum shear stress to average shear stress in a beam of
triangular section is

(a) 1.5

(b) 2.5

(c) 3.5

(d) None

Stress distribution for flanged beam

156. The ratio of shear stress in the lowermost fiber of a flange and the shear
stress in the uppermost fiber of a web is

(a) >1

(b) < 1

(c) =1

(d) None

157. An inverted T-section is subjected to a shear force F. The maximum shear

stress will occur at:

1. Top of the section

2. Junction of we and flange
3. Neutral axis of the section
4. Bottom of the section
158. Greater portion of shear force in a beam of I-section is shared by

(a) Lower flange

(b) Upper flange

(c) Web

(d) None

159. Greater portion of bending moment in a beam of I-section is shared by

(a) Flanges

(b) Web

(c) Equally by the flanges and the we

(d) None
 Torsion
Syllabus:

1. Torsion Equation
2. Torsional Stress distribution
3. Torsion Equation for solid circular & hollow circular shaft
4. Polar Modulus
5. Torsional Rigidity
6. Torsional Stiffness
7. Power Transmission
8. Series Connection
9. Parallel Connection
10.Combined Stresses (Bending & Twisting Shear Stress)
11.Strength comparison between solid & hollow circular shaft.

Torsion Equation:
 𝝉 𝑻 𝑮𝜽
= =
𝒓 𝑱 𝑳

 T = shear stress at point

 R = radial distance of a point where we have to find shear stress from
N.A.
 T = max twisting moment
 J = Polar moment of Inertia of c/s about N.A.
 G = Modulus of Rigidity
 L = length of shaft
 𝜽 = angle of Twist in Radian
Note: Radius of curvature (R) in Bending Equation is Equivalent to (l/𝜽�) in
Torsion Equation.

Assumptions:

1. Linear Elasticity: The material of the member obeys Hooke’s law and
exhibits linear elastic behavior under torsion.
2. Homogeneous and Isotropic Material : The material is assumed to be
homogeneous (uniform in composition) and isotropic (its properties are the
same in all directions).
3. Circular Cross-Section: The cross-sectional shape of the member is typically
assumed to be circular. This simplifies the analysis as it results in a constant
torsional moment along the length of the member.
4. Pure Torsion: Torsion theory assumes that the applied loads consist of two
equal and opposite torques (moments) acting at the ends of the member,
resulting in pure torsion. Other types of loading, such as axial loads or
bending moments are neglected.
5. Linear Shear Stress Distribution: It is assumed that the distribution of shear
stress across the cross-section of the member is linear, with the maximum
shear stress occurring at the outermost fibers of the circular cross-section
and decreasing linearly to zero at the cent (longitudinal axis) of the member.
6. Small Deformations: Deformations are assumed to be small, and the
member remains in the linear elastic range. This assumption allows for the
use of simple mathematical relationships.
7. No Warping: The theory often assumes that there is no warping of the cross-
section during torsion. In other words, the cross-sectional shape remains
constant.
8. Constant Material Properties: Material properties such as shear modulus (G)
and the polar moment of inertia (J) are assumed to be constant along the
length of the member.
9. No Axial Displacement: Torsion analysis usually assumes that there is no
axial displacement along the length of the member.

160. Which of the following assumptions are made in torsion theory?

a. Shaft is perfectly straight

b. Material of the shaft is heterogeneous

c. Twist cannot be uniform along the length of the shaft

d. All of the above

161. Which of the following is the INCORRECT statement related to the theory
and analysis of torsion?

1. A member is said to be under pure torsion when it is subjected to two equal

and opposite torques.
2. If a moment is applied in a vertical plane containing the longitudinal axis of
the beam, it well be subjected to torque, causing torque in the member.
3. Shear stress is maximum at the surface of a shaft and zero at its longitudinal
axis.
4. It is assumed that the material of the shaft is home and isotropic.

162. The angle of twist can be written as ____

a) TL/J

b) CJ/TL

c) TL/CJ

d) T/J

163. A member subjected to couple produces rotational motion about its

longitudinal axis called as ____

a. torsion

b. twisting moment

c. both a. and b.

d. none of the above

163. A member subjected to couple produces rotational motion about its

longitudinal axis called as ____

a. torsion

b. twisting moment
c. both a. and b.

d. none of the above

164. In the relation ( T/J = Gθ/L = η/ R), the letter G denotes modulus of __

a. elasticity

b. plasticity

c. rigidity

d. resilience

165. Shear stress in a shaft depends on

a) Torque and radius

b) Radius & Polar moment of inertia

c) Radius, torque & polar moment of inertia

d) None

Torsional Shear Stress distribution:

Due to torque, shear stresses are developed in two mutually perpendicular
planes.

(i) In the plane of the cross-section in the circumferential direction.

(ii) Normal to the plane of the cross-section in the longitudinal direction.

The shear stress produced by torque varies from zero at centre of the cross-
section to maximum at the surface in the circumferential direction. Shear
stresses in the direction normal to the cross-section plane are always
complementary in nature and have equal magnitude.

Note: There is no shear stress in the radial direction.

166. Pure torsion of a shaft produces:

(i) Longitudinal normal stress in shaft

(ii) Only direct shear stress in the transverse section of the shaft
(iii)Circumferential shear stress on a surface element of shaft
(iv) A longitudinal shear stress and a circumferential shear stress on a surface
element of shaft

167. Stress in the cross section of a shaft at the centre ____

a. is zero

b. decreases linearly to the maximum value of at outer surface

c. both a. and b.

d. none of the above

167. Stress in the cross section of a shaft at the centre ____

a. is zero

b. decreases linearly to the maximum value of at outer surface

c. both a. and b.

d. none of the above

168. Variation of shear stress in torsion of shaft is

(a) Parabolic

(b) Linear

(c) Cubical

(d) None

169. In torsion of shafts, variation of shear stress is along the

a) Radius

b) Length

c) Both (a) & (b)

d) None
Maximum Shear Stress for solid Circular shaft:

Maximum Shear Stress for Hollow Circular shaft:

170. Calculate the torque which a shaft of 300 mm diameter can safely transmit,
if the shear stress is 48 N/mm2.

a) 356 kNm

b) 254 kNm

c) 332 kNm

d) 564 kNm

171. A circular shaft of diameter d and length I is subjected to a torque T and a

bending moment M. The ratio of maximum shear stress to bending stress is:

172. What is the maximum torque transmitted by a hollow shaft of external

radius ‘R’, internal radius ‘r’ and maximum allowable shear stress ?
Polar Modulus / Torsional Sectional Modulus

Significance of Sectional Modulus: As ‘Zp’ increases, strength of c/s will

increase.
For Solid circular

For hollow circular

173. Torsional sectional modulus is also known as _____

a) Polar modulus

b) Sectional modulus

c) Torsion modulus

d) Torsional rigidity

174. ____ is a measure of the strength of shaft in rotation.

a) Torsional modulus

b) Sectional modulus

c) Polar modulus

d) Torsional rigidity

175. Two solid shafts ‘A’ and ‘B’ are made of the same material. The shaft ‘A’ is
of 50 mm diameter and shaft ‘B’ is of 100 mm diameter. The strength of shaft
‘B’ is _____ of that of shaft ‘A’.

a) one –half

b) double

c) four times

d) eight times
Axial Rigidity:

 Unit:
Flexural Rigidity:

 Unit:
Torsional Rigidity:

 Unit:
Torsional flexibility:

 It is defined as the angle of twist produced by the unit torque applied

176. What are the units of torsional rigidity?

a) Nmm2

b) N/mm

c) N-mm

d) N

176. What are the units of torsional rigidity?

a) Nmm2

b) N/mm

c) N-mm

d) N
177. Which of the following relation represents torsional flexibility?

a. GJ

b. GL

c. GJ / L

d. L / GJ

Torsional Stiffness

Power Transmission: While transmitting power there will be losses &

hence average torque is used in power transmission equation, but in
the torsion equation maximum torque is considered because shaft is
designed for maximum capacity
178. While transmitting the same power by a shaft, if its speed is reduced by
half, what should be its new diameter if the maximum shear stress induced in
the shaft remains the same?

a) (2)12 of the original diameter

b) (1/2)12 of the original diameter

c) twice of the original diameter

d) (2)1/3 of the original diameter

179. The power transmitted by shaft SI system is given by ______

a) 2πNT/60

b) 3πNT/60

c) 2πNT/45

d) NT/60 W
Series Connection:

180. Find angle of twist of point B w.r.t. A for following figure

181. What is the angle of twist of point B w.r.t. A for following figure.
182. Two shafts of different materials having same length are joined in series &
subjected to a torque of 100 KN-m. If the Ratio of their dia & modulus of
Rigidity are 2:1 & 3:1 resp. then the ratio of their angle of twist.

(a) 12 (b) 1/12 (c) 24 (d) 1/24

Parallel Connection

183. For a circular shaft AC as shown in figure, A torque ‘T’ is applied at a point
‘B’. Such that b/a = 1.5. What is the ratio of TA & Tc.

(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1.5 (d) 0.5

Combined Stresses (Bending & Twisting Shear Stress):

184. When a shaft is subjected to a bending moment M and a twisting moment

T, then the equivalent twisting moment is equal to:

Strength comparison of solid & hollow shaft:

 For equal cross section area, hollow shaft is stronger than solid shaft under Torsion.
Strength comparison of solid & hollow shaft for same outer diameter:

 For same outer diameter, solid shaft is stronger than hollow shaft under Torsion.

Failure due to Torsion:

 Failure of shaft for ductile material is

always vertical i.e. perpendicular to axis of Rotation & for brittle material it
will fail 450 to the axis.
185. A power transmitting ductile material shaft under P, T and M will fail under

(a) Tensile considerations only

(b) Compressive considerations only

(c) Shear considerations only

(d) None

186. From strength point of view, whether hollow or solid power transmitting
shaft is preferable

(a) Solid shaft

(b) Hollow shaft

(c) Both solid as well as hollow shaft

(d) None
 PRESSURE VESSELS

1) Classification of Pressure Vessels

2) Thin Cylinder
a) Stresses acting on cylinder
b) Strain produced in cylinder
c) Joint efficiency
d) Failure criteria
3) Thin Sphere

a) Stresses acting on sphere

b) Strain produced in sphere
c) Joint efficiency
d) Failure criteria
Classification of Pressure Vessels :

 t = thickness of vessel
 d = diameter of vessel,
Internal diameter of
vessel, Size of vessel
 t < d/20 – thin pressure
vessel
 t > d/20 – thick
pressure vessel
1) Thin Vessel: Thin vessels are capable of resisting only high Internal pressure,
but it will not carry any external pressure.

 Ex. Pressure cooker, LPG Cylinder, Storage tank, Boiler.

2) Thick Vessel: Thick vessel are capable of taking both Internal & External
pressure.

 Ex. IC engine, Hydraulic RAM.

 Design based on Lami’s Equation

Thin vessels are classified into two types:

(i) Thin cylinder

(ii) Thin Sphere

Thin cylinder:

 d = diameter of thin cylinder

 t = thickness of cylinder
 p = inside/internal pressure
 E = Young’s Modulus
 6l = longitudinal stress
 6h = hoop stress
 6r = Radial stress
Stresses acting on cylinder:
Strain produced in cylinder
187. Thin cylinder of thickness t & internal radius ‘r’ & subjected to
pressure ‘p’ on entire internal surface. What is the change in Radius
of the cylinder? (u = Poisson’s Ratio & E = Young’s Modulus)
 Maximum Shear Stress  Maximum Shear Stress on
Surface
3D

Joint efficiency Failure criteria

Irrespective of material used in thick or thin

cylinder, the very common failure is axial
crack (along the length) in 45 degree
because circumferential stress is always
greater than longitudinal stress.
188. A thin spherical shell is subjected to an external pressure Po. The
volumetric strain of the spherical shell is (where d is the diameter of shell t is
the thickness of the shell E is Young’s modulus of elasticity of shell material 𝜇
is Poission’s ratio of shell material)

189. A metal pipe of 1 m diameter contains a fluid having a pressure of 1 N /

mm2. If the permissible tensile stress in the metal is 20 N / mm2, then the
thickness of the metal required for making the pipe will be.

a) 5mm b) 10 mm c) 15 mm d) 25 mm

190. The maximum value of the shear stress in the thin walled cylindrical vessel
of diameter d and subjected to internal pressure P is given as _______________.

a) Pd/2t b) Pd/4t c) Pd/8t d) Pd/6t

191. Thin cylindrical shell of length ‘L’ diameter ‘d’ and thickness ‘t’, subjected
to internal pressure P. What is the change in length if it is made up of material
having Modulus of Elasticity E and poinssion’s ratio ‘𝜇’?
192. A pipe of internal diameter ‘d’ and thickness of wall ‘t’, carries fluid with
intensity of pressure ‘p’. Hoop stresses in the wall will be:

193. The ratio of circumferential stress to the longitudinal stress in the walls of a
cylindrical shell, due to flowing liquid, is ….

a) ½ b) 1 c) 1.5 d) 2

194. Which among the following stress act along the circumference of the
cylinder?
a) Tangential stress

b) longitudinal stress

c) Hoop stress

b) Compressive stress

e) None of these

Thin Sphere:

 d = diameter of thin cylinder

 t = thickness of cylinder
 p = inside/internal pressure
 E = Young’s Modulus
 6l = longitudinal stress
 6h = hoop stress
 6r = Radial stress

Stresses acting on Sphere :

Strain produced in Sphere

Maximum Shear Stress 3D Maximum Shear Stress on Surface

Joint efficiency Failure criteria

Failure is always along

circumferential direction.
Note: For think cylinder two strain gauges are required & for thick cylinder
three strain gauges are required.

195. For a thin spherical shell subjected to internal pressure, the ratio of
volumetric strain to diametrical strain is ____.

a) 5 : 4

b) 3 : 2

c) 2 : 1

d) 3: 1

196. Find the stress acting on the surface of a thin sphere of diameter 15 cm,
thickness 0.25 cm and the internal pressure is 2 MPa.

a) 15 MPa

b) 60 MPa

c) 25 MPa

d) 30 MPa
 BUCKLING OF COLUMN
1. Classification of Column
2. Radius of Gyration
3. Slenderness Ratio
4. Euler’s formula & its assumptions
5. Rankine formula
Classification of Column

Short Column Long column

 Short Column is always fails due to  Long column is always fails due
crushing load. to Buckling only.
 Yielding of Material  No Yielding of Material

Radius of Gyration

Maximum Radial distance up to which member is stable is called as

Radius of Gyration (K).

Significance: As Radius of Gyration increases strength will increase.

Slenderness ratio:

 It is the ratio of effective length of column to radius of Gyration.

 To increase the strength of c/s slenderness ratio should be minimum.
 If > 80 then long column
< 80 then short column

 For axially load column the most efficient c/s is Hollow circular & then
solid circular.
 Circular c/s is best for long column because, it has same M.I. in all direction
(strength) in all direction.

Euler’s formula

 It is applicable for only Long Column.

 Pe = Buckling / Euler’s / Cripling / Critical load

 Imin = min M.I. about N.A. (min of Ixx & Iyy)
 E = Young’s Modulus
 l = Effective length.
= It is the distance between two successive zero B.M. points.

The following assumptions are made in Euler’s column theory:

 The column is initially straight and load is applied axially.

 The cross-section of the column is uniform throughout its length.
 The column material is perfectly elastic, homogenous and isotropic and
obeys Hooke’s law.
 The length of the column is very large as compared to its lateral dimensions.
 The direct stress is very small as compared to the bending stress.
  The column will fail by buckling alone.
 The self-weight of the column is negligible.

L = Unsupported
Length

CASE

Effective Length

Euler's Load

Note:

Load carrying capacity of short column is independent on slenderness Ratio,

but load carrying capacity of long column depends on ‘slenderness Ratio’.

Rankine formula: Rankine formula is applicable for both long & short column.
 Beam & Column: Beam is always horizontal & column is always vertical
 STRUT: it may be horizontal or vertical, but it always carry compressive
load.
Core of column section:

 Distance from centre up to where eccentric load is allowed is called as core

of cross section.
197. The assumption made in Euler’s column theory is that:

1) The column material obeys I look’s law.

2) The failure of column occurs due to buckling done.

3) The length of the column is very large compared to its cross-section

dimensions.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

a) 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3
d) 1, 2 and 3

198. Which of the following formulae is/are used to find the buckling load in
column?

1) Euler’s formula

2) Rankine Gordon formula

3) Johnson’s parabolic formula

4) IS formula

a) Only 1, 2 and 4
b) Only 1
c) All 1, 2, 3 and 4
d) Only 1 and 2
199. Which of the following case of the columns will corresponds to maximum
buckling load?

a) one end is hinged and other end fixed

b) one end is fixed and other end free

c) both ends are hinged

d) both the ends are fixed rigidly

200. Buckling load of given material depends on

i. Slenderness ratio

ii. Area of cross

iii. Section Modulus of elasticity

iv. Poisson’s ratio

a) (i), (ii), (iii)

b) (ii), (iii) & (iv)
c) (i), (ii) & (iv)
d) (i), (iii) & (iv)
203.

204. If one end of a hinged column is made fixed and other end free, how much
is the critical load compared to the original value?

1) Four times

2) One-fourth

3) One-half

4) Twice

205. A 40 cm diameter circular timber column is 4 m long. The slenderness ratio

of the column is..

a) 4

b) 10

c) 20

d) 40
206. Which one of the following is NOT the assumption of Euler’s column
theory?

a) The direct stress is very small compared to the bending stress.

b) The self-weight of the column is considerable.

c) The cross-section of the column is uniform throughout.

d) The column will fail by buckling only.

207. Effect of both bucking and crushing is considered in:

a) Bernoulli’s Equation

b) Darcy’s formula

c) Euler’s theory

d) Rankine’s formula

208. When both ends of a column are fixed, the crippling load is F. If one end
of the column is made free, the value of crippling load will be changed to
_____.

a) F/4

b) F/12

c) F/16

d) 4F
209. For the clamped free column, the effective length is equal to:

a) twice the actual length

b) 0.5 times the actual length

c) the actual length

d) 0.7 times the actual length

210. The strength of ‘strut’ depends on

a) diameter of river used

b) thickness of gusset plate

c) net are of strut

d) slenderness ratio of strut

211. Long columns fail due to

a) crushing

b) none of the given options

c) buckling

d) mixed mode of crushing and buckling

212. Euler’s crippling load for column of one end fixed and other end free
condition is ____.
213. Which of the following factors does NOT affect the buckling load?

a) Modulus of Elasticity

b) Slenderness ratio

c) Area of cross-section

d) Area moment of inertia

214. If both ends of a 20 m long column are fixed, for Euler’s load calculators,
its effective length is taken to be:

a) 20 m

b) 40 m

c) 10 m

d) 20√2 m
215. For a long slender column of uniform cross section, the ratio of critical
buckling to load for the case with both ends clamped to the case with both ends
hinged is…

a) 1

b) 2

c) 4

d) 8

216. Euler’s buckling load for a column with one end fixed and other end
hinged condition is ..
 STRAIN ENERGY
 Concept of strain energy
 Resilience & toughness
 Types of loading
 Various forms of strain energy
 Strain energy in beam subjected to bending

Concept of strain energy:

 Strain Energy: Internal energy stored in object due to external work done is
called as Strain Energy. (U)
 Resilience: Strain energy stored in a object within elastic limit is called
resilience.
 Related to Shock loading.
 Proof Resilience: Strain energy stored in a object up to elastic limit or at
elastic limit is called as proof resilience. OR
 It is Area under P-S diagram up to elastic/ proportionality limit.
  Modulus of Resilience (Um): It is proof resilience per unit volume or it is
the area under Stress-Strain Diagram up to proportionality limit or E.L.
Modulus of resilience is a material property & it is constant for particular
material irrespective of volume.

Toughness: Resistance to creak propagation is called toughness. Or Area under

P-S diagram up to failure.

Modulus of Toughness: Toughness per unit volume is called as Modulus of

toughness. Or It is area under Stress – Strain diagram up to failure.

Type of Loading:

1) Gradual Load: All the loading by default are gradual loading, hence all the
formula’s in general design applications are for gradual loading.
2) Impact Load:
3) Sudden Load : It is the Imaginary load or Pulse load. It is twice of Gradual
Load

Note: Strain energy formula (62v/2E) is same for all types of loading, but value
of stress (6) in above formula will be different for different type of loading.

Various forms of strain energy:

 For Axial load

 For Bending stress (6b)
 For flexural shear stress (T)
 For torsional shear stress (T)
 For volumetric stress (V)
Strain energy in beam subject to bending:

217. The Strain energy stored is a body due to suddenly applied load compared
to when it is applied gradually is

a) Same

b) Twice

c) Half

d) Four times

218. The strain energy of a beam is _____.

a) Independent of shear force in the beam.

b) Independent of bending moment in the beam.

c) Same as total potential energy

d) None of these

219. Resilience of material is important, when it is subjected to

a) Thermal stresses

b) Shocking loading

c) Fatigue

d) Wear and tear

220. What will be the strain energy stored in the metallic bar of cross- sectional
area of 2 cm2 and gauge length of 10 cm if it stretches 0.002 cm under the load
of 12 kN?

a) 10 N-cm

b) 12 N-cm

c) 14 N-cm

d) 16 N-cm

221. A cantilever beam with concentrated load P (loaded vertically) at the free
end. The strain energy in the beam is due to

a) bending and shearing

b) bending only

c) shearing only

d) stretching only
222. Maximum energy that a given component can absorb without undergoing
any permanent deformation upto elastic limit is known as:

a) Proof Resilience

b) Resilience

c) Hardness

d) Toughness

223. The capacity of strained body for doing work on the removal the straining
force is called

a) Strain energy

b) Resilience

c) Proof resilience

d) Impact energy

224. Proof resilience is the property of the materials which indicates their
capacity to bear

a) Shocks

b) Static compressive loads

c) Static tensile loads

d) None of these
225. The total strain energy of a member on account of axial force (S) is

226. The resilience of steel can be found by integrating stress-strain curve up to

the

a) Ultimate fracture point

b) upper yield point

c) lower yield point

d) elastic point

227.
228. The threaded bolts A and B of the same material and length are subjected
to identical tensile load. If the elastic strain energy stored in bolt A is 4 times
and of the bolt B and the mean diameter of bolt A is 12 mm, the mean diameter
of bolt B in mm is

a) 16 b) 24 c) 36 d) 48

229. Which one of the following statements is correct?

a) The strain produced per unit volume is called resilience.

b) The maximum strain produced per unit volume is called proof resilience.

c) The least strain energy stored in a unit volume is called proof resilience.

d) The greatest strain energy stored in a unit volume of a material without

permanent deformation is called proof resilience.

----
 THEORIES OF FAILURE
Factor of Safety:

 For ductile material,

𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
 𝐹𝑂𝑆 =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

 For brittle material,

𝑈𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
 𝐹𝑂𝑆 =
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

 Working strength = allowable strength or permissible strength

 Margin of Safety: It is used Aircraft Engineer = FOS – 1

Safe Zone
Type Alter Name Mater Formula Relation
(SHREE)

Max
Principal Rankine’s
Square Brittle 61 = 6yt/FOS -
Stress Theory
Theory

Max Shear 𝜏�max = 𝜏�yt/

Guest & 𝜏�yt =
Stress Hexagonal Ductile FOS
Tresca 0.56yt
Theory = 6yt/2FOS

Max
Principal Saint Venant E1 = 6yt /
Rhombus Both -
Strain Theory E.FOS
Theory
Max Strain
Haigh’s
Energy Ellipse Both 6yt/ FOS = -
Theory
Theory

Max shear Vonmisses /

𝜏�yt =
Strain Henkey’s /
Ellipse Ductile 6yt/ FOS = 0.577
Energy Distortion
6yt
Theory Energy

Note:

 Theories of Failure used for Ductile Material

1. Distortion Energy Theory
2. Max Shear Stress Theory
 Max Shear Stress Theory is safer than Distortion Energy Theory, but it
uses unnecessary more material therefore, it is uneconomical. Hence most
commonly used theories of failure for ductile material is Distortion Energy
Theory.
Theories of failure for Brittle material

1. Max Principal Stress Theory.

 DEFLECTION OF BEAM
Definitions: Slope & Deflection

Deflection(y/∆/𝜹): the displacement of points from initial point to final points

(final points must be on elastic curve) is called deflection

Slope(𝜽): Angle between tangent drawn to initial point final point (final points
must be on elastic curve) in radian is called slope.

y��=

𝜽=
BEAM DEFLECTION (δ) SLOPE (Ѳ)

𝑊𝐿3 𝑊𝐿2
3𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼

𝑊𝐿3 𝑊𝐿2
8𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼

𝑀𝐿2 𝑀𝐿
2𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

𝑊𝐿3 𝑊𝐿2
48𝐸𝐼 16𝐸𝐼

5𝑊𝐿3 𝑊𝐿2
384𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼

𝑊𝐿3 𝑊𝐿2
192𝐸𝐼 64𝐸𝐼
230.

231.
232.
235.
236. The slope and deflection at the center of a simple beam carrying a central
point load are.

a) zero and zero

b) zero and maximum

c) maximum and zero

d) minimum and maximum

237. The deflection of beams may be decreased by

a) increasing the modulus of elasticity

b) increasing the span

c) decreasing the depth of beam

d) decreasing the width of beam

238. For a simply supported subjected to uniformly distributed load, if the

length of the beam is doubled, deflection becomes ________ times.

a) 4 b) 2 c) 16 d) 8

Methods to determine slope & deflection:

1) Double Integration Method

2) Macaulay's method
3) Moment Area Method
4) Conjugate beam Method
5) Strain Energy Method
6) Superposition Theorem for Slope & Deflection
7) Maxwell Reciprocal Theorem
Double Integration Method:

 This method is suitable when,

 Beam is prismatic
 EI must be constant throughout length of beam
 Equation of B.M. remains valid for entire span such as Cantilever &
Simply Supported Beam with UDI.

Macaulay's method:

 This simplified integration approach which is based on double integration

method. It is also called as improved double Integration Method.
 This method is used for,
 Prismatic bar
 EI should be constant
 Dis-continuous Loading like concentrated point load, concentrated
moment etc.

239. In Double Integration method, the First integration gives the value of
_____.

a) deflection

b) slope

c) twisting angle

d) diameter

240. Which of the following represents the bending at a section of the beam?
241.

Moment Area Method:

 Theorem-1: The change in slope between any two points is always equal
to area of (M/EI) diagram between these two points.
Standard Formula

δ C = δB +
 Theorem-2: Deflection at any
point ‘B’ w.r.t. tangent at point
‘x’ is always equal to moment of
area of M/EI diagram between
points ‘x’ to ‘B’ about point ‘B’.

 This method is applicable for

 Both prismatic & Non-Prismatic
 In this method continuity of slope is assure, hence it is not applicable
where there is sudden break in continuity of slope such as internal hinges.
 It is more suitable for those loading for which the area of BMD & C.G. of
BMD can be found easily & also the point of zero slope & deflection are
known.

242. The area-moment theorem with respect to bending of beams states that the
area of the M/EI diagram between two sections of a beam gives

a) the difference in slopes between those two sections

b) the difference in the maximum bending strains between those two sections.

c) the difference in deflection between those two sections.

d) the difference in strain energies between those two sections.

243. The moment area method is valid for:

a) Frames

b) Continuous beams

c) Single span beams

d) All of the above

244. A cantilever beam with flexural rigidity of 200 Nm2 is loaded as shown in
the figure. The deflection (in mm) at the tip of the beam is _____.
 Conjugate beam Method:

 Conjugate beam Method:

 This is advantage over Moment Area Method.
 It can be applied for the beam where internal hinges are present
 It is applicable for both Prismatic & Non-prismatic beam.

 Conjugate beam is an imaginary beam for which loading diagram is

(M/EI) diagram of Real beam.
 Loading on Conjugate Beam is equal to (M/EI) diagram of Real Beam.
 Slope on Real Beam at point ‘x’ is equal to Shear Force on conjugate beam
at point ‘x’.
 Deflection on Real beam at point ‘x’ is equal to Bending Moment on
conjugate beam at point ‘x’.

245. Which of the following is the imaginary beam of same span as the original
beam loaded with M/EI diagram of the original beam, such that the shear force
and bending moment at a section will represent the rotation and deflection at
that section in the original beam?

a) conjugate beam

b) Peripheral beam

c) Prestressed reinforced beam

d) Reinforced beam

246. Statement A: A conjugate beam is a hypothetical beam with the same

dimensions as those of the actual beam but with a different loading
configuration.

Statement B: Bending moment at a certain point in a conjugate beam (M

conjugate) is equal to the deflection (X real) at that point in a real beam.

a) Only statement A is correct

b) Bothe statement A and statement B are correct

c) Both statement A and statement B are incorrect

d) Only statement B is correct.

247. In a real beam, at one end, the boundary condition of zero slopes and zero
vertical displacement exist. In the corresponding conjugate beam, the boundary
conditions at this end will be..

a) shear force = 0 and bending moment = 0

b) slope = 0 and vertical displacement = 0

c) slope = 0 and bending moment = 0

d) shear force = 0 and vertical displacement = 0

248. The fixed support in an existing beam will change ____ to in the related
conjugate beam.

a) Hinge support

b) Roller support

c) Free end

e) None of the above

249. Bending moment at any section in a conjugate beam give ____ in the
actual beam.

a) Slope

b) Curvature

c) Deflection

d) Bending Moment
250. Bending moment at any section in a conjugate beam give ____ in the
actual beam.

a) Slope

b) Curvature

c) Deflection

d) Bending Moment

Strain Energy Method:

 Deflection at any point in the direction of load ‘P’ will be the 1st partial
derivative of total Strain Energy w.r.t. that force.

Superposition Theorem for Slope & Deflection:

 If the number of forces or moments acting simultaneously on a structure,

then effect of all forces or moments on slope & deflection at any point is
equal to the algebraic sum of the effect of Individual Force or Moment
considered separately.
 This method is valid only for Linear Elastic Material.
 Maxwell reciprocal Theorem:
 According to this theorem, Deflection at any point x due to load P which is
acting at point y is always equal to Deflection at point y when same load P
acting at point x.