! "#$%

       
Max L. Porter Donald G. McMican J. Gregg Borchelt Phillip J. Samblanet
Chairman Vice Chairman Secretary Membership Secretary

Regular Members1:
Gene C. Abbate Robert W. Crooks R. Craig Henderson Gary G. Nichols
Bechara E. Abboud Terry M. Curtis Mark B. Hogan Mark A. Nunn
Daniel P. Abrams Kenneth G. Dagostino, Jr. Thomas A Holm William D. Palmer Jr.
Bijan Ahmadi Gerald A. Dalrymple Rochelle C. Jaffe Joseph E. Saliba
Amde M. Amde Steve Dill John C. Kariotis Arturo E. Schultz
James E. Amrhein Howard L. Droz Richard E. Klingner Richard C. Schumacher
William G. Baile Jeffrey L. Elder Walter Laska Matthew J. Scolforo
Christine Beall Lon Fairless L. Donald Leinweber Daniel Shapiro
Stuart R. Beavers Russell T. Flynn Hugh C. MacDonald, Jr. John M. Sheehan
Frank Berg John A. Frauenhoffer John H. Matthys Ervell A. Staab
David T. Biggs Thomas A Gangel Robert McCluer Jerry G. Stockbridge
Russell H. Brown Richard M. Gensert John Melander Itzhak Tepper
A. Dwayne Bryant Satyendra K. Ghosh George A. Miller Donald W Vannoy
Kevin D. Callahan Edgar F Glock Jr. Reg Miller Terence A. Weigel
Mario J. Catani Clayford T. Grimm Colin C. Munro A. Rhett Whitlock
I-Kwang Chang John C. Grogan W. Thomas Munsell Joseph A. Wintz III
Robert N. Chittenden Ahmad Hamid Antonio Nanni R. Dale Yarbrough
John Chrysler Gary C. Hart Robert L. Nelson Daniel Zechmeister
James Colville Barbara G. Heller Joseph F. Neussendorfer
Associate Members2:
Subhash Anand Hans R. Ganz Michael D. Lewis Roscoe Reeves, Jr.
Bruce Barnes Stephen H. Getz Nicholas T. Loomis Michael P. Schuller
Yigit Bozkurt David Giambrone Robert F. Mast Robert A. Speed
Dean Brow Dennis W. Graber Javeed A. Munshi Christine A. Subasic
Jim Bryja Brian J. Grant Frederick A. Nassaux John G. Tawresey
James W. Cowie Jeffrey H. Greenwald Raul Alamo Neidhart Diane Throop
Nic Cuoco H. R. Hamilton, III James L. Nicholos Dean J. Tills
Manual Diaz B. A. Haseltine Rick Okawa Michael G. Verlaque
Walter L. Dickey Edwin G. Hedstrom Adrian W. Page Brian J. Walker
M. Arif Fazil A. W. Hendr Jerry M. Painter Scott W. Walkowicz
Richard C. Felice Thomas F Herrell Malcolm E. Phipps William A. Wood
Richard Filloramo Paul Hobelman R. Sandy Pringle Charles W. C. Yancey
Brent A. Gabby Jon P. Kiland Ruiz Lopez M. Rafael Howard L. Zee
Christopher L. Galitz Steve Lawrence

SYNOPSIS
This Code covers the design and construction of masonry structures. It Keywords: anchors (fasteners); anchorage (structural); beams; building
is written in such form that it may be adopted by reference in a general codes; cements; clay brick; clay tile; columns; compressive strength;
building code. concrete block; concrete brick; construction; detailing; empirical design
Among the subjects covered are: definitions, contract documents; flexural strength; glass units; grout; grouting; joints; loads (forces);
quality assurance; materials; placement of embedded items; analysis masonry; masonry cements; masonry load-bearing walls; masonry
and design; strength and serviceability; flexural and axial loads; mortars; masonry walls; modulus of elasticity; mortars; prestressed
shear; details and development of reinforcement; walls; columns; masonry, pilasters; quality assurance; reinforced masonry; reinforcing
pilasters; beams and lintels; seismic design requirements; glass unit steel; seismic requirements; shear strength; specifications; splicing;
masonry; and veneers. An empirical design method and a prescriptive stresses; structural analysis; structural design; ties; unreinforced
method applicable to buildings meeting specific location and masonry; veneers; walls; allowable stress design.
construction criteria, are also included.
1
The quality, inspection, testing and placement of materials used in Regular members fully participate in Committee activities, including responding to
construction are covered by reference to ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602 correspondence and voting.
Specification and other standards. 2
Associate members monitor Committee activities, but do not have voting
privileges.

Adopted as a standard of the American Concrete Institute November 1988, in procedure and revised by the Society's standardization procedures effective August
accordance with the Institute's standardization procedure. Revised by the Institute's 1, 1998.
Expedited Standardization Procedure effective March 18, 1999. Adopted as a
standard of the American Society of Civil Engineers August 1989, in accordance Metric equivalents shown in this document are for information only. These
with the Society's standardization procedure and revised by the Society's equivalents are calculated conversions. Equations are based on U.S. Customary
standardization procedure effective August 1, 1998. Adopted as a standard of The (inch-pound) Units; metric equivalents for equations are listed at the end of the
Masonry Society, July 1, 1992 in accordance with the Society's standardization Code.
C-2 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

CHAPTER 1 — GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY, pg. C-5

1.1 — Scope ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............C-5
1.1.1................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................C-5
1.1.2................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................C-5
1.1.3................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................C-5
1.2 — Contract documents and calculations ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... C-5
1.2.1................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................C-5
1.2.2................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................C-5
1.2.3................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................C-5
1.2.4................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................C-5
1.3 — Approval of special systems of design or construction ................................ ................................ ................................ .C-5
1.4 — Standards cited in this Code ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........C-5
1.5 — Notations ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......C-6
1.6 — Definitions ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....C-7
1.7 — Loading................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........C-9
1.7.1................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................C-9
1.7.2................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................C-9
1.7.3................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................C-9
1.7.4................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................C-9
1.7.5 Lateral load distribution ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........C-9
1.8 — Material properties................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................C-9
1.8.1 General ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .....C-9
1.8.2 Elastic moduli................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... C-9
1.8.3 Thermal expansion coefficients ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ C-9
1.8.4 Moisture expansion coefficients of clay masonry ................................ ................................ ................................ .....C-9
1.8.5 Shrinkage coefficients of concrete masonry ................................ ................................ ................................ .............C-9
1.8.6 Creep coefficients ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................C-9
1.8.7 Prestressing steel ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................C-9
1.9 — Section properties ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................C-10
1.9.1 Stress computations ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................C-10
1.9.2 Stiffness ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..C-10
1.9.3 Radius of gyration ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................C-10
1.9.4 Intersecting walls ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................C-10
1.10 — Deflection ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .C-10
1.10.1 Deflection of beams and lintels ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ C-10
1.10.2 Framed construction ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............C-10
1.11 — Stack bond masonry ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................C-10
1.12 — Details of reinforcement ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........C-10
1.12.1 Scope ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....C-10
1.12.2 Size of reinforcement................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............C-10
1.12.3 Placement limits for reinforcement................................ ................................ ................................ .......................C-10
1.12.4 Protection for reinforcement................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .C-11
1.12.5 Standard hooks ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................C-11
1.12.6 Minimum bend diameter for reinforcing bars ................................ ................................ ................................ .......C-11
1.13 — Seismic design requirements................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .....C-11
1.13.1 Scope ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....C-11
1.13.2 General ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .C-11
1.13.3 Seismic Performance Category A ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................C-11
1.13.4 Seismic Performance Category B ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................C-11
1.13.5 Seismic Performance Category C ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................C-12
1.13.6 Seismic Performance Category D ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................C-12
1.13.7 Seismic Performance Category E................................ ................................ ................................ .........................C-13
1.14 — Quality assurance ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................C-13
1.14.1 Quality assurance program ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...C-13
1.14.2 Acceptance relative to strength requirements ................................ ................................ ................................ .......C-13
1.15 — Construction ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ C-15
1.15.1 General ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .C-15
1.15.2 Grouting, minimum spaces ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...C-15
1.15.3 Embedded conduits, pipes, and sleeves ................................ ................................ ................................ ................C-15
1.15.4 Anchorage of masonry to structural members, frames, and other construction ................................ ....................C-15
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-3

CHAPTER 2 — ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN, pg. C-16

2.1 — General ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......C-16
2.1.1 Loading................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...C-16
2.1.2 Anchor bolts solidly grouted in masonry ................................ ................................ ................................ ................C-16
2.1.3 Multiwythe walls ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................C-17
2.1.4 Columns................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..C-18
2.1.5 Pilasters ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..C-18
2.1.6 Load transfer at horizontal connections................................ ................................ ................................ ..................C-18
2.1.7 Concentrated loads ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-18
2.1.8 Development of reinforcement embedded in grout................................ ................................ ................................ .C-19
2.2 — Unreinforced masonry ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............C-20
2.2.1 Scope ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......C-20
2.2.2 Stresses in reinforcement ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........C-20
2.2.3 Axial compression and flexure ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... C-20
2.2.4 Axial tension................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... C-21
2.2.5 Shear................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......C-21
2.3 — Reinforced masonry ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................C-22
2.3.1 Scope ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......C-22
2.3.2 Steel reinforcement — allowable stresses................................ ................................ ................................ ...............C-22
2.3.3 Axial compression and flexure ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... C-22
2.3.4 Axial tension and flexural tension ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... C-22
2.3.5 Shear................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......C-22

CHAPTER 3 — LIMIT STATES DESIGN (FUTURE), pg. C-24

CHAPTER 4 — PRESTRESSED MASONRY, pg. C-25

4.1 — Scope ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........C-25
4.1.1................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-25
4.1.2................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-25
4.1.3................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-25
4.2 — Design methods ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................C-25
4.2.1................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-25
4.2.2................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-25
4.3 — Permissible stresses in prestressing tendons ................................ ................................ ................................ ..............C-25
4.3.1 Jacking force................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... C-25
4.3.2 Immediately after transfer................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......C-25
4.3.3 Post-tensioned masonry members................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... C-25
4.4 — Effective prestress ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................C-25
4.5 — Axial compression and flexure ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..C-25
4.5.1 General ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...C-25
4.5.2 Laterally-unrestrained prestressing tendons................................ ................................ ................................ ............C-25
4.5.3 Laterally-restrained prestressing tendons................................ ................................ ................................ ................C-25
4.6 — Axial tension ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. C-26
4.7 — Shear ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........C-26
4.8 — Deflection ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..C-26
4.9 — Prestressing tendon anchorages, couplers, and end blocks ................................ ................................ ........................C-26
4.9.1................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-26
4.9.2................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-26
4.9.3................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-26
4.9.4 Bearing stresses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................C-26
4.10 — Protection of prestressing tendons and accessories ................................ ................................ ................................ ..C-27
4.10.1................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............C-27
4.10.2................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............C-27
4.10.3................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............C-27
4.11 — Development of bonded tendons ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. C-27

CHAPTER 5 — EMPIRICAL DESIGN OF MASONRY, pg. C-28

5.1 — Scope ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........C-28
5.1.1................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-28
5.1.2 Limitations................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. C-28
5.2 — Height ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........C-28
5.3 — Lateral stability ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... C-28
5.3.1 Shear walls................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. C-28
5.3.2 Roofs ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......C-28
C-4 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

5.4 — Compressive stress requirements ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... C-28

5.4.1................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-28
5.4.2................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-28
5.5 — Lateral support ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... C-29
5.5.1................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-29
5.5.2................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-29
5.5.3................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-29
5.6 — Thickness of masonry ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................C-29
5.6.1................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-29
5.6.2 Thickness of walls ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................C-30
5.6.3 Foundation walls ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................C-30
5.6.4 Foundation piers ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .....................C-30
5.6.5 Parapet walls................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... C-30
5.7 — Bond ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........C-30
5.7.1 General ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...C-30
5.7.2 Bonding with masonry headers................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... C-30
5.7.3 Bonding with wall ties ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............C-31
5.7.4 Natural or cast stone ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............C-31
5.7.5 Longitudinal bond ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................C-31
5.8 — Anchorage ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..C-31
5.8.1 General ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...C-31
5.8.2 Intersecting walls ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................C-31
5.8.3 Floor and roof anchorages ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......C-32
5.8.4 Walls adjoining structural framing ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................C-32
5.9 — Miscellaneous requirements ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......C-32
5.9.1 Chases and recesses ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................C-32
5.9.2 Lintels................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .....C-32
5.9.3 Support on wood ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................C-32
5.9.4 Corbelling................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... C-32

CHAPTER 6 — VENEERS, pg. C-33

6.1 — General ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......C-33
6.1.1 Scope ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......C-33
6.1.2 General design requirements ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..C-33
6.2 — Anchored Veneer ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................C-33
6.2.1 Alternative design of anchored masonry veneer ................................ ................................ ................................ .....C-33
6.2.2 Prescriptive requirements for anchored masonry veneer ................................ ................................ ........................C-33
6.3 — Adhered Veneer ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................C-35
6.3.1 Alternative design of adhered masonry veneer ................................ ................................ ................................ .......C-35
6.3.2 Prescriptive requirements for adhered masonry veneer ................................ ................................ .......................... C-35

CHAPTER 7 — GLASS UNIT MASONRY, pg. C-37

7.1 — Scope ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........C-37
7.1.1................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-37
7.1.2................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-37
7.1.3................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................C-37
7.2 — Units ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..........C-37
7.2.1 General ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...C-37
7.2.2 Standard units ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................C-37
7.2.3 Thin units................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ C-37
7.3 — Panel size ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...C-37
7.3.1 Exterior standard-unit panels................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..C-37
7.3.2 Exterior thin-unit panels ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........C-37
7.3.3 Interior panels................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................C-37
7.3.4 Curved panels ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .........................C-37
7.4 — Support ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ......C-38
7.4.1 Isolation ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..C-38
7.4.2 Vertical ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...C-38
7.4.3 Lateral................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .....C-38
7.5 — Expansion joints ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................C-38
7.6 — Base surface treatment ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...............C-38
7.7 — Mortar ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........C-38
7.8 — Reinforcement ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... C-38

TRANSLATION OF INCH-POUND UNITS TO SI UNITS, pg. C-39

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-5

CHAPTER 1
GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY

1.1 — Scope 1.2.3 Contract documents shall be coordinated

1.1.1. This Code provides minimum requirements with design concepts and shall include an itemized
for the structural design and construction of masonry quality assurance program.
elements consisting of masonry units bedded in mortar in
any structure erected under requirements of the legally 1.2.4 Calculations pertinent to design shall be
adopted general building code of which this Code forms filed with the drawings when required by the building
a part. In areas without a legally adopted building code, official. When automatic data processing is used, design
this Code defines minimum acceptable standards of assumptions, program documentation and identified input
design and construction practice. Metric values shown in and output data may be submitted in lieu of calculations.
parentheses are provided for information only and are not
part of this Code. 1.3 — Approval of special systems of design or
construction
1.1.2 This Code supplements the general building Sponsors of any system of design or construction
code and shall govern in all matters pertaining to design within the scope of this Code, the adequacy of which has
and construction of masonry structural elements, except been shown by successful use or by analysis or test, but
where this Code is in conflict with requirements in the that does not conform to or is not covered by this Code,
legally adopted general building code. shall have the right to present the data on which their
1.1.3 Masonry structures and their component design is based to a board of examiners appointed by the
members shall be designed in accordance with the building official. The board shall be composed of
provisions of this Chapter and one of the following: registered engineers and shall have authority to
(a) Allowable Stress Design: Chapter 2. investigate the data so submitted, to require tests, and to
(b) Limit States Design: Chapter 3 (under development). formulate rules governing design and construction of
(c) Prestressed Masonry Design: Chapter 4. such systems to meet the intent of this Code. The rules,
(d) Empirical Design Method: Chapter 5. when approved and promulgated by the building official,
(e) Veneers: Chapter 6. shall be of the same force and effect as the provisions of
(f) Glass Unit Masonry: Chapter 7. this Code.

1.2 — Contract documents and calculations 1.4 — Standards cited in this Code
1.2.1 Project drawings and project specifications Standards of the American Concrete Institute, the
for masonry structures shall identify the individual American Society of Civil Engineers, the American
responsible for their preparation. Society for Testing and Materials, and the American
Welding Society referred to in this Code are listed below
1.2.2 Show all Code-required drawing items on with their serial designations, including year of adoption
the project drawings, including: or revision, and are declared to be part of this Code as if
(a) Name and date of issue of code and supplement to fully set forth in this document.
which the design conforms.
(b) All loads used in the design of masonry. ACI 530.1-99/ ASCE 6-99/ TMS 602-99 – Specification
(c) Specified compressive strength of masonry at stated for Masonry Structures
ages or stages of construction for which masonry is ASCE 7-93 — Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and
designed, except where specifically exempted by Other Structures
Code provisions.
(d) Size and location of all structural elements. ASTM A 416/A 416M-96 Specification for Steel Strand,
(e) Details of anchorage of masonry to structural Uncoated Seven-Wire Stress-Relieved for
members, frames, and other construction including Prestressed Concrete
the type, size, and location of anchors. ASTM A 421-91 Specification for Uncoated Stress-
(f) Specified size, grade, type, and location of Relieved Steel Wire for Prestressed Concrete
reinforcement and connectors.
(g) Reinforcing bars to be welded and welding ASTM A 722/A 722M-95 Specification for Uncoated
requirements. High-Strength Steel Bar for Prestressed Concrete
(h) Provision for dimensional changes resulting from ASTM C 426-96a — Test Method for Drying Shrinkage
elastic deformation, creep, shrinkage, temperature of Concrete Block
and moisture.
(i) Size and location of conduits, pipes, and sleeves.
C-6 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

ASTM C 476-95 — Specification for Grout for Masonry Fs = allowable tensile or compressive stress in
reinforcement, psi (MPa)
ASTM E 111-82 (1996) — Test Method for Young's
Fv = allowable shear stress in masonry, psi (MPa)
Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus
fa = calculated compressive stress in mas onry due
ASTM E 488-96 — Test Methods for Strength of to axial load only, psi (MPa)
Anchors in Concrete and Masonry Elements fb = calculated compressive stress in masonry due
to flexure only, psi (MPa)
1.5 — Notations fg = compressive strength of grout, psi (MPa)
Ab = cross-sectional area of an anchor bolt, in. 2 f 'm = specified compressive strength of masonry,
(mm2) psi (MPa)
An = net cross-sectional area of masonry, in.2 f 'mi = specified compressive strength of masonry at
(mm2) the time of prestress transfer, psi (MPa)
Ap = projected area on the masonry surface of a fps = stress in prestressing tendon at nominal
right circular cone for anchor bolt allowable strength, psi (MPa)
shear and tension calculations, in.2 (mm2) fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressing
Aps = area of prestressing steel, in2 (mm2) tendon, psi (MPa)
Av = cross-sectional area of shear reinforcement, fpy = specified yield strength of prestressing
in.2 (mm2) tendon, psi (MPa)
A1 = bearing area, in.2 (mm2) fs = calculated tensile or compressive stress in
A2 = effective bearing area, in.2 (mm2) reinforcement, psi (MPa)
Ast = total area of laterally tied longitudinal fse = effective stress in prestressing tendon after all
reinforcing steel in a reinforced masonry prestress losses have occurred, psi (MPa)
column or pilaster, in.2 (mm2) fv = calculated shear stress in masonry, psi (MPa)
a = depth of an equivalent compression zone at fy = specified yield strength of steel for
nominal strength, in. (mm) reinforcement and anchors, psi (MPa)
Ba = allowable axial force on an anchor bolt, lb (N) H = lateral pressure of soil or related internal
Bv = allowable shear force on an anchor bolt, lb moments and forces
(N) h = effective height of column, wall, or pilaster,
b = width of section, in. (mm) in. (mm)
ba = total applied design axial force on an anchor I = moment of inertia of masonry, in. 4 (mm4)
bolt, lb (N) j = ratio of distance between centroid of flexural
bv = total applied design shear force on an anchor compressive forces and centroid of tensile
bolt, lb (N) forces to depth, d
bw = width of wall beam, in. (mm) kc = coefficient of creep of masonry, per psi (MPa)
Cd = deflection amplification factor ke = coefficient of irreversible moisture expansion
D = dead load or related internal moments and of clay masonry
forces km = coefficient of shrinkage of concrete masonry
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to kt = coefficient of thermal expansion of masonry
centroid of tension reinforcement, in. (mm) per degree Fahrenheit (degree Celsius)
db = nominal diameter of reinforcement, in. (mm) L = live load or related internal moments and
dv = actual depth of masonry in direction of shear forces
considered, in. (mm l = clear span between supports, in. (mm)
E = load effects of earthquake, or related internal lb = effective embedment length of plate, headed
moments and forces or bent anchor bolts, in. (mm)
Em = modulus of elasticity of masonry in lbe = anchor bolt edge distance measured from the
compression, psi (MPa) surface of an anchor bolt to the nearest free
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel, psi (MPa) edge of masonry, in. (mm)
Ev = modulus of rigidity (shear modulus) of ld = embedment length or lap length of straight
masonry, psi (MPa) reinforcement, in. (mm)
e = eccentricity of axial load, in. (mm) le = equivalent embedment length provided by
F = lateral pressure of liquids, or related internal standard hooks, in. (mm)
moments and forces lp = clear span of the prestressed member in the
Fa = allowable compressive stress due to axial load direction of the prestressing tendon, in. (mm)
only, psi (MPa) M = maximum moment occurring simultaneously
Fb = allowable compressive stress due to flexure with design shear force V at the section under
only, psi (MPa) consideration, in.-lb (N-mm)
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-7

Mn = nominal moment strength, in.-lb (N-mm) Building official — The officer or other designated
Nv = force acting normal to shear surface, lb (N) authority charged with the administration and
P = design axial load, lb (N) enforcement of this Code, or the building official's duly
Pa = allowable compressive force in reinforced authorized representative.
masonry due to axial load, lb (N) Camber — A deflection that is intentionally built into a
Pe = Euler buckling load, lb (N) structural element to improve appearance or to nullify the
Pps = prestressing tendon force at time and location deflection of the element under the effects of loads,
relevant for design, lb (N) shrinkage, and creep.
Pu = factored axial load used in Section 4.5.3.2, lb Cavity wall — A multiwythe noncomposite masonry
(N) wall with a continuous air space within the wall (with or
Q = first moment about the neutral axis of a without insulation), which is tied together with metal ties.
section of that portion of the cross section Collar joint — Vertical longitudinal space between
lying between the neutral axis and extreme wythes of masonry or between masonry wythe and back-
fiber, in.3 (mm3) up construction, which is permitted to be filled with
r = radius of gyration, in. (mm) mortar or grout.
s = spacing of reinforcement, in. (mm) Column — An isolated vertical member whose
sl = total linear drying shrinkage of concrete horizontal dimension measured at right angles to its
masonry units determined in accordance with thickness does not exceed 3 times its thickness and
ASTM C 426 whose height is greater than 4 times its thickness.
T = forces and moments caused by restraint of Composite action — Transfer of stress between
temperature, shrinkage, and creep strains or components of a member designed so that in resisting
differential movements loads, the combined components act together as a single
t = nominal thickness of wall, in. (mm) member.
v = shear stress, psi (MPa) Composite masonry — Multicomponent masonry
V = design shear force, lb (N) members acting with composite action.
W = wind load or related internal moments and Compressive strength of masonry — Maximum
forces compressive force resisted per unit of net cross-sectional
β = 0.25 for fully grouted masonry or 0.15 for area of masonry, determined by testing masonry prisms
other than fully grouted masonry or a function of individual masonry units, mortar and
βb = ratio of area of reinforcement cut off to total grout in accordance with the provisions of ACI
area of tension reinforcement at a section 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602.
φ = strength reduction factor Connector — A mechanical device for securing two or
more pieces, parts, or members together, including
1.6 — Definitions anchors, wall ties, and fasteners.
Anchor — Metal rod, wire, or strap that secures Design story drift — The difference of deflections at
masonry to its structural support. the top and bottom of the story under consideration,
Architect/Engineer — The architect, engineer, archi- calculated by multiplying the deflections determined
tectural firm, engineering firm, or architectural and from an elastic analysis by the appropriate deflection
engineering firm issuing drawings and specifications, or amplification factor, Cd, from ASCE 7.
administering the work under contract specifications and Diaphragm — A roof or floor system designed to
project drawings, or both. transmit lateral forces to shear walls or other lateral load
Area, gross cross-sectional — The area delineated by resisting elements.
the out-to-out dimensions of masonry in the plane under Dimension, nominal — A nominal dimension is equal
consideration. to a specified dimension plus an allowance for the joints
Area, net cross-sectional — The area of masonry units, with which the units are to be laid. Nominal dimensions
grout, and mortar crossed by the plane under are usually stated in whole numbers. Thickness is given
consideration based on out-to-out dimensions. first, followed by height and then length.
Backing — The wall or surface to which the veneer is Dimensions, specified — Dimensions specified for the
secured. The backing shall be concrete, masonry, steel manufacture or construction of a unit, joint, or element.
framing, or wood framing. Effective height — Clear height of a braced member
Bed joint — The horizontal layer of mortar on which a between lateral supports and used for calculating the
masonry unit is laid. slenderness ratio of a member. Effective height for
Bonded prestressing tendon — Prestressing tendon that unbraced members shall be calculated.
is encapsulated by prestressing grout in a corrugated duct Effective prest r e s s Stress remaining in prestressing
that is bonded to the surrounding masonry through tendons after all losses have occurred.
grouting.
C-8 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

Foundatio n P i e r An isolated vertical foundation Specified compressive strength of masonry, f’m —

member whose horizontal dimension measured at right Minimum compressive strength, expressed as force per
angles to its thickness does not exceed 3 times its unit of net cross-sectional area, required of the masonry
thickness and whose height is equal to or less than 4 used in construction by the contract documents, and upon
times its thickness. which the project design is based. Whenever the quantity
Glass unit masonry — Nonload-bearing masonry f’m is under the radical sign, the square root of numerical
composed of glass units bonded by mortar. value only is intended and the result has units of psi
Head joint — Vertical mortar joint placed between (MPa).
masonry units within the wythe at the time the masonry Stack bond — For the purpose of this Code, stack bond
units are laid. is other than running bond. Usually the placement of
Header (Bonder) — A masonry unit that connects two units is such that the head joints in successive courses are
or more adjacent wythes of masonry. vertically aligned.
Laterally-restrained prestressing tendon---Prestressing Stone masonry — Masonry composed of field,
tendon that is not free to move laterally within the cross quarried, or cast stone units bonded by mortar.
section of the member. Stone masonry, ashlar — Stone masonry composed of
Laterally-unrestrained prestressing tendon — Pre- rectangular units having sawed, dressed, or squared bed
stressing tendon that is free to move laterally within the surfaces and bonded by mortar.
cross section of the member. Stone masonry, rubble — Stone masonry composed of
Load, dead — Dead weight supported by a member, as irregular shaped units bonded by mortar.
defined by the general building code. Tendon anchorage----In post-tensioning, a device used
Load, live — Live load specified by the general to anchor the prestressing tendon to the masonry or
building code. concrete member; in pre-tensioning, a device used to
Load, service — Load specified by the general building anchor the prestressing tendon during hardening of
code. masonry mortar, grout, prestressing grout, or concrete.
Modulus of elasticity — Ratio of normal stress to Tendon coupler — A device for connecting two tendon
corresponding strain for tensile or compressive st resses ends, thereby transferring the prestressing force from end
below proportional limit of material. to end.
Modulus of rigidity — Ratio of unit shear stress to unit Tendon jacking force----Temporary force exerted by a
shear strain for unit shear stress below the proportional device that introduces tension into prestressing tendons.
limit of the material. Tie, lateral — Loop of reinforcing bar or wire
Post-tensionin g----- Method of prestressing in which enclosing longitudinal reinforcement.
prestressing tendon is tensioned after the masonry has Tie, wall — Metal connector which connects wythes of
been placed. masonry walls together.
Prestressed masonry-----Masonry in which internal Transfer — Act of applying to the masonry member the
stresses have been introduced to counteract stresses force in the prestressing tendons.
resulting from applied loads. Unbonded prestressing tendon — Prestressing tendon
Pretensioning — Method of prestressing in which that is not permanently bonded to masonry.
prestressing tendon is tensioned before the transfer of Unreinforced masonry — Masonry in which the tensile
stress into the masonry. resistance of masonry is taken into consideration and the
Prestressing gro u t - - - A cementitious mixture used to resistance of the reinforcing steel is neglected.
encapsulate bonded prestressing tendons. Veneer, adher e d - - - Masonry veneer secured to and
Prestressing tendon — Steel elements such as wire, bar, supported by the backing through adhesion.
or strand, used to impart prestress to masonry. Veneer, anchor e d - - - Masonry veneer secured to and
Project drawings — The drawings that, along with the supported laterally by the backing through anchors and
project specifications, complete the descriptive supported vertically by the foundation or other structural
information for constructing the work required by the elements.
contract documents. Veneer, masonry — A masonry wythe which provides
Quality assurance — The administrative and the exterior finish of a wall system and transfers out-of-
procedural requirements established by the contract plane load directly to a backing, but is not considered to
documents to assure that constructed masonry is in add load resisting capacity to the wall system.
compliance with the contract documents. Wall — A vertical element with a horizontal length to
Reinforcement — Nonprestressed steel reinforcement. thickness ratio greater than 3, used to enclose space.
Running bond — The placement of masonry units such Wall, loadbearing — Wall carrying vertical loads
that head joints in successive courses are horizontally greater than 200 lb per lineal ft (2919 N/m) in addition to
offset at least one-quarter the unit length. its own weight.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-9

Wall, masonry bonde d h o l l o w - - - A multiwythe wall 1.8.2.2 Clay and concrete masonry
built with masonry units arranged to provide an air space 1.8.2.2.1 The design of clay and concrete
between the wythes and with the wythes bonded together masonry shall be based on the following modulus of
with masonry units. elasticity values:
Wythe — Each continuous vertical section of a wall,
Em = 700 f 'm for clay masonry;
one masonry unit in thickness.
Em = 900 f 'm for concrete masonry
1.7 — Loading or the chord modulus of elasticity taken between 0.05
1.7.1 Design provisions of this Code are based on and 0.33 of the maximum compressive strength of each
the assumption that structures shall be designed to resist prism determined by test in accordance with the prism
all applicable loads. test method, Article 1.4 B.3 of ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS
602, and ASTM E 111.
1.7.2 Service loads shall be in accordance with
1.8.2.2.2 Ev = 0.4Em
the general building code of which this Code forms a
1.8.2.3 Grout — Modulus of elasticity of
part, with such live load reductions as are permitted in
grout shall be determined by the expression 500 fg .
the general building code. In the absence of service
loads in the general building code, the load provisions of 1.8.3 Thermal expansion coefficients
ASCE 7 shall be used. 1.8.3.1 Clay masonry
1.7.3 Buildings shall be provided with a kt = 4 x 10-6 in./in./°F (7.2 x 10-6 mm/mm/°C)
structural system designed to resist wind and earthquake
1.8.3.2 Concrete masonry
loads and to accommodate the effect of the resulting
deformations. kt = 4.5 x 10-6 in./in./ °F
(8.1 x 10-6 mm/mm/°C)
1.7.4 Consideration shall be given to effects of
forces and deformations due to prestressing, vibrations, 1.8.4 Moisture expansion coefficient of clay
impact, shrinkage, expansion, temperature changes, masonry
creep, unequal settlement of supports, and differential ke = 3 x 10-4 in./in. (3 x 10-4 mm/mm)
movement.
1.8.5 Shrinkage coefficients of concrete masonry
1.7.5 Lateral load distribution 1.8.5.1 Masonry made of moisture controlled
Lateral loads shall be distributed to the structural concrete masonry units:
system in accordance with member stiffnesses and shall km = 0.15 sl
comply with the requirements of this section.
1.7.5.1 Flanges of intersecting walls designed where sl is not more than 6.5 x 10-4 in./in. (6.5 x 10 -4
in accordance with Section 1.9.4.2 shall be included in mm/mm)
stiffness determination. 1.8.5.2 Masonry made of non-moisture
1.7.5.2 Distribution of load shall be consistent controlled concrete masonry units:
with the forces resisted by foundations. km = 0.5 sl
1.7.5.3 Distribution of load shall include the
1.8.6 Creep coefficients
effect of horizontal torsion of the structure due to
1.8.6.1 Clay masonry
eccentricity of wind or seismic loads resulting from the
non-uniform distribution of mass. kc = 0.7 x 10-7, per psi (0.1 x 10-4, per MPa)
1.8.6.2 Concrete masonry
1.8 — Material properties
1.8.1 General kc = 2.5 x 10-7, per psi (0.36 x 10 -4, per MPa)
Unless otherwise determined by test, the 1.8.7 Prestressing steel
following moduli and coefficients shall be used in Modulus of elasticity shall be determined by tests.
determining the effects of elasticity, temperature, For prestressing steels not specifically listed in ASTM
moisture expansion, shrinkage, and creep. A 421, A 416, or A 722, tensile strength and relaxation
1.8.2 Elastic moduli losses shall be determined by tests.
1.8.2.1 Steel reinforcement
Es = 29,000,000 psi (199 955 MPa)
C-10 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

1.9 — Section properties (1.22 m) on centers. Bond beams shall be

1.9.1 Stress computations reinforced and the area of reinforcement shall not
1.9.1.1 Stresses shall be computed using be less than 0.1 in.2 per ft (211 mm2/m) of wall.
section properties based on the minimum net cross- Reinforcement shall be developed on each side of
sectional area of the member under consideration. the intersection.
1.9.1.2 In members designed for composite
action, stresses shall be computed using section 1.10 — Deflection
properties based on the minimum transformed net 1.10.1 Deflection of beams and lintels
cross-sectional area of the composite member. The Deflection of beams and lintels due to dead plus live
transformed area concept for elastic analysis, in which loads shall not exceed l/600 nor 0.3 in. (7.6 mm) when
areas of dissimilar materials are transformed in providing vertical support to masonry designed in
accordance with relative elastic moduli ratios, shall accordance with Section 2.2 or Chapter 5.
apply. Actual stresses shall be used to verify compliance
1.10.2 Framed construction
with allowable stress requirements.
Masonry walls shall not be connected to structural
1.9.2 Stiffness frames unless the connections and walls are designed to
Determination of stiffness based on uncracked resist all interconnecting forces and to accommodate
section is permissible. Use of the average net cross- deformations.
sectional area of the member considered in stiffness
computations is permitted. 1.11 — Stack bond masonry
For masonry in other than running bond, the
1.9.3 Radius of gyration
minimum area of horizontal reinforcement shall be
Radius of gyration shall be computed using average
0.00028 times the gross vertical cross-sectional area of
net cross-sectional area of the member considered.
the wall using specified dimensions. Horizontal
1.9.4 Intersecting walls reinforcement shall be placed in horizontal joints, or in
1.9.4.1 Wall intersections shall meet one of the bond beams spaced not more than 48 in. (1219 mm) on
following requirements: center.
(a) Design shall conform to the provisions of Section
1.9.4.2. 1.12 — Details of reinforcement
(b) Transfer of shear between walls shall be prevented. 1.12.1 Scope
1.9.4.2 Design of wall intersection This section covers requirements for design of
1.9.4.2.1 Masonry shall be in running details of reinforcement.
bond. 1.12.1.1 Details of reinforcement shall be
1.9.4.2.2 Flanges shall be considered shown or covered by notes on the project drawings.
effective in resisting applied loads. 1.12.1.2 Reinforcing bars shall be embedded in
1.9.4.2.3 The width of flange considered grout.
effective on each side of the web shall be the lesser of 6 1.12.2 Size of reinforcement
times the flange thickness or the actual flange on either 1.12.2.1 The maximum size of reinforcement
side of the web wall. used in masonry shall be No. 11 (M #36).
1.9.4.2.4 Design for shear, including the 1.12.2.2 The diameter of reinforcement shall not
transfer of shear at interfaces, shall conform to the exceed one-half the least clear dimension of the cell,
requirements of Section 2.2.5 or 2.3.5. bond beam, or collar joint in which it is placed. (See
1.9.4.2.5 The connection of intersecting Section 1.15.2.)
walls shall conform to one of the following requirements: 1.12.2.3 Longitudinal and cross wires of joint
(a) Fifty percent of the masonry units at the interface reinforcement shall have a minimum wire size of W1.1
shall interlock. (MW7) and a maximum wire size of one-half the joint
(b) Walls shall be regularly toothed with 8 in. (203 mm) thickness.
maximum offsets and anchored by steel connectors
meeting the following requirements: 1.12.3 Placement limits for reinforcement
(1) Minimum size: 1/4 in. x 11/2 in. x 28 in. (6.4 mm 1.12.3.1 The clear distance between parallel
x 38.1 mm x 711 mm) including 2 in. (50.8 mm) bars shall not be less than the nominal diameter of the
long 90 degree bend at each end to form a U or bars, nor less than 1 in. (25.4 mm).
Z shape. 1.12.3.2 In columns and pilasters, the clear
(2) Maximum spacing: 4 ft (1.22 m). distance between vertical bars shall not be less than one
(c) Intersecting bond beams shall be provided in and one-half times the nominal bar diameter, nor less
intersecting walls at a maximum spacing of 4 ft than 11/2 in. (38.1 mm).
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-11

1.12.3.3 The clear distance limitations between Table 1.12.6.1 — Minimum diameters of bend
bars required in Sections 1.12.3.1 and 1.12.3.2 shall also
apply to the clear distance between a contact lap splice Bar size and type Minimum diameter
and adjacent splices or bars.
1.12.3.4 Groups of parallel reinforcing bars
bundled in contact to act as a unit shall be limited to two No. 3 through No. 7 (M 5 bar diameters
in any one bundle. Individual bars in a bundle cut off #10 through #22)
within the span of a member shall terminate at points at Grade 40 (Grade
least 40 bar diameters apart. 300)
1.12.3.5 Reinforcement embedded in grout shall
No. 3 through No. 8 (M 6 bar diameters
have a thickness of grout between the reinforcement and
#10 through #25)
masonry units not less than 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) for fine grout
Grade 50 or 60
or 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) for coarse grout.
(Grade 350 or 420)
1.12.4 Protection for reinforcement No. 9, No. 10, and No. 11 8 bar diameters
1.12.4.1 Reinforcing bars shall have a masonry (M #29, #32, and
cover not less than the following: #36) Grade 50 or 60
(a) Masonry face exposed to earth or weather: 2 in. (Grade 350 or 420)
(50.8 mm) for bars larger than No. 5 (M #16); 1 1/2
in. (38.1 mm) for No. 5 (M #16) bars or smaller.
(b) Masonry not exposed to earth or weather: 1 1/2 in.
(38.1 mm). 1.13.2 General
1.12.4.2 Longitudinal wires of joint reinforce- 1.13.2.1 Masonry shall comply with the
ment shall be fully embedded in mortar or grout with a requirements of Sections 1.13.3 through 1.13.7 based on
minimum cover of 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) when exposed to Seismic Performance Category A, B, C, D, or E as
earth or weather and 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) when not exposed defined in ASCE 7. In addition, masonry shall compl
to earth or weather. Joint reinforcement in masonry with either the requirements of Section 1.1.3 or the
exposed to earth or weather shall be corrosion resistant or requirements of Section 2.1.1.2.3.
protected from corrosion by coating. t 1.13.2.2 Drift limits — The calculated stor
1.12.4.3 Wall ties, anchors, and inserts shall be drift of masonry structures due to the combination of
protected from corrosion, except anchor bolts not seismic forces and gravity loads shall not exceed 0.007
exposed to the weather or moisture. times the story height.
1.12.5 Standard hooks 1.13.3 Seismic Performance Category A
Standard hooks shall be formed by one of the 1.13.3.1 Structures in Seismic Performance
following methods: Category A shall comply with the requirements of
(a) A 180 degree turn plus extension of at least 4 bar Chapter 2, 4, or 5.
diameters but not less than 2 1/2 in. (64 mm) at free 1.13.3.2 Anchorage of masonry walls —
end of bar. Masonry walls shall be anchored to the roof and all floors
(b) A 90 degree turn plus extension of at least 12 bar that provide lateral support for the wall. The anchorage
diameters at free end of bar. shall provide a direct connection between the walls and
(c) For stirrup and tie anchorage only, either a 90 degree the floor or roof construction. The connections shall be
or a 135 degree turn plus an extension of at least 6 capable of resisting the greater of a seismic lateral force
bar diameters at the free end of the bar. induced by the wall or 1000 times the effective peak
1.12.6 Minimum bend diameter for reinforcing velocity-related acceleration, lb per lineal ft of wall
bars (14 593 times, N per lineal m of wall).
The diameter of bend measured on the inside of 1.13.4 Seismic Performance Category B
reinforcing bars, other than for stirrups and ties, shall not 1.13.4.1 Structures in Seismic Performance
be less than values specified in Table 1.12.6.1. Category B shall comply with the requirements of
Seismic Performance Category A and to the additional
1.13 — Seismic design requirements requirements of this section.
1.13.1 Scope 1.13.4.2 The lateral force resisting system shall
The seismic design requirements of this section be designed to comply with the requirements of Chapter
apply to the design and construction of masonry, except 2 or 4.
glass unit masonry and masonry veneers, for all seismic
performance categories as defined in ASCE 7.
C-12 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

1.13.5 Seismic Performance Category C 1.13.5.3.2 Connections to masonry

1.13.5.1 Structures in Seismic Performance columns — Connectors shall be provided to transfer
Category C shall comply with the requirements of forces between masonry columns and horizontal elements
Seismic Performance Category B and to the additional in accordance with the requirements of Section 2.1.6.
requirements of this section. Where anchor bolts are used to connect horizontal
1.13.5.2 Design of elements that are not part of elements to the tops of columns, anchor bolts shall be
lateral force-resisting system placed within lateral ties. Lateral ties shall enclose both
1.13.5.2.1 Load-bearing frames or the vertical bars in the column and the anchor bolts.
columns that are not part of the lateral force-resisting There shall be a minimum of two No. 4 (M #13) lateral
system shall be analyzed as to their effect on the response ties provided in the top 5 in. (127 mm) of the column.
of the system. Such frames or columns shall be adequate 1.13.5.3.3 Minimum reinforcement
for vertical load carrying capacity and induced moment requirements for masonry shear walls — Vertical
due to the design story drift. reinforcement of at least 0.2 in. 2 (129 mm 2) in cross-
1.13.5.2.2 Masonry partition walls, sectional area shall be provided at corners, within 16 in.
masonry screen walls and other masonry elements that (406 mm) of each side of openings, within 8 in. (203
are not designed to resist vertical or lateral loads, other mm) of each side of movement joints, within 8 in. (203
than those induced by their own mass, shall be isolated mm) of the ends of walls, and at a maximum spacing of
from the structure so that vertical and lateral forces are 10 ft (3.05 m).
not imparted to these elements. Isolation joints and Horizontal joint reinforcement shall consist of at
connectors between these elements and the structure shall least two wires of W1.7 (MW11) spaced not more than
be designed to accommodate the design story drift. 16 in. (406 mm); or bond beam reinforcement shall be
1.13.5.2.3 Reinforcement requirements – provided of at least 0.2 in.2 (129 mm 2) in cross-sectional
Masonry elements listed in Section 1.13.5.2.2 shall be area spaced not more than 10 ft (3.05 m). Horizontal
reinforced in either the horizontal or vertical direction in reinforcement shall also be provided at the bottom and
accordance with the following: top of wall openings and shall extend not less than 24 in.
(a) Horizontal reinforcement — Horizontal joint (610 mm) nor less than 40 bar diameters past the
reinforcement shall consist of at least two opening; continuously at structurally connected roof and
longitudinal W1.7 (MW11) wires spaced not more floor levels; and within 16 in. (406 mm) of the top of
than 16 in. (406 mm) for walls greater than 4 in. walls.
(102 mm) in width and at least one longitudinal
1.13.6 Seismic Performance Category D
W1.7 (MW11) wire spaced not more 16 in. (406
1.13.6.1 Structures in Seismic Performance
mm) for walls not exceeding 4 in. (102 mm) in
Category D shall comply with the requirements of
width; or at least one No. 4 (M #13) bar spaced not
Seismic Performance Category C and to the additional
more than 48 in. (1219 mm). Where two
requirements of this section.
longitudinal wires of joint reinforcement are used,
1.13.6.2 Design requirements — Masonry
the space between these wires shall be the widest
elements, other than those covered by Section 1.13.5.2.2,
that the mortar joint will accommodate. Horizontal
shall be designed in accordance with the requirements of
reinforcement shall be provided within 16 in. (406
Sections 2.1 and 2.3 or Chapter 4.
mm) of the top and bottom of these masonry walls.
1.13.6.3 Minimum reinforcement requirements
(b) Vertical reinforcement — Vertical reinforcement
for masonry walls — Masonry walls other than those
shall consist of at least one No. 4 (M #13) bar
covered by Section 1.13.5.2.3 shall be reinforced in both
spaced not more than 48 in. (1219 mm). Vertical
the vertical and horizontal direction. The sum of the
reinforcement shall be located within 16 in. (406
cross-sectional area of horizontal and vertical
mm) of the ends of masonry walls.
reinforcement shall be at least 0.002 times the gross
1.13.5.3 Design of elements that are part of the
cross-sectional area of the wall, and the minimum cross-
lateral force-resisting system
sectional area in each direction shall be not less than
1.13.5.3.1 Connections to masonry shear
0.0007 times the gross cross-sectional area of the wall,
walls — Connectors shall be provided to transfer forces
using specified dimensions. Reinforcement shall be
between masonry walls and horizontal elements in
uniformly distributed. The maximum spacing of
accordance with the requirements of Section 2.1.6.
reinforcement shall be 48 in. (1219 mm) except for stack
Connectors shall be designed to transfer horizontal
bond masonry. Wythes of stack bond masonry shall be
design forces acting either perpendicular or parallel to
constructed of fully grouted hollow open-end units, full
the wall, but not less than 200 lb per lineal ft (2919 N per
grouted hollow units laid with full head joints or solid
lineal m) of wall. The maximum spacing between
units. Maximum spacing of reinforcement for walls with
connectors shall be 4 ft (1.22 m).
stack bond masonry shall be 24 in. (610 mm).
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-13

1.13.6.4 Shear wall reinforcement require- 1.14 — Quality assurance

ments — The maximum spacing of vertical and A quality assurance program shall be used to ensure that
horizontal reinforcement shall be the smallest of: one- the constructed masonry is in compliance with the
third the length of the shear wall, one-third the height of contract documents.
the shear wall, or 48 in. (1219 mm). The minimum
1.14.1 Quality assurance program
cross-sectional area of vertical reinforcement shall be
The quality assurance program shall comply with the
one-third of the required shear reinforcement.
requirements of this section, depending on the facility
Shear reinforcement shall be anchored around
function, as defined in the general building code or
vertical reinforcing bars with a standard hook.
ASCE 7.
1.13.6.5 Minimum reinforcement for masonry
1.14.1.1 The minimum quality assurance
columns — Lateral ties in masonry columns shall be
program for masonry in non-essential facilities and
spaced not more than 8 in. (203 mm) on center and shall
designed in accordance with Chapter 5, 6, or 7 shall
be at least 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) diameter. Lateral ties shall be
comply with Table 1.14.1.1.
embedded in grout.
1.14.1.2 The minimum quality assurance
1.13.6.6 Material requirements — Neither Type
program for masonry in essential facilities and designed
N mortar nor masonry cement shall be used as part of the
in accordance with Chapter 5, 6, or 7 shall comply with
lateral force-resisting system.
Table 1.14.1.2.
1.13.6.7 Lateral tie anchorage — Standard
1.14.1.3 The minimum quality assurance
hooks for lateral tie anchorage shall be either a 135
program for masonry in non-essential facilities and
degree standard hook or a 180 degree standard hook.
designed in accordance with chapters other than Chapter
1.13.7 Seismic Performance Category E 5, 6, or 7 shall comply with Table 1.14.1.2.
1.13.7.1 Structures in Seismic Performance 1.14.1.4 The minimum quality assurance
Category E shall comply with the requirements of program for masonry in essential facilities and designed
Seismic Performance Category D and to the additional in accordance with chapters other than Chapter 5, 6, or 7
requirements of this section. shall comply with Table 1.14.1.3.
1.13.7.2 Design of elements that are not part of 1.14.1.5 The quality assurance program shall set
lateral force-resisting system — Stack bond masonry that forth the procedures for reporting and review. The
is not part of the lateral force-resisting system shall have quality assurance program shall also include procedures
a horizontal cross-sectional area of reinforcement of at for resolution of noncompliances.
least 0.0015 times the gross cross-sectional area of 1.14.1.6 The quality assurance program shall
masonry. The maximum spacing of horizontal define the qualifications for testing laboratories and for
reinforcement shall be 24 in. (610 mm). These elements inspection agencies.
shall be solidly grouted and shall be constructed of
1.14.2 Acceptance relative to strength
hollow open-end units or two wythes of solid units.
requirements
1.13.7.3 Design of elements that are part of the
1.14.2.1 Compliance with f 'm — Compressive
lateral force-resisting system — Stack bond masonry that
strength of masonry shall be considered satisfactory if the
is part of the lateral force-resisting system shall have a
compressive strength of each masonry wythe and grouted
horizontal cross-sectional area of reinforcement of at
collar joint equals or exceeds the value of f 'm .
least 0.0025 times the gross cross-sectional area of
1.14.2.2 Determination of compressive strength
masonry. The maximum spacing of horizontal
Compressive strength of masonry shall be determined in
reinforcement shall be 16 in. (406 mm). These elements
accordance with the provisions of ACI 530.1/ASCE
shall be solidly grouted and shall be constructed of
6/TMS 602.
hollow open-end units or two wythes of solid units.

Table 1.14.1.1 — Level 1 Quality Assurance

MINIMUM TESTS AND SUBMITTALS MINIMUM INSPECTION

Certificates for materials used in masonry Verify compliance with the approved
construction indicating compliance with the submittals
contract documents
C-14 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

Table 1.14.1.2 — Level 2 Quality Assurance

MINIMUM TESTS AND SUBMITTALS MINIMUM INSPECTION

Certificates for materials used in masonry As masonry construction begins, verify the
construction indicating compliance with the following are in compliance:
contract documents • proportions of site-prepared mortar
• construction of mortar joints
Verification of f 'm prior to construction, except • location of reinforcement and
where specifically exempted by this Code connectors

Prior to grouting, verify the following are in

compliance:
• grout space
• placement of reinforcement and
connectors
• proportions of site-prepared grout
• construction of mortar joints

Verify grout placement is in compliance

Observe preparation of grout specimens,

mortar specimens, and/or prisms

Verify compliance with the required inspection

provisions of the contract documents and the
approved submittals

Table 1.14.1.3 — Level 3 Quality Assurance

MINIMUM TESTS AND SUBMITTALS MINIMUM INSPECTION

Certificates for materials used in masonry From the beginning of masonry construction
construction indicating compliance with the and continuously during construction of
contract documents. masonry, verify the following are in
compliance:
Verification of f 'm : • proportions of site-mixed mortar and
• prior to construction grout
• every 5000 sq. ft (464.5 m 2) during • placing of masonry units and
construction construction of mortar joints
• placement of reinforcement and
Verification of proportions of materials in connectors
mortar and grout as delivered to the site • grout space prior to grouting
• placement of grout
Observe preparation of grout specimens,
mortar specimens, and/or prisms
Verify compliance with the required inspection
provisions of the contract documents and the
approved submittals.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-15

1.15 — Construction 1.15.3.3 Conduits, pipes, and sleeves in

1.15.1 General masonry shall be no closer than 3 diameters on center.
Composition, quality, storage, handling, preparation 1.15.3.4 Maximum area of vertical conduits,
and placement of materials, quality assurance for pipes, or sleeves placed in masonry columns or pilasters
materials and masonry, and construction of masonry shall shall not displace more than 2 percent of the net cross
comply with ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602. section.
1.15.3.5 Pipes shall not be embedded in
1.15.2 Grouting, minimum spaces
masonry when:
The minimum dimensions of spaces provided for the
(a) Containing liquid, gas, or vapors at temperature
placement of grout shall be in accordance with Table
higher than 150º F (66º C).
1.15.2.
(b) Under pressure in excess of 55 psi (379 kPa).
1.15.3 Embedded conduits, pipes, and sleeves (c) Containing water or other liquids subject to freezing.
Conduits, pipes, and sleeves of any material to be
1.15.4 Anchorage of masonry to structural
embedded in masonry shall be compatible with masonry
members, frames, and other construction
and shall comply with the following requirements.
Anchorage of masonry to structural members,
1.15.3.1 Design shall not consider conduits,
frames, and other construction shall be detailed on the
pipes, or sleeves as structurally replacing the displaced
project drawings which shall show the type, size, and
masonry
location of anchor bolts. Anchor bolts shall meet the
1.15.3.2 Design shall consider the structural
requirements of Section 2.1.2.
effects resulting from the removal of masonry to allow
for the placement of pipes or conduits.

Table 1.15.2 — Grout space requirements

Grout type1 Maximum grout Minimum width of Minimum grout space

pour height, grout space,2,3 dimensions for grouting
ft (m) in. (mm) cells of hollow units,3,4
in. x in. (mm x mm)
3
Fine 1 (0.30) /4 (19.1) 11/2 x 2 (38.1 x 50.8)
Fine 5 (1.52) 2 (50.8) 2 x 3 (50.8 x 76.2)
Fine 12 (3.66) 21/2 (63.5) 21/2 x 3 (63.5 x 76.2)
Fine 24 (7.32) 3 (76.2) 3 x 3 (76.2 x 76.2)
Coarse 1 (0.30) 11/2 (38.1) 11/2 x 3 (38.1 x 76.2)
Coarse 5 (1.52) 2 (50.8) 21/2 x 3 (63.5 x 76.2)
Coarse 12 (3.66) 21/2 (63.5) 3 x 3 (76.2 x 76.2)
Coarse 24 (7.32) 3 (76.2) 3 x 4 (76 .2x 102)
1
Fine and coarse grouts are defined in ASTM C 476. Grout shall attain a minimum compressive strength
of 2000 psi (13.79 MPa) at 28 days.
2
For grouting between masonry wythes.
3
Grout space dimension is the clear dimension between any masonry protrusion and shall be increased by
the diameters of the horizontal bars within the cross section of the grout space.
4
Area of vertical reinforcement shall not exceed 6 percent of the area of the grout space.
C-16 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

CHAPTER 2
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN
2.1 — General shall be designed for the seismic force applied
2.1.1 — Loading perpendicular to the plane of the wall and uniformly
Masonry designed by the allowable stress design distributed over the wall area in lieu of the provisions of
method shall comply with the requirements of Chapter 1, ASCE 7 Section 9.8.1.1.
this section, and either Section 2.2 or 2.3. For prestressed masonry, the response modification
2.1.1.1 Load combinations factor ( R) and the deflection amplification factor ( Cd ),
2.1.1.1.1 When the general building indicated in ASCE 7 Table 9.2.2.2 for unreinforced
code does not provide load combinations, structures and masonry, shall be used in determining the base shear and
members shall be designed to resist the most restrictive design story drift.
of the following combination of loads: 2.1.1.2.3.2 Nominal strength — The
(a) D nominal strength of masonry shall be taken as 2 1/2 times
(b) D + L the allowable stress value, except as allowed in Section
(c) D + L + (W or E) 4.5.3.2 for prestressed masonry. The allowable stress
(d) D + W values shall be determined in accordance with Chapter 2
(e) 0.9 D + E or 4 and are permitted to be increased by one-third for
(f) D + L + (H or F) load combinations including earthquake.
(g) D + (H or F) 2.1.1.2.3.3 Design strength — The
(h) D + L + T design strength of masonry provided by a member, its
(i) D + T connections to other members and its cross sections in
2.1.1.1.2 For prestressed masonry terms of flexure, axial load, and shear shall be taken as
members, the prestressing force shall be added to all load the nominal strength multiplied by a strength reduction
combinations. factor, φ, as follows:
2.1.1.1.3 The allowable stresses and (a) Axial load and flexure except for flexural tension in
allowable loads in Chapters 2 and 4 are permitted to be unreinforced masonr .................................... φ = 0.8
increased by one-third when considering load (b) Flexural tension in unreinforced masonr ..... φ = 0.4
combination (c), (d), or (e) of Section 2.1.1.1.1. (c) Shear.............................................................. φ = 0.6
2.1.1.1.4 For moment strength design (d) Shear and tension on anchor bolts embedded in
under Section 4.5.3.2, factored loads shall be combined masonry ......................................................... φ = 0.6
as required by the general building code. When the
general building code does not provide load 2.1.2 Anchor bolts solidly grouted in masonry
combinations, ASCE 7 Section 2.3 shall be used. 2.1.2.1 Test design requirements Except as
2.1.1.2 Design strength provided in Section 2.1.2.2, anchor bolts shall be
2.1.1.2.1 Project drawings shall show designed based on the following provisions.
the specified compressive strength of masonry, f 'm , for 2.1.2.1.1 Anchors shall be tested in
each part of the structure. accordance with ASTM E 488 under stresses and
2.1.1.2.2 Each portion of t he structure conditions representing intended use, except that a
shall be designed based on the specified compressive minimum of five tests shall be performed.
strength of masonry, f 'm , for that part of the work. 2.1.2.1.2 Allowable loads shall not
2.1.1.2.3 Strength requirements — For exceed 20 percent of the average tested strength.
masonry structures that are not designed in accordance 2.1.2.2 Plate, headed, and bent bar anchor
with Section 1.1.3, the provisions of this section shall bolts — The allowable loads for plate anchors, headed
apply. The design strength of masonry structures and anchor bolts, and bent bar anchor bolts (J or L type)
masonry elements shall be at least equal to the required embedded in masonry shall be determined in accordance
strength determined in accordance with this section, with the provisions of Sections 2.1.2.2.1 through
except for masonry structures and masonry elements in 2.1.2.2.4.
Seismic Performance Category A designed in accordance 2.1.2.2.1 The minimum effective
with the provisions of Chapter 5. embedment length shall be 4 bolt diameters, but not less
2.1.1.2.3.1 Required strength — than 2 in. (50.8 mm).
Required strength, U, to resist the seismic forces in such 2.1.2.2.2 The allowable load in tension
combinations with gravity and other loads, including load shall be the lesser of that given b Eq. (2-1) or Eq. (2-2).
factors, shall be as required in the earthquake loads
section of ASCE 7, except that nonbearing masonry walls
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-17

B a = 0.5 A p f m′ (2-1) 2.1.3.2.2 Shear stresses developed in

the planes of interfaces between wythes and collar joints
or within headers shall not exceed the following:
Ba = 0.2 Ab f y (2-2) (a) mortared collar joints, 5 psi (34.5 kPa).
(b) grouted collar joints, 10 psi (69.0 kPa).
2.1.2.2.2.1 The area Ap shall be the (c) headers, unit compressive strength of header , psi
lesser of Eq. (2-3) or Eq. (2-4). Where the projected
areas of adjacent anchor bolts overlap, Ap of each bolt (MPa) (over net area of header).
shall be reduced by one-half of the overlapping area. 2.1.3.2.3 Stresses shall be determined
That portion of the projected area falling in an open cell in accordance with the method indicated in Section 1.9.1.
or core shall be deducted from the value of Ap calculated 2.1.3.2.4 Headers of wythes bonded by
using Eq. (2-3) or (2-4). headers shall meet the requirements of Section 2.1.3.2.2
and shall be provided as follows:
Ap = πl b2 (2-3)
(a) Headers shall be uniformly distributed and the sum
of their cross-sectional areas shall be at least 4
A p = πl be2 (2-4) percent of the wall surface area.
(b) Headers connecting adjacent wythes shall be
2.1.2.2.2.2 The effective embedment embedded a minimum of 3 in. (76.2 mm) in each
length of plate or headed bolts, lb shall be the length of wythe.
embedment measured perpendicular from the surface of
2.1.3.2.5 Wythes not bonded by
the masonry to the bearing surface of the plate or head of headers shall meet the requirements of Section 2.1.3.2.2
the anchor bolt. and shall be bonded by wall ties provided as follows:
2.1.2.2.2.3 The effective embedment
length of bent anchors, lb shall be the length of Wire size Minimum number of wall ties required
embedment measured perpendicular from the surface of W1.7 (MW11) one per 22/3 ft2 (0.25 mm
2
) of wall
the masonry to the bearing surface of the bent end minus W2.8 (MW18) 1 2
one per 4 /2 ft (0.42 mm2
) of wall
one anchor bolt diameter.
2.1.2.2.3 The allowable load in shear, The maximum spacing between ties shall be 36 in.
where lbe equals or exceeds 12 bolt diameters, shall be (914 mm) horizontally and 24 in. (610 mm) vertically.
the lesser of that given b Eq. (2-5) or Eq. (2-6). Cross wires of joint reinforcement are permitted to
be used as wall ties. The use of rectangular wall ties to
Bv = 350 4 f m′ Ab (2-5)
tie walls made with any type of masonry units is
permitted. The use of Z wall ties to tie walls made with
Bv = 0.12 Ab f y (2-6) other than hollow masonry units is permitted.
2.1.3.3 Noncomposite action — Masonry
Where lbe is less than 12 bolt diameters, the value of designed for noncomposite action shall comply to the
Bv in Eq. (2-5) shall be reduced by linear interpolation to following provisions:
zero at an lbe distance of 1 in. (25.4 mm). 2.1.3.3.1 Each wythe shall be designed
2.1.2.2.4 Combined shear and tension — to resist individually the effects of loads imposed on it.
Anchors in Section 2.1.2.2 subjected to combined shear Unless a more detailed analysis is performed, the
and tension shall be designed to satisf Eq. (2-7). following requirements shall be satisfied:
b a bv (a) Collar joints shall not contain headers, grout, or
+ ≤1 (2-7) mortar.
Ba B v (b) Gravity loads from supported horizontal members
shall be resisted by the wythe nearest to the center of
2.1.3 Multiwythe walls span of the supported member. Any resulting
2.1.3.1 Design of walls composed of more than bending moment about the weak axis of the wall
one wythe shall comply with the provisions of this shall be distributed to each wythe in proportion to its
section. relative stiffness.
2.1.3.2 Composite action (c) Loads acting parallel to the plane of a wall shall be
2.1.3.2.1 Multiwythe walls designed for carried only by the wythe on which they are applied.
composite action shall have collar joints either: Transfer of stresses from such loads between wythes
(a) crossed by connecting headers, or shall be neglected.
(b) filled with mortar or grout and connected by wall
ties.
C-18 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

(d) Loads acting transverse to the plane of a wall shall diameters, or least cross-sectional dimension of the
be resisted by all wythes in proportion to their member.
relative flexural stiffnesses. (c) Lateral ties shall be arranged such that every corner
(e) Stresses shall be determined using the net and alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral
cross-sectional area of the member or part of support provided by the corner of a lateral tie with
member under consideration, and where applicable, an included angle of not more than 135 degrees. No
in accordance with the method indicated in Section bar shall be farther than 6 in. (152 mm) clear on each
1.9.1. side along the lateral tie from such a laterally
(f) Specified distances between wythes shall not exceed supported bar. Lateral ties shall be placed in either a
a width of 4.5 in. (114 mm) unless a detailed wall tie mortar joint or in grout. Where longitudinal bars are
analysis is performed. located around the perimeter of a circle, a complete
2.1.3.3.2 Wythes of walls designed for circular lateral tie is permitted. Lap length for
noncomposite action shall be connected by wall ties circular ties shall be 48 tie diameters.
meeting the requirements of Section 2.1.3.2.5 or by (d) Lateral ties shall be located vertically not more than
adjustable ties. For wall ties meeting the requirements of one-half lateral tie spacing above the top of footing
Section 2.1.3.2.5 with cavity drips, the spacing indicated or slab in any story, and shall be spaced as provided
shall be halved or evidence shall be provided to show herein to not more than one-half a lateral tie spacing
that the strength of the wall ties is equivalent to ties below the lowest horizontal reinforcement in beam,
without drips. girder, slab, or drop panel above.
Adjustable ties shall meet the following (e) Where beams or brackets frame into a column from
requirements: four directions, lateral ties may be terminated not
(a) One tie shall be provided for each 1.77 ft 2 (0.16 m2) more than 3 in. (76.2 mm) below the lowest
of wall area. reinforcement in the shallowest of such beams or
(b) Horizontal and vertical spacing shall not exceed brackets.
16 in. (406 mm).
(c) Adjustable ties shall not be used when the 2.1.5 Pilasters
misalignment of bed joints from one wythe to the 2.1.5.1 Walls interfacing with pilasters shall
other exceeds 11/4 in. (31.8 mm). not be considered as flanges unless the provisions of
(d) Maximum clearance between connecting parts of the Section 1.9.4.2 are met.
tie shall be 1/16 in. (1.6 mm). 2.1.5.2 Where vertical reinforcement is
(e) Pintle ties shall have at least two pintle legs of wire provided to resist axial compressive stress, lateral ties
size W2.8 (MW18). shall meet all applicable requirements of Section 2.1.4.6.
2.1.5.3 Stresses shall be determined using the
2.1.4 Columns method indicated in Section 1.9.1.
Design of columns shall meet the general
requirements of this section. 2.1.6 Load transfer at horizontal connections
2.1.4.1 Minimum side dimension shall be 8 in. 2.1.6.1 Walls, columns, and pilasters shall be
(203 mm) nominal. designed to resist all loads, moments, and shears applied
2.1.4.2 The ratio between the effective height at intersections with horizontal members.
and least nominal dimension shall not exceed 25. 2.1.6.2 Effect of lateral deflection and
2.1.4.3 Columns shall be designed to resist translation of members providing lateral support shall be
applied loads. As a minimum, columns shall be designed considered.
to resist loads with an eccentricity equal to 0.1 times each 2.1.6.3 Devices used for transferring lateral
side dimension. Consider each axis independently. support from members that intersect walls, columns, or
2.1.4.4 Vertical column reinforcement shall pilasters shall be designed to resist the forces involved.
not be less than 0.0025An nor exceed 0.04An. The For columns, a force of not less than 1,000 lb (4448 N)
minimum number of bars shall be four. shall be used.
2.1.4.5 Stresses shall be determined using the
method indicated in Section 1.9.1. 2.1.7 Concentrated loads
2.1.4.6 Lateral tie s-------Lateral ties shall 2.1.7.1 For computing compressive stress fa for
conform to the following: walls laid in running bond, concentrated loads shall not
(a) Longitudinal reinforcement shall be enclosed by be distributed over the length of supporting wall in
lateral ties at least 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) in diameter. excess of the length of wall equal to the width of bearing
(b) Vertical spacing of lateral ties shall not exceed 16 areas plus four times the thickness of the supporting wall,
longitudinal bar diameters, 48 lateral tie bar or wire but not to exceed the center-to-center distance between
concentrated loads.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-19

2.1.7.2 Bearing stresses shall be computed by 2.1.8.3.1.5 Flexural reinforcement

distributing the bearing load over an area determined as shall not be terminated in a tension zone unless one of the
follows: following conditions is satisfied:
(a) The direct bearing area A1, or (a) Shear at the cutoff point does not exceed two-thirds
(b) A1 A2 / A1 but not more than 2A1, where A2 is the of the allowable shear at the section considered.
(b) Stirrup area in excess of that required for shear is
supporting surface wider than A1 on all sides, or A2 is provided along each terminated bar or wire over a
the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a distance from the termination point equal to three-
right pyramid or cone having A1 as upper base fourths the effective depth of the member. Excess
sloping at 45 degrees from the horizontal and wholly stirrup area, Av, shall not be less than 60 bw s/fy.
contained within the support. For walls in other than Spacing s shall not exceed d/(8 ßb).
running bond, area A2 shall terminate at head joints. (c) Continuous reinforcement provides double the area
2.1.7.3 Bearing stresses shall not exceed required for flexure at the cutoff point and shear
0.25 f 'm . does not exceed three-fourths the allowable shear at
the section considered.
2.1.8 Development of reinforcement embedded in 2.1.8.3.1.6 Anchorage complying
grout with Section 2.1.8.2 shall be provided for tension
2.1.8.1 General — The calculated tension or reinforcement in corbels, deep flexural members,
compression in the reinforcement at each section shall be variable-depth arches, members where flexural
developed on each side of the section by embedment reinforcement is not parallel with the compression face,
length, hook or mechanical device, or a combination and in other cases where the stress in flexural
thereof. Hooks shall not be used to develop bars in reinforcement does not vary linearly in proportion to the
compression. moment.
2.1.8.2 Embedment of bars and wires in 2.1.8.3.2 Development of positive
tension — The embedment length of bars and wire shall moment reinforcement — When a wall or other flexural
be determined b Eq. (2-8), but shall not be less than 12 member is part of a primary lateral load-resisting system,
in. (305 mm) for bars and 6 in. (152 mm) for wire. at least 25 percent of the positive moment reinforcement
shall extend into the support and be anchored to develop
l d = 0.0015d b Fs (2-8) a stress equal to the Fs in tension.
2.1.8.3.3 Development of negative
When epoxy-coated bars or wires are used, moment reinforcement
development length determined b Eq. (2-8) shall be 2.1.8.3.3.1 Negative m oment
increased by 50 percent. reinforcement in a continuous, restrained, or cantilever
member shall be anchored in or through the supporting
2.1.8.3 Embedment of flexural reinforcement member in accordance with the provisions of Section
2.1.8.3.1 General 2.1.8.1.
2.1.8.3.1.1 Tension reinforcement is 2.1.8.3.3.2 At least one-third of the
permitted to be developed by bending across the neutral total reinforcement provided for moment at a support
axis of the member to be anchored or made continuous shall extend beyond the point of inflection the greater
with reinforcement on the opposite face of the member. distance of the effective depth of the member or one-
2.1.8.3.1.2 Critical sections for sixteenth of the span.
development of reinforcement in flexural members are at 2.1.8.4 Hooks
points of maximum steel stress and at points within the 2.1.8.4.1 Standard hooks in tension
span where adjacent reinforcement terminates, or is bent. shall be considered to develop an equivalent embedment
2.1.8.3.1.3 Reinforcement shall length, le, equal to 11.25 db.
extend beyond the point at which it is no longer required 2.1.8.4.2 The effect of hooks for bars in
to resist flexure for a distance equal to the effective depth compression shall be neglected in design computations.
of the member or 12db, whichever is greater, except at 2.1.8.5 Development of shear reinforcement
supports of simple spans and at the free end of 2.1.8.5.1 Bar and wire reinforcement
cantilevers. 2.1.8.5.1.1 Shear reinforcement shall
2.1.8.3.1.4 Continuing reinforcement extend to a distance d from the extreme compression face
shall extend a distance ld beyond the point where bent or and shall be carried as close to the compression and
terminated tension reinforcement is no longer required to tension surfaces of the member as cover requirements
resist flexure as required by Section 2.1.8.2. and the proximity of other reinforcement permit. Shear
reinforcement shall be anchored at both ends for its
calculated stress.
 C-20 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

2.1.8.5.1.2 The ends of single leg or 2.1.8.6.1 Lap splices

U-stirrups shall be anchored by one of the following 2.1.8.6.1.1 The minimum length of
means: lap for bars in tension or compression shall be
(a) A standard hook plus an effective embedment of 0.5 determined by Eq. (2-9), but not less than 12 in. (305
ld. The effective embedment of a stirrup leg shall be mm).
taken as the distance between the middepth of the
member d/2 and the start of the hook (point of l d = 0.002 d b Fs (2-9)
tangency).
(b) For No. 5 bar (M #16) and D31 (MD200) wire and
When epoxy-coated bars are used, lap length determined
smaller, bending around longitudinal reinforcement
by Eq. (2-9) shall be increased by 50 percent.
through at least 135 degrees plus an embedment of
2.1.8.6.1.2 Bars spliced by
0.33 ld. The 0.33 ld embedment of a stirrup leg shall
noncontact lap splices shall not be spaced transversel
be taken as the distance between middepth of
farther apart than one-fifth the required length of lap nor
member d/2 and start of hook (point of tangency).
more than 8 in. (203 mm).
2.1.8.5.1.3 Between the anchored
2.1.8.6.2 Welded splice s----Welded
ends, each bend in the continuous portion of a transverse
splices shall have the bars butted and welded to develop
U-stirrup shall enclose a longitudinal bar.
in tension at least 125 percent of the specified yield
2.1.8.5.1.4 Longitudinal bars bent to
strength of the bar.
act as shear reinforcement, where extended into a region
2.1.8.6.3 Mechanical connections —
of tension, shall be continuous with longitudinal
Mechanical connections shall have the bars connected to
reinforcement and, where extended into a region of
develop in tension or compression, as required, at least
compression, shall be developed beyond middepth of the
125 percent of the specified yield strength of the bar.
member d/2.
2.1.8.6.4 End-bearing splices
2.1.8.5.1.5 Pairs of U-stirrups or ties
2.1.8.6.4.1 In bars required for
placed to form a closed unit shall be considered properly
compression only, the transmission of compressive stress
spliced when length of laps are 1.7 ld. In grout at least 18
by bearing of square cut ends held in concentric contact
in. (457 mm) deep, such splices with Av fy not more than
by a suitable device is permitted.
9,000 lb (40 032 N) per leg may be considered adequate if
legs extend the full available depth of grout. 2.1.8.6.4.2 Bar ends shall terminate
in flat surfaces within 1 1/2 degree of a right angle to the
2.1.8.5.2 Welded wire fabric
axis of the bars and shall be fitted within 3 degrees of full
2.1.8.5.2.1 For each leg of welded
bearing after assembly.
wire fabric forming simple U -stirrups, there shall be
2.1.8.6.4.3 End-bearing splices shall
either:
be used only in members containing closed ties, closed
(a) Two longitudinal wires at a 2 in. (50.8 mm) spacing
stirrups, or spirals.
along the member at the top of the U, or
(b) One longitudinal wire located not more than d/4
from the compression face and a second wire closer
2.2 — Unreinforced masonry
to the compression face and spaced not less than 2
2.2.1 Scope
in. (50.8 mm) from the first wire. The second wire
2.2.1.1 This section covers requirements for
shall be located on the stirrup leg beyond a bend, or
unreinforced masonry as defined in Section 1.6, except as
on a bend with an inside diameter of bend not less
otherwise indicated in Section 2.2.4.
than 8db.
2.2.1.2 The provisions of this section are to be
2.1.8.5.2.2 For each end of a single
applied in conjunction with the provisions of Chapter 1
leg stirrup of welded smooth or deformed wire fabric,
and Section 2.1.
there shall be two longitudinal wires spaced a minimum
of 2 in. (50.8 mm) with the inner wire placed at a 2.2.2 Stresses in reinforcement
distance at least d/4 or 2 in. (50.8 mm) from middepth of The effect of stresses in reinforcement shall be
member d/2. Outer longitudinal wire at tension face shall neglected.
not be farther from the face than the portion of primary
flexural reinforcement closest to the face. 2.2.3 Axial compression and flexure
2.1.8.6 Splices of reinforcem e n t - - - - - Lap 2.2.3.1 Members subjected to axial
splices, welded splices, or mechanical connections are compression, flexure, or to combined axial compression
permitted in accordance with the provisions of this and flexure shall be designed to satisf Eq. (2-10) and
section. All welding shall conform to AWS D1.4. Eq. (2-11).
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-21

fa fb 2.2.5 Shear
+ ≤1 (2-10) 2.2.5.1 Shear stresses due to forces acting in
Fa Fb the direction considered shall be computed in accordance
P ≤ (1 4 ) Pe (2-11) with Section 1.9.1 and determined b Eq. (2-16).
where: VQ
fv = (2-16)
(a) For members having an h/r ratio not greater than 99: Ib
2.2.5.2 In-plane shear stresses shall not exceed
  h 2
Fa = ( 1
4 ) f m′ 1 −    (2-12) any of:
  140 r   (a) 1.5 f m′
(b) For members having an h/r ratio greater than 99: (b) 120 psi (827 kPa)
2
(c) ν + 0.45 Nv /An
 70 r  where ν:
Fa = ( 1
) f m′   (2-13)
 h 
4
= 37 psi (255 kPa) for masonry in
running bond that is not grouted solid,
(c) Fb = ( 1 3 ) f m′ (2-14) or
= 37 psi (255 kPa) for masonry in other
3
π 2 Em I  e than running bond with open end units
(d) Pe = 1 − 0.577  (2-15) that are grouted solid, or
h  r
2
= 60 psi (414 kPa) for masonry in
running bond that is grouted solid
2.2.3.2 Allowable tensile stresses due to
flexure transverse to the plane of masonry member shall (d) 15 psi (103 kPa) for masonry in other than running
be in accordance with the values in Table 2.2.3.2. bond with other than open end units that are grouted
solid.
2.2.4 Axial tension
The tensile strength of masonry shall be
neglected in design when the masonry is subjected to
axial tension forces.

Table 2.2.3.2 — Allowable flexural tension for clay and concrete masonry, psi (kPa)
Mortar types
Masonry type
Masonry cement or air
Portland cement/lime or mortar entrained portland cement/lime
cement

M or S N M or S N

Normal to bed joints

Solid units 40 (276) 30 (207) 24 (166) 15 (103)
Hollow units1
Ungrouted 25 (172) 19 (131) 15 (103) 9 (62)
Fully grouted 68 (469) 58 (400) 41 (283) 29 (200)

Parallel to bed joints in running

bond 80 (552) 60 (414) 48 (331) 30 (207)
Solid units
Hollow units 50 (345) 38 (262) 30 (207) 19 (131)
Ungrouted and partially 80 (552) 60 (414) 48 (331) 30 (207))
grouted
Fully grouted
1
For partially grouted masonry, allowable stresses shall be determined on the basis of linear interpolation between hollow
units that are fully grouted and ungrouted hollow units based on amount of grouting.
C-22 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

2.2.5.3 Shear stresses shall not exceed the component, fa , does not exceed the allowable stress, Fa,
requirements of Section 2.1.3.2.2 at interfaces between in Section 2.2.3.2.1.
wythes and filled collar joints or between wythes and 2.3.3.3 Effective compressive width per bar
headers. 2.3.3.3.1 In running bond masonry, and
masonry in other than running bond with bond beams
spaced not more than 48 in. (1219 mm) center-to-center,
2.3 — Reinforced masonry
the width of the compression area used in stress
2.3.1 Scope
calculations shall not exceed the least of:
2.3.1.1 This section covers requirements for
(a) Center-to-center bar spacing.
the design of structures neglecting the contribution of
(b) Six times the wall thickness.
tensile strength of masonry, except as provided in Section
(c) 72 in. (1829 mm).
2.3.5.
2.3.3.3.2 In masonry in other than
2.3.1.2 The provisions of this section are to be
running bond, with bond beams spaced more than 48 in.
applied in conjunction with the general requirements of
(1219 mm) center-to-center, the width of the compression
Chapter 1 and Section 2.1.
area used in stress calculations shall not exceed the
length of the masonry unit.
2.3.2 Steel reinforcemen t — Allowable stresses
2.3.3.4 Beams
2.3.2.1 Tension — Tensile stress in
2.3.3.4.1 Span length of members not
reinforcement shall not exceed the following:
built integrally with supports shall be taken as the clear
(a) Grade 40 or Grade 50 reinforcement
span plus depth of member, but need not exceed the
............................................. 20,000 psi (137.9 MPa)
distance between centers of supports.
(b) Grade 60 reinforcement .......24,000 psi (165.5 MPa)
2.3.3.4.2 In analysis of members that
(c) Wire joint reinforcement ..... 30,000 psi (206.9 Mpa)
are continuous over supports for determination of
2.3.2.2 Compression moments, span length shall be taken as the distance
2.3.2.2.1 The compressive resistance of between centers of supports.
steel reinforcement shall be neglected unless lateral 2.3.3.4.3 Length of bearing of beams on
reinforcement is provided in compliance with the their supports shall be a minimum of 4 in. (102 mm) in
requirements of Section 2.1.4.6. the direction of span.
2.3.2.2.2 Compressive stress in 2.3.3.4.4 The compression face of
reinforcement shall not exceed the lesser of 0.4 fy or beams shall be laterally supported at a maximum spacing
24,000 psi (165.5 MPa). of 32 times the beam thickness.
2.3.3.4.5 Beams shall be designed to
2.3.3 Axial compression and flexure meet the deflection requirements of Section 1.10.1.
2.3.3.1 Members subjected to axial
compression, flexure, or to combined axial compression 2.3.4 Axial tension and flexural tension
and flexure shall be designed in compliance with Axial tension and flexural tension shall be
Sections 2.3.3.2 through 2.3.3.4. resisted entirely by steel reinforcement.
2.3.3.2 Allowable forces and stresses
2.3.3.2.1 The compressive force in 2.3.5 Shear
reinforced masonry due to axial load only shall not 2.3.5.1 Members which are not subjected to
exceed that given b Eq. (2-17) or Eq. (2-18): flexural tension shall be designed in accordance with the
(a) For members having an h/r ratio not greater than 99: requirements of Section 2.2.5 or shall be designed in
accordance with the following:
  h 2 2.3.5.1.1 Reinforcement shall be
Pa = ( 0.25 f m′ A n + 0.65 A st F s ) 1 −    (2-17)
  140r   provided in accordance with the requirements of Section
2.3.5.3.
(b) For members having an h/r ratio greater than 99: 2.3.5.1.2 The calculated shear stress, fv,
2
shall not exceed Fv, where Fv is determined in
 70 r  accordance with Section 2.3.5.2.3.
Pa = (0.25 f m′ An + 0.65 Ast Fs )   (2-18)
 h  2.3.5.2 Members subjected to flexural tension
2.3.3.2.2 The compressive stress in shall be reinforced to resist the tension and shall be
masonry due to flexure or due to flexure in combination designed in accordance with the following:
with axial load shall not exceed ( 1/3) f’m provided the 2.3.5.2.1 Calculated shear stress in the
calculated compressive stress due to the axial load masonry shall be determined by the relationship:
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-23

V 2.3.5.2.4 The ratio M/Vd shall always be

fv = (2-19) taken as a positive number.
bd
2.3.5.3 Minimum area of shear reinforcement
2.3.5.2.2 Where reinforcement is not required by Section 2.3.5.1 or 2.3.5.2.3 shall be
provided to resist all of the calculated shear, fv shall not determined by the following:
exceed Fv, where: Vs
(a) for flexural members Av = (2-26)
Fs d
Fv = f m′ (2-20) 2.3.5.3.1 Shear reinforcement shall be
but shall not exceed 50 psi (345 kPa). provided parallel to the direction of applied shear force.
Spacing of shear reinforcement shall not exceed the
(b) for shear walls,
lesser of d/2 or 48 in. (1219 mm).
where, M/Vd<1, 2.3.5.3.2 Reinforcement shall be
Fv = ( 1 3 )[4 − ( M / Vd )] f m′ (2-21) provided perpendicular to the shear reinforcement and
shall be at least equal to one-third Av. The reinforcement
but shall not exceed 80 – 45(M/Vd) psi shall be uniformly distributed and shall not exceed a
spacing of 8 ft (2.44 m).
where, M/Vd ≥ 1, 2.3.5.4 In composite masonry walls, shear
Fv = f m′ (2-22) stresses developed in the planes of interfaces between
but shall not exceed 35 psi (241 kPa). wythes and filled collar joints or between wythes and
headers shall meet the requirements of Section 2.1.3.2.2.
2.3.5.2.3 Where shear reinforcement is 2.3.5.5 In cantilever beams, the maximum
provided in accordance with Section 2.3.5.3 to resist all shear shall be used. In noncantilever beams, the
of the calculated shear, fv shall not exceed Fv, where: maximum shear shall be used except that sections located
(a) for flexural members: within a distance d/2 from the face of support shall be
designed for the same shear as that computed at a
Fv = 3.0 f m′ (2-23) distance d/2 from the face of support when the following
but shall not exceed 150 psi (1034 kPa). conditions are met:
(a) support reaction, in direction of applied shear force,
(b) for shear walls: introduces compression into the end regions of
member, and
where, M/Vd < 1,
(b) no concentrated load occurs between face of support
Fv = ( 1 2 )[4 − ( M / Vd )] f m′ (2-24) and a distance d/2 from face.
but shall not exceed 120 – 45(M/Vd) psi

where M/Vd ≥1,

Fv = 1.5 f m′ (2-25)
but shall not exceed 75 psi (517 kPa).
C-24 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

CHAPTER 3
LIMIT STATES DESIGN
(FUTURE)

(This page left intentionally blank)

BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-25

CHAPTER 4
PRESTRESSED MASONRY
4.1 — Scope 4.3.2 Immediately after transfer
4.1.1 This chapter provides minimum The stress in the prestressing tendons immediately
requirements for the design of structures that are after transfer of the prestressing force to the masonry
prestressed with bonded or unbonded prestressing shall not exceed 0.82fpy nor 0.74fpu.
tendons.
4.3.3 Post-tensioned masonry members
4.1.2 The provisions of Chapter 1 and Section At the time of application of prestress, the stress in
2.1 shall apply to prestressed masonry members, except prestressing tendons at anchorages and couplers shall not
that the following provisions shall apply to columns: exceed 0.78fpy nor 0.70fpu.
(a) The minimum eccentricity requirement of Section
2.1.4.3 shall not apply to the prestressing force. 4.4 — Effective prestress
(b) Laterally-restrained, bonded or unbonded tendons Computation of the effective prestress, fse , shall
are permitted to partly or completely replace the include the effects of the following:
vertical column reinforcement of Section 2.1.4.4. (a) anchorage seating loss,
The moment strength of provided reinforcement and (b) elastic shortening of masonry,
tendons shall be not less than the moment strength (c) creep of masonry,
obtained by the minimum reinforcement specified in (d) shrinkage of concrete masonry
Section 2.1.4.4. The combined minimum number of (e) relaxation of prestressing tendon stress,
bars and tendons shall be four. (f) friction loss, and
(c) Lateral ties in columns shall conform to Section (g) irreversible moisture expansion of clay masonry
2.1.4.6, except that tendons do not need lateral
support provided by the corner of a lateral tie if the 4.5 — Axial compression and flexure
tendons remain in tension at moment strength 4.5.1 General
conditions. Members subjected to axial compression, flexure, or
to combined axial compression and flexure shall be
4.1.3 The provisions of Section 1.13 shall apply
designed according to the provisions of Section 2.2.3,
to prestressed masonry members, except as follows:
except as noted in Section 4.5.
(a) For members with laterally-restrained prestressing
tendons, the provisions of Section 4.5.3.2 shall apply 4.5.2 Laterally-unrestrained prestressing tendons
in lieu of the provisions of Section 2.1.1.2.3.2 for the Members with laterally-unrestrained prestressing
computation of nominal moment strength. tendons shall be designed, in compliance with the
(b) The cross-sectional area of bonded prestressing requirements of Section 4.5.2.
tendons shall be considered to contribute to the 4.5.2.1 The allowable compressive stresses
minimum reinforcement requirements of Sections due to axial loads, Fa, and flexure, Fb, and the allowable
1.13.5 and 1.13.6. axial force in Eq. (2-11) may be increased by 20 percent
for the stress condition immediately after transfer of
4.2 — Design methods prestress.
4.2.1 Prestressed masonry members shall be 4.5.2.2 The prestressing force, Pps, shall be
designed by elastic analysis using loading and load included in the computation of the axial load, P, in Eq.
combinations in accordance with the provisions of (2-11) and in the computation of the eccentricity of the
Sections 1.7 and 2.1.1.1 except as noted in Section axial load, e, in Eq. (2-15).
4.5.3.2. 4.5.2.3 Masonry shall not be subjected to
flexural tensile stress from the combination of
4.2.2 Immediately after the transfer of
prestressing force and dead load.
prestressing force to the masonry, all limitations on
masonry stresses given in this chapter shall be based 4.5.3 Laterally-restrained prestressing tendons
upon f ′mi . Members with laterally-restrained prestressing
tendons shall be designed according to Section 4.5.3.
4.3 — Permissible stresses in prestressing tendons 4.5.3.1 Requirements under service loads
4.3.1 Jacking force 4.5.3.1.1 The prestressing force, Pps,
The stress in prestressing tendons due to the jacking shall not be considered for the computation of the axial
force shall not exceed 0.94 fpy, nor 0.80fpu, nor the load, P, in Eq. (2-11). The prestressing force, Pps, shall
maximum value recommended by the manufacturer of the be considered for the computation of the eccentricity of
prestressing tendons or anchorages. the axial resultant load, e, in Eq. (2-15).
C-26 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

4.5.3.1.2 Masonry shall not be 4.6 — Axial tension

subjected to flexural tensile stress from the combination Axial tension shall be resisted by reinforcement,
of prestressing force and dead load. prestressing tendons, or both.
4.5.3.2 Moment strength requirements
4.5.3.2.1 Members shall have design 4.7 — Shear
moment strength at all sections equal to or greater than 4.7.1 Shear stress shall be computed by Eq.
the required moment strength computed for the factored (2-16).
load combinations given in the general building code or
4.7.2 The shear stress shall not exceed any of the
ASCE 7 for strength level loading.
following:
4.5.3.2.2 The design moment strength
shall be taken as the nominal moment strength, Mn, Nv
multiplied by a strength reduction factor (φ) of 0.8. Fv = v + 0.45 (4-4a)
An
4.5.3.2.3 For cross sections with
uniform width, b, over the depth of the compression Nν
zone, the depth of the equivalent compression zone, a, Fv = (2.25 f m′ ) + 15
. f m′ (4-4b)
shall be determined by the following equation: An

f ps A ps + f y As + Pu Nν
a = (4-1) Fν = (βf m′ ) 2 − (βf m′ ) (4-4c)
0.85 f m′ b An
For other cross sections, Eq. (4-1) shall be modified where ν is as defined in Section 2.2.5.2.
to consider the variable width of compression zone. If P
(the unfactored design axial load) does not exceed 4.8 — Deflection
0.05 f 'mAn, its effect on the equivalent compression zone, Computation of member deflection shall include
a, need not be included. camber and the effects of time-dependent phenomena.
4.5.3.2.4 For members with bonded
prestressing tendons, computation of fps shall be based on 4.9 — Prestressing tendon anchorages, couplers, and
strain compatibility or shall be taken equal to fpy. In lieu end blocks
of a more accurate determination of fps for members with 4.9.1 Prestressing tendons in masonry construc-
unbonded prestressing tendons, the following equation tion shall be anchored by either:
shall be used: (a) mechanical anchorage devices bearing directly on
masonry or placed inside a concrete or fully grouted
 d   f pu A ps  end block, or
f = f se + (100,000)   1 − 1.4   (4-2) (b) bond in reinforced concrete end blocks or members.
 b d f m′
ps
 l p    
4.9.2 Anchorages and couplers for prestressing
In Eq. (4-2), the value of fps shall be not less than fse , but tendons shall develop at least 95 percent of the specified
not larger than fpy. For tendons with a tensile strength of tensile strength of the prestressing tendons when tested in
less than 150 ksi (1034 MPa), fps shall be taken equal to an unbonded condition, without exceeding anticipated
fse. set.
4.5.3.2.5 The ratio a/d shall not exceed
0.425. 4.9.3 Reinforcement shall be provided in
4.5.3.2.6 For members with (a) uniform masonry members near anchorages if tensile stresses
width, b, (b) concentric reinforcement and prestressing created by bursting, splitting, and spalling forces induced
tendons, and (c) concentric axial load, the nominal by the prestressing tendon exceed the capacity of the
moment strength, Mn, shall be computed by the following masonry
equation: 4.9.4 Bearing stresses
4.9.4.1 Local bearing stress in masonry in
a
M n = ( f ps A ps + f y As + Pu )(d − ) (4-3) prestressing tendon anchorage zones shall be computed
2 based on the contact surface between masonry and the
where a shall be computed according to Section 4.5.3.2.3 mechanical anchorage device or the concrete end block.
and fps shall be computed according to Section 4.5.3.2.4. 4.9.4.2 Bearing stresses due to maximum
The nominal moment strength for other conditions shall jacking force of the prestressing tendon shall not exceed
be based on static moment equilibrium principles. 0.50 f ′mi .
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-27

4.10 — Protection of prestressing tendons and 4.10.3 Parts of prestressing tendons not embedded
accessories in masonry shall be provided with mechanical and fire
4.10.1 Prestressing tendons, anchorages, couplers, protection equivalent to that of the embedded parts of the
and end fittings in exterior walls exposed to earth or tendon.
weather, or walls exposed to a mean relative humidity
exceeding 75 percent shall be corrosion protected. 4.11 — Development of bonded tendons
Development of bonded prestressing tendons in
4.10.2 Corrosion protection of prestressing
grouted corrugated ducts, anchored in accordance with
tendons shall not rely solely on masonry cover.
Section 4.9.1, does not need to be calculated.
C-28 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

CHAPTER 5
EMPIRICAL DESIGN OF MASONRY

5.1 — Scope 5.3 — Lateral stability

5.1.1 This chapter covers masonry designed in 5.3.1 Shear walls
accordance with empirical requirements in lieu of the Where the structure depends upon masonry walls for
requirements of Chapters 1 and 2, except as specifically lateral stability, shear walls shall be provided parallel to
stated herein. the direction of the lateral forces resisted.
5.3.1.1 Minimum nominal thickness of
5.1.2 Limitations
masonry shear walls shall be 8 in. (203 mm).
5.1.2.1 Seismic — Empirical requirements
5.3.1.2 In each direction in which shear walls
shall not apply to the design or construction of masonry
are required for lateral stability, the minimum cumulative
for buildings, parts of buildings or other structures in
length of shear walls provided shall be 0.4 times the long
Seismic Performance Category D or E as defined in
dimension of the building. Cumulative length of shear
ASCE 7, and shall not apply to the design of the lateral
walls shall not include openings.
force-resisting system for structures in Seismic
5.3.1.3 Maximum spacing of masonry shear
Performance Category B or C.
walls shall not exceed the ratio listed in Table 5.3.1.
5.1.2.2 Wind — Empirical requirements shall
not apply to the design or construction of masonry for 5.3.2 Roofs
buildings, parts of buildings, or other structures to be The roof construction shall be designed so as not to
located in areas where the velocity pressure exceeds 25 impart out-of-plane lateral thrust to the walls under roof
lb/ft2 (1197 Pa) as given in ASCE 7. gravity load.
5.1.2.3 Other horizontal loads — Empirical
requirements shall not apply to structures resisting 5.4 — Compressive stress requirements
horizontal loads other than permitted wind or seismic 5.4.1 Compressive stresses in masonry due to
loads or foundation walls as provided in Section 5.6.3. vertical dead plus live loads (excluding wind or seismic
5.1.2.4 Glass unit mason r y - - - The provisions loads) shall be determined in accordance with Section
of Chapter 5 do not apply to glass unit masonry. 5.4.2.1. Dead and live loads shall be in accordance with
the general building code of which this Code forms a
5.1.3 For masonry designed in accordance with
part, with such live load reductions as are permitted in
this chapter, the requirements of Section 1.2.2(c) shall
the general building code.
not apply. Thus, inclusion of specified compressive
strength of masonry in the contract documents is not 5.4.2 The compressive stresses in masonry shall
required for masonry designed in accordance with this not exceed the values given in Table 5.4.2. Stress shall
Chapter. be calculated based on specified dimensions.
5.4.2.1 Calculated compressive stresses for
5.1.4 All materials and construction shall comply
single wythe walls and for multiwythe composite
with Section 1.15 except that Article 1.4 of ACI
masonry walls shall be determined by dividing the design
530.1/ASCE 6/ TMS 602 shall not apply.
load by the gross cross-sectional area of the member.
The area of openings, chases, or recesses in walls shall
5.2 — Height
not be included in the gross cross-sectional area of the
Buildings relying on masonry walls as part of their
wall.
lateral load-resisting system shall not exceed 35 ft (10.67
5.4.2.2 Multiwythe walls — The allowable
m) in height.
stress shall be as given in Table 5.4.2 for the weakest
combination of the units and mortar used in each wythe.

Table 5.3.1 — Shear wall spacing requirements

Maximum ratio of
Floor or roof construction
shear wall spacing: shear wall length
Cast-in-place concrete 5:1
Precast concrete 4:1
Metal deck with concrete fill 3:1
Metal deck with no fill 2:1
Wood diaphragm 2:1
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-29

5.5 — Lateral support 5.5.3 Lateral support shall be provided by cross

5.5.1 Masonry walls shall be laterally supported walls, pilasters, buttresses, or structural frame members
in either the horizontal or the vertical direction at when the limiting distance is taken horizontally; or by
intervals not exceeding those given in Table 5.5.1. floors, roofs acting as diaphragms, or structural frame
members when the limiting distance is taken vertically.
5.5.2 Except for parapets, the ratio of height-to-
nominal-thickness for cantilever walls shall not exceed
5.6 — Thickness of masonry
6 for solid masonry or 4 for hollow masonry. For
5.6.1 The nominal thickness of masonry walls
parapets see Section 5.6.5.
shall conform to the following requirements.

Table 5.4.2 — Allowable compressive stresses for empirical design of masonry

Allowable compressive stresses1 gross

Construction; compressive strength of unit,
cross-sectional area,
gross area, psi (MPa)
psi (MPa)
Type M or S Type N
mortar mortar
Solid masonry of brick and other solid units of
clay or shale; sand-lime or concrete brick:
8000 (55.16) or greater 350 (2.41) 300 (2.07)
4500 (31.03) 225 (1.55) 200 (1.38)
2500 (17.23) 160 (1.10) 140 (0.97)
1500 (10.34) 115 (0.79) 100 (0.69)
Grouted masonry of clay or shale; sand-lime or
concrete:
4500 (31.03) or greater 225 (1.55) 200 (1.38)
2500 (17.23) 160 (1.10) 140 (0.97)
1500 (10.34) 115 (0.79) 100 (0.69)
Solid masonry of solid concrete masonry units:
3000 (20.69) or greater 225 (1.55) 200 (1.38)
2000 (13.79) 160 (1.10) 140 (0.97)
1200 (8.27) 115 (0.79) 100 (0.69)
Masonry of hollow load bearing units:
2000 (13.79) or greater 140 (0.97) 120 (0.83)
1500 (10.34) 115 (0.79) 100 (0.69)
1000 (6.90) 75 (0.52) 70 (0.48)
700 (4.83) 60 (0.41) 55 (0.38)
Hollow walls (noncomposite masonry bonded 2):
Solid units:
2500 (17.23) or greater 160 (1.10) 140 (0.97)
1500 (10.34) 115 (0.79) 100 (0.69)
Hollow units 75 (0.52) 70 (0.48)
Stone ashlar masonry
Granite 720 (4.96) 640 (4.41)
Limestone or marble 450 (3.10) 400 (2.76)
Sandstone or cast stone 360 (2.48) 320 (2.21)
Rubble stone masonry:
Coursed, rough, or random 120 (0.83) 100 (0.69)
1 Linear interpolation for determining allowable stresses for masonry units having compressive strengths which are
intermediate between those given in the table is permitted.
2 Where floor and roof loads are carried upon one wythe, the gross cross-sectional area is that of the wythe under
load; if both wythes are loaded, the gross cross-sectional area is that of the wall minus the area of the cavity
between the wythes. Walls bonded with metal ties shall be considered as noncomposite walls unless collar joints
are filled with mortar or grout.
C-30 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

5.6.2 Thickness of walls accordance with Chapter 1 and Sections 2.1 and 2.2 or
5.6.2.1 Minimum thickness The minimum Chapter 1 and Sections 2.1 and 2.3.
thickness of masonry bearing walls more than one story
5.6.4 Foundation Piers
high shall be 8 in. (203 mm). Bearing walls of one story
Foundation piers shall not be less than 8 in. (203
buildings shall not be less than 6 in. (152 mm) thick.
mm) in thickness.
5.6.2.2 Rubble stone walls — The minimum
thickness of rough or random or coursed rubble stone 5.6.5 Parapet walls
walls shall be 16 in. (406 mm). Parapet walls shall be at least 8 in. (203 mm) thick
5.6.2.3 Change in thick n e s s - - Where walls of and their height shall not exceed 3 times their thickness.
masonry of hollow units or masonry bonded hollow walls
are decreased in thickness, a course or courses of solid 5.7 — Bond
masonry shall be interposed between the wall below and 5.7.1 General
the thinner wall above, or special units or construction The facing and backing of multiple wythe masonry
shall be used to transmit the loads from face shells or walls shall be bonded in accordance with this section.
wythes above to those below
5.7.2 Bonding with masonry headers
5.6.3 Foundation walls 5.7.2.1 Solid units — Where the facing and
5.6.3.1 Foundation walls shall comply with the backing (adjacent wythes) of solid masonry construction
requirements of Table 5.6.3.1. The provisions of Table are bonded by means of masonry headers, no less than 4
5.6.3.1 are applicable when: percent of the wall surface of each face shall be
(a) the foundation wall does not exceed 8 ft. (2.44 m) in composed of headers extending not less than 3 in. (76.2
height between lateral supports, mm) into the backing. The distance between adjacent
(b) the terrain surrounding foundation walls is graded so full-length headers shall not exceed 24 in. (610 mm)
as to drain surface water away from foundation either vertically or horizontally. In walls in which a
walls, single header does not extend through the wall, headers
(c) backfill is drained to remove ground water away from the opposite sides shall overlap at least 3 in. (76.2
from foundation walls, mm), or headers from opposite sides shall be covered
(d) lateral support is provided at the top of foundation with another header course overlapping the header below
walls prior to backfilling, at least 3 in. (76.2 mm).
(e) the length of foundation walls between perpendicular 5.7.2.2 Hollow units — Where two or more
masonry walls or pilasters is a maximum of 3 times hollow units are used to make up the thickness of a wall,
the basement wall height, the stretcher courses shall be bonded at vertical intervals
(f) the backfill is granular and soil conditions in the area not exceeding 34 in. (864 mm) by lapping at least 3 in.
are non-expansive, and (76.2 mm) over the unit below, or by lapping at vertical
(g) masonry is laid in running bond using Type M or S intervals not exceeding 17 in. (432 mm) with units which
mortar. are at least 50 percent greater in thickness than the units
5.6.3.2 Where the requirements of Section below.
5.6.3.1 are not met, foundation walls shall be designed in

Table 5.5.1 — Wall lateral support requirements

Construction Maximum l/t or h/t

Bearing walls
Solid units or fully grouted 20
All other 18
Nonbearing walls
Exterior 18
Interior 36
In computing the ratio for multiwythe walls, use the following thickness:
1. The nominal wall thicknesses for solid walls and for hollow walls bonded with masonry
headers (Section 5.7.2).
2. The sum of the nominal thicknesses of the wythes for non-composite walls connected with
wall ties (Section 5.7.3).
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-31

5.7.3 Bonding with wall ties masonry is of greater thickness than 24 in. (610 mm),
5.7.3.1 When the facing and backing (adjacent shall have one bonder unit for each 6 ft2 (0.56 m2) of wall
wythes) of masonry walls are bonded with wire size surface on both sides.
W2.8 (MW18) wall ties or metal wire of equivalent
5.7.5 Longitudinal bond
stiffness embedded in the horizontal mortar joints, there
5.7.5.1 Each wythe of masonry shall be laid in
shall be at least one metal tie for each 4 1/2 ft2 (0.42 m2) of
running bond, or the masonry walls shall be reinforced
wall area. Ties in alternate courses shall be staggered,
longitudinally as required in Section 5.7.5.2.
the maximum vertical distance between ties shall not
5.7.5.2 Where masonry is laid in other than
exceed 24 in. (610 mm), and the maximum horizontal
running bond, reinforcement shall be provided in
distance shall not exceed 36 in. (914 mm). Rods or ties
accordance with the provisions of Section 1.11.
bent to rectangular shape shall be used with hollo
masonry units laid with the cells vertical. In other walls,
5.8 — Anchorage
the ends of ties shall be bent to 90 degree angles to
5.8.1 General
provide hooks no less than 2 in. (50.8 mm) long.
Masonry elements shall be anchored in accordance
Additional bonding ties shall be provided at all openings,
with this section.
spaced not more than 3 ft (0.91 m) apart around the
perimeter and within 12 in. (305 mm) of the opening. 5.8.2 Intersecting walls
5.7.3.2 Bonding with prefabricated joint Masonry walls depending upon one another for
reinforcement — Where the facing and backing (adjacent lateral support shall be anchored or bonded at locations
wythes) of masonry are bonded with prefabricated joint where they meet or intersect by one of the following
reinforcement, there shall be at least one cross wire methods:
serving as a tie for each 2 2/3 ft2 (0.25 m2) of wall area. 5.8.2.1 Fifty percent of the units at the
The vertical spacing of the joint reinforcement shall not intersection shall be laid in an overlapping masonry
exceed 24 in. (610 mm). Cross wires on prefabricated bonding pattern, with alternate units having a bearing of
joint reinforcement shall be not smaller than wire size not less than 3 in. (76.2 mm) on the unit below.
W1.7 (MW11). The longitudinal wires shall be 5.8.2.2 Walls shall be anchored by steel
embedded in the mortar. connectors having a minimum section of 1/4 in. (6.4 mm)
by 11/2 in. (38.1 mm) with ends bent up at least 2 in.
5.7.4 Natural or cast stone
(50.8 mm), or with cross pins to form anchorage. Such
5.7.4.1 Ashlar masonry — In ashlar masonry
anchors shall be at least 24 in. (610 mm) long and the
uniformly distributed bonder units shall be provided to
maximum spacing shall be 4 ft (1.22 m).
the extent of not less than 10 percent of the wall area.
5.8.2.3 Walls shall be anchored by joint
Such bonder units shall extend not less than 4 in. (102
reinforcement spaced at a maximum distance of 8 in.
mm) into the backing wall.
(203 mm). Longitudinal wires of such reinforcement
5.7.4.2 Rubble stone maso n r y - - Rubble stone
shall be at least wire size W1.7 (MW11) and shall extend
masonry 24 in. (610 mm) or less in thickness shall have
at least 30 in. (762 mm) in each direction at the
bonder units with a maximum spacing of 3 ft (0.91 m)
intersection.
vertically and 3 ft (0.91 m) horizontally, and if the

Table 5.6.3.1 — Foundation wall construction

Wall construction Nominal wall Maximum depth of

thickness, in. (mm) unbalanced backfill, ft (m)

Hollow unit masonry 8 (203) 5 (1.52)

10 (254) 6 (1.83)
12 (305) 7 (2.13)
Solid unit masonry 8 (203) 5 (1.52)
10 (254) 7 (2.13)
12 (305) 7 (2.13)
Fully grouted 8 (203) 7 (2.13)
masonry 10 (254) 8 (2.44)
12 (305) 8 (2.44)
C-32 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

5.8.2.4 Interior nonload-bearing walls shall extend and be embedded at least 15 in. (381 mm) into
be anchored at their intersection at vertical intervals of the masonry, or be hooked or welded to not less than
not more than 16 in. (406 mm) with joint reinforcement 0.20 in.2 (129 mm2) of bond beam reinforcement placed
or 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) mesh galvanized hardware cloth. not less than 6 in. (152 mm) from the top of the wall.
5.8.2.5 Other metal ties, joint reinforcement
5.8.4 Walls adjoining structural framing
or anchors, if used, shall be spaced to provide
Where walls are dependent upon the structural
equivalent area of anchorage to that required by this
frame for lateral support, they shall be anchored to the
section.
structural members with metal anchors or otherwise
5.8.3 Floor and roof anchorage keyed to the structural members. Metal anchors shall
Floor and roof diaphragms providing lateral consist of 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) bolts spaced at 4 ft (1.22 m)
support to masonry shall be connected to the masonry on center embedded 4 in. (102 mm) into the masonry,
by one of the following methods: or their equivalent area.
5.8.3.1 Roof loading shall be determined by
the provisions of Section 1.7.2 and, where net uplift 5.9 — Miscellaneous requirements
occurs, uplift shall be resisted entirely by an anchorage 5.9.1 Chases and recesses
system designed in accordance with the provisions of Masonry directly above chases or recesses wider
Sections 2.1 and 2.3. than 12 in. (305 mm) shall be supported on lintels.
5.8.3.2 Wood floor joists bearing on
5.9.2 Lintels
masonry walls shall be anchored to the wall at intervals
The design for lintels shall be in accordance with
not to exceed 6 ft (1.83 m) by metal strap anchors.
the provisions of Sections 1.10.1 and 2.3.3.4.
Joists parallel to the wall shall be anchored with metal
Minimum end bearing shall be 4 in. (102 mm).
straps spaced not more than 6 ft (1.83 m) on centers
extending over or under and secured to at least 3 joists. 5.9.3 Support on wood
Blocking shall be provided between joists at each strap No masonry shall be supported on wood girders or
anchor. other forms of wood construction.
5.8.3.3 Steel floor joists bearing on masonry
5.9.4 Corbelling
walls shall be anchored to the wall with 3/8 in. (9.5 mm)
Solid masonry units shall be used for corbelling.
round bars, or their equivalent, spaced not more than 6
The maximum corbelled projection beyond the face of
ft (1.83 m) on center. Where joists are parallel to the
the wall shall be not more than one-half of the wall
wall, anchors shall be located at joist bridging.
thickness or one-half the wythe thickness for hollow
5.8.3.4 Roof diaphragms shall be anchored
walls; the maximum projection of one unit shall neither
to masonry walls with 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) diameter bolts
exceed one-half the height of the unit nor one-third its
6 ft (1.83 m) on center or their equivalent. Bolts shall
thickness at right angles to the wall.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-33

CHAPTER 6
VENEERS

6.1 — General (a) Loads shall be distributed through the veneer to the
6.1.1 Scope anchors and the backing using principles of
6.1.1.1 This chapter covers the requirements mechanics.
for design and detailing of anchored masonry veneer and (b) Out-of-plane deflection of the backing shall be
its anchors and of adhered veneer. The veneer is not limited to maintain veneer stability.
subject to the allowable flexural tensile stress limitations (c) All masonry, other than veneer, shall meet the
of Section 2.2. appropriate provisions of Chapter 1 and Sections 2.1
6.1.1.2 For masonry designed in accordance and 2.2; or Chapter 1 and Sections 2.1 and 2.3; or
with this Chapter, the requirements of Section 1.2.2(c) Chapter 1, Section 2.1, and Chapter 5.
shall not apply. Thus, the inclusion of specified (d) The veneer is not subject to the provisions of
compressive strength of masonry in the contract Section 2.2.
documents is not required for masonry designed in (e) The provisions of Sections 6.1.1, 6.1.2, 6.2.2.9, and
accordance with this chapter. 6.2.2.10 shall apply.
6.1.1.3 All materials and construction shall
6.2.2 Prescriptive requirements for anchored
comply with Section 1.15, except that Articles 1.4 and
masonry veneer
3.4 D of ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602 shall not apply to
6.2.2.1 Prescriptive requirements for anchored
any veneer and Articles 3.2 F and 3.3 B shall not apply to
masonry veneer shall not be used in areas where the
adhered veneer.
velocity pressure exceeds 25 lb/ft 2 (1197 Pa) as defined
6.1.1.4 Anchored veneer shall meet the
in ASCE 7.
requirements of Section 6.1.2 and shall be designed
6.2.2.2 Connect anchored veneer to the
rationally by Section 6.2.1 or detailed by the prescriptive
backing with anchors that comply with Section 6.2.2.5
requirements of Section 6.2.2.
and Article 2.4 of ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602.
6.1.1.5 Adhered veneer shall meet the
6.2.2.3 Vertical support of anchored masonry
requirements of Section 6.1.2 and shall be designed
veneer
rationally by Section 6.3.1 or detailed by the prescriptive
6.2.2.3.1 The weight of anchored
requirements of Section 6.3.2. Section 1.11 shall not
veneer shall be supported vertically on concrete or
apply to adhered veneer.
masonry foundations or other noncombustible structural
6.1.1.6 Dimension stone veneer is not covered
supports, except as permitted in Sections 6.2.2.3.1.1 and
under this Code. Any such system shall be considered a
6.2.2.3.1.4.
Special System and submitted accordingly to the
6.2.2.3.1.1 Anchored veneer is
Building Official.
permitted to be supported vertically by preservative-
6.1.2 General design requirements treated wood foundations. The height of veneer
6.1.2.1 Design and detail the backing system supported by wood foundations shall not exceed 18 ft
of exterior veneer to resist water penetration. Exterior (5.49 m) above the support.
sheathing shall be covered with a water-resistant 6.2.2.3.1.2 Anchored veneer with a
membrane unless the sheathing is water resistant and the backing of wood framing shall not exceed the height
joints are sealed. above the noncombustible foundation given in Table
6.1.2.2 Design and detail flashing and weep 6.2.2.3.1.
holes in exterior veneer to divert water to the exterior. 6.2.2.3.1.3 If anchored veneer with a
Weepholes shall be at least 3/16 in. (4.8 mm) in diameter backing of cold-formed steel framing exceeds the height
and spaced less than 33 in. (838 mm) on center. above the noncombustible foundation given in Table
6.1.2.3 Design and detail the veneer to 6.2.2.3.1, the weight of the veneer shall be supported by
accommodate differential movement. noncombustible construction for each story above the
height limit given in Table 6.2.2.3.1.
6.2 — Anchored veneer
6.2.1 Alternative design of anchored masonry Table 6.2.2.3.1 — Height limit from foundation
veneer
The design of anchored veneer is permitted under Height at plate, ft (m) Height at gable, ft (m)
Section 1.3. The alternative design method shall have 30 (9.14) 38 (11.58)
the following conditions:
C-34 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

6.2.2.3.1.4 When anchored veneer is (a) With solid units, embed anchors in the mortar joint
used as an interior finish on wood framing, it shall have a and extend into the veneer a minimum of 1 1/2 in.
weight of 40 lb/ft2 (1915 Pa) or less and be installed in (38.1 mm), with at least 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) mortar
conformance with the provisions of this Chapter. cover to the outside face.
6.2.2.3.2 When anchored veneer is (b) With hollow units, embed anchors in mortar or grout
supported by floor construction, the floor shall be and extend into the veneer a minimum of 1 1/2 in.
designed to limit deflection as required in Section 1.10.1. (38.1 mm), with at least 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) mortar or
6.2.2.3.3 Provide noncombustible lin- grout cover to the outside face.
tels or supports attached to noncombustible framing over 6.2.2.5.4 Joint reinforcement
all openings where the anchored veneer is not self- 6.2.2.5.4.1 Ladder-type or tab-type
supporting. The deflection of such lintels or supports joint reinforcement is permitted. Cross wires used to
shall conform to the requirements of Section 1.10.1. anchor masonry veneer shall be at least wire size W1.7
6.2.2.4 Masonry units - Masonry units shall be (MW11) and shall be spaced at a maximum of 16 in.
at least 25/8 in. (66.7 mm) in actual thickness. (406 mm) on center. Cross wires shall be welded to
6.2.2.5 Anchor requirements longitudinal wires, which shall be at least wire size W1.7
6.2.2.5.1 Corrugated sheet metal anchors (MW11).
6.2.2.5.1.1 Corrugated sheet metal 6.2.2.5.4.2 Embed longitudinal wires
anchors shall be at least 7/8 in. (22 mm) wide, have a base of joint reinforcement in the mortar joint with at least 5/8
metal thickness of at least 0.03 in. (0.8 mm), and shall in. (15.9 mm) mortar cover on each side.
have corrugations with a wavelength of 0.3 to 0.5 in. (7.6 6.2.2.5.5 Adjustable anchors
to 12.7 mm) and an amplitude of 0.06 to 0.10 in. (1.5 to 6.2.2.5.5.1 Sheet metal and wire
2.5 mm). components of adjustable anchors shall conform to the
6.2.2.5.1.2 Corrugated sheet metal requirements of Section 6.2.2.5.1, 6.2.2.5.2, or 6.2.2.5.3.
anchors shall be placed as follows: Adjustable anchors with joint reinforcement shall also
(a) With solid units, embed anchors in the mortar joint meet the requirements of Section 6.2.2.5.4.
and extend into the veneer a minimum of 1 1/2 in. 6.2.2.5.5.2 Maximum clearance
(38.1 mm), with at least 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) mortar between connecting parts of the tie shall be 1/16 in. (1.6
cover to the outside face. mm).
(b) With hollow units, embed anchors in mortar or grout 6.2.2.5.5.3 Adjustable anchors shall
and extend into the veneer a minimum of 1 1/2 in. be detailed to prevent disengagement.
(38.1 mm), with at least 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) mortar or 6.2.2.5.5.4 Pintle anchors shall have
grout cover to the outside face. at least two pintle legs of wire size W2.8 (MW18) each
6.2.2.5.2 Sheet metal anchors and shall have an offset not exceeding 11/4 in. (31.8 mm).
6.2.2.5.2.1 Sheet metal anchors shall 6.2.2.5.5.5 Adjustable anchors of
be at least 7/8 in. (22.2 mm) wide, have a base metal equivalent strength and stiffness to those specified in
thickness of at least 0.06 in. (1.5 mm) and shall: Sections 6.2.2.5.5.1 through 6.2.2.5.5.4 are permitted.
(a) have corrugations as given in Section 6.2.2.5.1.1, or 6.2.2.5.6 Anchor spacing
(b) be bent, notched, or punched to provide equivalent 6.2.2.5.6.1 For adjustable two-piece
performance in pull-out or push-through. anchors, anchors of wire size W1.7 (MW11), and 22
6.2.2.5.2.2 Sheet metal anchors shall gage (0.8 mm) corrugated sheet metal anchors, provide at
be placed as follows: least one anchor for each 2.67 ft2 (0.25m 2) of wall area.
(a) With solid units, embed anchors in the mortar joint 6.2.2.5.6.2 For all other anchors,
and extend into the veneer a minimum of 1 1/2 in. provide at least one anchor for each 3.5 ft 2 (0.33 m2) of
(38.1 mm), with at least 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) mortar wall area.
cover to the outside face. 6.2.2.5.6.3 Space anchors at a
(b) With hollow units, embed anchors in mortar or grout maximum of 32 in. (813 mm) horizontally and 18 in.
and extend into the veneer a minimum of 1 1/2 in. (457 mm) vertically.
(38.1 mm), with at least 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) mortar or 6.2.2.5.6.4 Provide additional anch-
grout cover to the outside face. ors around all openings larger than 16 in. (406 mm) in
6.2.2.5.3 Wire anchors either dimension. Space anchors around perimeter of
6.2.2.5.3.1 Wire anchors shall be at opening at a maximum of 3 ft (0.91 m) on center. Place
least wire size W1.7 (MW11) and have ends bent to for anchors within 12 in. (305 mm) of openings.
an extension from the bend at least 2 in. (50.8 mm) long. 6.2.2.5.7 Joint thickness for anchors —
6.2.2.5.3.2 Wire anchors shall be Mortar bed joint thickness shall be at least twice the
placed as follows: thickness of the embedded anchor.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-35

6.2.2.6 Masonry veneer anchored to wood 6.2.2.10.2 Seismic Performance

backing Category D
6.2.2.6.1 Veneer shall be attached with 6.2.2.10.2.1 The requirements for
any anchor permitted in Section 6.2.2.5. Seismic Performance Category C and the requirements of
6.2.2.6.2 Attach each anchor to wood this section apply to anchored veneer for buildings in
studs or wood framing with a corrosion-resistant 8d Seismic Performance Category D.
common nail, or fastener with equivalent or greater 6.2.2.10.2.2 Support the weight of
pullout strength. For corrugated sheet metal anchors, anchored veneer for each story independent of other
locate the nail or fastener within 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) of the stories.
90 degree bend in the anchor. 6.2.2.10.2.3 Reduce the maximum
6.2.2.6.3 Maintain a maximum distance wall area supported by each anchor to 75 percent of that
between the inside face of the veneer and outside face of required in Sections 6.2.2.5.6.1 and 6.2.2.5.6.2.
the solid sheathing of 1 in. (25.4 mm) when corrugated Maximum horizontal and vertical spacings are
anchors are used. Maintain a maximum distance between unchanged.
the inside face of the veneer and the wood stud or wood 6.2.2.10.2.4 Provide continuous,
framing of 4 1/2 in. (114 mm) when other anchors are single-wire joint reinforcement of minimum wire size
used. Maintain a 1 in. (25.4 mm) minimum air space. W1.7 (MW11) at a maximum spacing of 18 in. (457 mm)
6.2.2.7 Masonry veneer anchored to steel on center vertically.
backing 6.2.2.10.3 Seismic Performance
6.2.2.7.1 Attach veneer with adjustable Category E
anchors. 6.2.2.10.3.1 The requirements for
6.2.2.7.2 Attach each anchor to steel Seismic Performance Category D and the requirements of
framing with corrosion-resistant screws that have a this section apply to anchored veneer for buildings in
minimum nominal shank diameter of 0.190 in. (4.8 mm). Seismic Performance Category E.
6.2.2.7.3 Cold-formed steel framing 6.2.2.10.3.2 Provide vertical expan-
shall be corrosion resistant and have a minimum base sion joints at all returns and corners.
metal thickness of 0.043 in. (1.1 mm). 6.2.2.10.3.3 Mechanically attach
6.2.2.7.4 Maintain a 41/2 in. (114 mm) anchors to the joint reinforcement required in Section
maximum distance between the inside face of the veneer 6.2.2.10.2.4 with clips or hooks.
and the steel framing. Maintain a 1 in. (25.4 mm)
minimum air space. 6.3 — Adhered veneer
6.2.2.8 Masonry veneer anchored to masonry 6.3.1 Alternative design of adhered masonry
or concrete backing veneer
6.2.2.8.1 Attach veneer to masonry The design of adhered veneer is permitted under
backing with wire anchors, adjustable anchors, or joint Section 1.3. The alternative design method shall have
reinforcement. Attach veneer to concrete backing with the following conditions:
adjustable anchors. (a) Loads shall be distributed through the veneer to the
6.2.2.8.2 Maintain a 41/2 in. (114 mm) backing using principles of mechanics.
maximum distance between the inside face of the veneer (b) Out-of-plane curvature shall be limited to prevent
and the outside face of the masonry or concrete backing. veneer unit separation from the backing.
Maintain a 1 in. (25.4 mm) minimum air space. (c) All masonry, other than veneer, shall meet the
6.2.2.9 Veneer laid in other than running bond appropriate provisions of Chapter 1 and Sections 2.1
Anchored veneer laid in other than running and 2.2; or Chapter 1 and Sections 2.1 and 2.3; or
bond shall have joint reinforcement of at least one wire, Chapter 1, Section 2.1, and Chapter 5.
of size W1.7 (MW11), spaced at a maximum of 18 in. (d) The veneer is not subject to the provisions of Section
(457 mm) on center vertically. 2.2.
6.2.2.10 Requirements in seismic areas (e) The provisions of Section 6.1 shall apply.
6.2.2.10.1 Seismic Performance
Category C 6.3.2 Prescriptive requirements for adhered
6.2.2.10.1.1 The requirements of this masonry veneer
section apply to anchored veneer for buildings in Seismic 6.3.2.1 Unit sizes — Adhered veneer units
5
Performance Category C. shall not exceed 2 /8 in. (66.7 mm) in specified thickness,
6.2.2.10.1.2 Isolate the sides and top 36 in. (914 mm) in any face dimension, nor more that
of anchored veneer from the structure so that vertical and 5 ft2 (0.46 m2) in total face area, and shall not weigh
lateral seismic forces resisted by the structure are not more than 15 lb/ft2 (718 Pa).
imparted to the veneer.
C-36 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

6.3.2.2 Wall area limitations — The height, concrete, or steel or wood framing with metal lath and
length, and area of adhered veneer shall not be limited portland cement plaster.
except as required to control restrained differential 6.3.2.4 Adhesion developed between adhered
movement stresses between veneer and backing. veneer units and backing shall have a shear strength of at
6.3.2.3 Backing — Backing shall provide a least 50 psi (345 kPa) based on gross unit surface area, or
continuous, moisture-resistant surface to receive the shall be adhered in compliance with Article 3.3 C of ACI
adhered veneer. Backing is permitted to be masonry or 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-37

CHAPTER 7
GLASS UNIT MASONRY

7.1 — Scope 7.3 — Panel size

7.1.1 This chapter covers empirical requirements 7.3.1 Exterior standard-unit panels
for glass unit masonry in exterior or interior walls. The maximum area of each individual standard-unit
panel shall be based on the design wind pressure, in
7.1.2 For masonry designed in accordance with
accordance with Fig. 7.3-1. The maximum dimension
this Chapter, the requirements of Section 1.2.2(c) shall
between structural supports shall be 25 ft (7.62 m) wide
not apply. Thus the inclusion of specified compressive
or 20 ft (6.10 m) high.
strength of masonry in the contract documents is not
required for masonry designed in accordance with this 7.3.2 Exterior thin-unit panels
Chapter. The maximum area of each individual thin-unit panel
shall be 85 ft 2 (7.90 m2). The maximum dimension
7.1.3 All materials and construction shall comply
between structural supports shall be 15 ft (4.57 m) wide
with Section 1.15.1, except that Article 1.4 of ACI
or 10 ft (3.05 m) high. Thin units shall not be used in
530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602 shall not apply.
applications where the design wind pressure exceeds 20
lb/ft2 (958 Pa).
7.2 — Units
7.2.1 General 7.3.3 Interior panels
Hollow or solid glass block units shall be standard or The maximum area of each individual standard-unit
thin units. panel shall be 250 ft 2 (23.22 2). The maximum area of
each thin-unit panel shall be 150 ft 2 (13.94 2). The
7.2.2 Standard units
maximum dimension between structural supports shall be
The specified thickness shall be 3 7/8 in. (98.4 mm)
25 ft (7.62 m) wide or 20 ft (6.10 m) high.
thick.
7.3.4 Curved panels
7.2.3 Thin units
The width of curved panels shall conform to the
The specified thickness shall be 3 1/8 in. (79.4 mm)
requirements of Sections 7.3.1, 7.3.2, and 7.3.3, except
for hollow units or 3 in. (76.2 mm) for solid units.
additional structural supports shall be provided at
locations where a curved section joins a straight section,
and at inflection points in multicurved walls.

Fig. 7.3-1 — Glass Unit Masonry Design Wind Load Resistance

C-38 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

7.4 — Support 7.5 — Expansion joints

7.4.1 Isolation Glass unit masonry panels shall be provided with
Glass unit masonry panels shall be isolated so that expansion joints along the top and sides at all structural
in-plane loads are not imparted to the panel. supports. Expansion joints shall have sufficient thickness
to accommodate displacements of the supporting
7.4.2 Vertical
structure, but shall not be less than 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) in
Maximum total deflection of structural members
thickness. Expansion joints shall be entirely free of
supporting glass unit masonry shall not exceed l/600.
mortar or other debris and shall be filled with resilient
7.4.3 Lateral material.
7.4.3.1 Glass unit masonry panels, more than
one unit wide or one unit high, shall be laterally 7.6 — Base surface treatment
supported along the top and sides of the panel. Lateral The surface on which glass unit masonry panels are
support shall be provided by panel anchors along the top placed shall be coated with a water-based asphaltic
and sides spaced not more than 16 in. (406 mm) on emulsion or other elastic waterproofing material prior to
center or by channel-type restraints. Glass unit masonry laying the first course.
panels shall be recessed at least 1 in. (25.4 mm) within
channels and chases. Channel-type restraints must be 7.7 — Mortar
oversized to accommodate expansion material in the Glass unit masonry shall be laid with Type S or N
opening, and packing and sealant between the framing mortar.
restraints and the glass unit masonry perimeter units.
Lateral supports for glass unit masonry panels shall be 7.8 — Reinforcement
designed to resist applied loads, or a minimum of 200 lb Glass unit masonry panels shall have horizontal joint
per lineal ft (2919 N/m) of panel, whichever is greater. reinforcement spaced not more than 16 in. (406 mm) on
7.4.3.2 Glass unit masonry panels that are no center, located in the mortar bed joint, and extending the
more than one unit wide shall conform to the entire length of the panel but not across expansion joints.
requirements of Section 7.4.3.1, except that lateral Longitudinal wires shall be lapped a minimum of 6 in.
support at the top of the panel is not required. (152 mm) at splices. Joint reinforcement shall be placed
7.4.3.3 Glass unit masonry panels that are no in the bed joint immediately below and above openings
more than one unit high shall conform to the in the panel. The reinforcement shall have not less than
requirements of Section 7.4.3.1, except that lateral two parallel longitudinal wires of size W1.7 (MW11) and
support at the sides of the panels is not required. have welded cross wires of size W1.7 (MW11).
7.4.3.4 Glass unit masonry panels that are
single unit panels shall conform to the requirements of
7.4.3.1, except that lateral support shall not be provided
by panel anchors.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-39

TRANSLATION OF INCH-POUND UNITS TO SI UNITS

FOR INFORMATION ONLY
The equations in this Code are for use with the specified inch-pound
units only. The equivalent units for use with SI units follow.

Code Eq. No. SI Unit

or Sec. No. Equivalent Equation Units

1.8.2.2 Em = 700 f 'm for clay masonry

f 'm in MPa
Em = 900 f 'm for concrete masonry

1.8.2.3 500 fg fg in MPa

(2-1) Ba = 0.042 Ap f m′ Ap in mm2

Ba in Newtons
f m′ in MPa

(2-2) Ba = 0.2 Ab f y Ab in mm2

Ba in Newtons
fy in MPa

(2-3) Ap = πlb2 Ap in mm2

lb in mm

(2-4) Ap = πlbe2 Ap in mm2

lbe in mm

(2-5) Bv = 1072 4 f m′ Ab Ab in mm2

Bv in Newtons
f m′ in MPa

(2-6) Bv = 0.12 Ab f y Ab in mm2

Bv in Newtons
fy in MPa

(2-7) ba b Ba in Newtons
+ v ≤ 1
Ba Bv Bv in Newtons
ba in Newtons
bv in Newtons

2.1.3.2.2(c) 0.083 unit compressive strength of header unit compressive strength of header in MPa

(2-8) ld = 0.22d b Fs db in mm
Fs in MPa
ld in mm
C-40 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

Code Eq. No. SI Unit

or Sec. No. Equivalent Equation Units

Av in mm2
2.1.8.3.1.5(b) Av ≥0.41b w s / f y
bw in mm
s in mm
s ≤ d / 8β b fy in MPa
d in mm
βb is dimensionless

(2-9) ld = 0.29d b Fs db in mm
Fs in MPa
ld in mm

(2-10) fa f Fa in MPa
+ b ≤ 1
Fa Fb Fb in MPa
fa in MPa
fb in MPa

(2-11) P ≤ ( )P
1
4 e
P in Newtons
Pe in Newtons

(2-12)   h  2 Fa in MPa
Fa = ( 1
4 ) f m′ 1 −   f 'm in MPa
  140r   h in mm
r in mm

(2-13) 2
Fa in MPa
( ) f ′ 
70r 
Fa = 1
 f 'm in MPa
h 
4 m

h in mm
r in mm

(2-14) Fb = ( )f ′
1
3 m
Fb in MPa
f 'm in MPa

(2-15) π Em I 
2
e
3
Em in MPa
Pe =  1 − 0.577  e in mm
h 2
 r
h in mm
I in mm4
Pe in Newtons
r in mm

(2-16) VQ b in mm
fv =
Ib fv in MPa
I in mm4
Q in mm3
V in Newtons

2.2.5.2(a) 0.125 f m′ f m′ in MPa

Answer in MPa
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-41

Code Eq. No. SI Unit

or Sec. No. Equivalent Equation Units

2.2.5.2(c) An in mm2
v + 0.45 Nv /An NV in Newtons
v in MPa
Answer in MPa

(2-17) An in mm2 h in mm
  h 2 Ast in mm2 Pa in Newtons
Pa = ( 0.25 f m′ An + 0.65 Ast Fs ) 1 −    Fs in MPa r in mm
  140r   f 'm in MPa

(2-18) An in mm2 h in mm
2 Ast in mm2 Pa in Newtons
 70r 
Pa = (0.25 f m′ An + 0.65 Ast Fs )   Fs in MPa r in mm
 h  f 'm in MPa

(2-19) V b in mm
fv =
bd d in mm
fv in MPa
V in Newtons

(2-20) Fv in MPa
Fv = 0.083 f m′ f m′ in MPa

(2-21) d in mm
Fv = 0.028[4 − ( M / Vd )] f m′ Fv in MPa
M in Newton-mm
but shall not exceed
V in Newtons
0.55 – 0.31 (M/Vd) in MPa
f m′ in MPa

(2-22) Fv in MPa
Fv = 0.083 f m′ f m′ in MPa

(2-23) Fv in MPa
Fv = 0.25 f m′ f m′ in MPa

(2-24) Fv = 0.042[4 − ( M / Vd )] f m′ d in mm
Fv in MPa
but shall not exceed
M in Newton-mm
0.82 – 0.31 (M/Vd) in MPa
V in Newtons
f m′ in MPa

(2-25) Fv = 0.125 f m′ Fv in MPa

f m′ in MPa
C-42 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

Code Eq. No. SI Unit

or Sec. No. Equivalent Equation Units

(2-26) Vs Av in mm2
Av =
Fs d d in mm
Fs in MPa
s in mm
V in Newtons
a in
(4-1) f ps A ps + f y As + Pu fps in MPa
a = Aps in 2
0.85 f m′ b fy in MPa
As in mm2
Pu in Newtons
f 'm in MPa
b in

f 'm in MPa
4.5.3.2.3 0.05 f 'm An
An in mm2
Answer in MPa
fps in MPa
(4-2)  d   f pu Aps  fse in MPa
f ps = f se + (690)  1 − 1.4  d in
 l p    bdf m′  lp in mm
fpu in MPa
Aps in mm2
b in
f 'm in MPa

Mn in Newton·mm
(4-3) a fps in MPa
M n = (f ps A ps + f y As + Pu )(d − ) 2
2 Aps in
fy in MPa
As in mm2
Pu in Newtons
d in
a in

Nv Fv in MPa
(4-4a) Fv = v + 0.45 v in MPa
An
Nv in Newtons
An in mm2

Nν Fv in MPa
(4-4b) Fv = (0.0155 f m′ ) + 0125
. f m′ f 'm in MPa
An Nv in Newtons
An in mm2

Fv in MPa
(4-4c) N
Fν = (βf m′ ) − (βf m′ ) ν
2 β is dimensionless
An f 'm in MPa
Nv in Newtons
An in mm2
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-43

Cross Reference Matrix

between the 1995 and 1999 MSJC Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures

The 1999 Building Code Requirements for This matrix shows new section references for the
Masonry Structures (ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402) has listed 1995 section numbers. Sections are listed
been completely reformatted from earlier versions in numerically by increasing order from the 1995 version
order to provide logical chapter locations for of the Code. Any subsections of a 1995 section should
Prestressed Masonry Design provisions, and eventually be assumed to have been renumbered as a subsection of
Limit States Design procedures. This means that while the 1999 section, unless noted otherwise. The user
many Code requirements have not changed, they have should note that some sections have been both moved
been moved to new locations within the Code. Because in location and revised in content, so requirements may
many designers are familiar with the old section have also changed between the 1995 and the 1999
numbers, and since many design aides (books, Codes.
programs, etc.) are based on the older versions of the
Code, this cross-reference matrix is provided.

This matrix is provided for information only and is not part of the Code.

1995 Section Number 1999 Section Number

CHAPTER 1 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1.1 Scope 1.1
1.2 Contract Documents and calculations 1.2
1.3 Approval of special systems of design or construction 1.3
1.4 Standards cited in this Code 1.4

CHAPTER 2- NOTATIONS AND DEFINITIONS

2.1 Notations 1.5
2.2 Definitions 1.6

CHAPTER 3 - GENERAL (QUALITY ASSURANCE &

CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS)
3.1 Materials, labor and construction 1.15
3.1.1 1.15.1
3.1.2 Grouting, minimum spaces 1.15.2
3.2 Acceptance relative to strength requirements 1.14.2

CHAPTER 4 - EMBEDDED ITEMS - ANCHORAGE OF MASONRY

TO FRAMING AND EXISTING CONSTRUCTION
4.1 Embedded conduits, pipes and sleeves 1.15.3
4.2 Anchorage of masonry to structural members, frames and other 1.15.4
construction
4.3 Connectors 1.2.2(e)
C-44 ACI 530-99/ASCE 5-99/TMS 402-99

1995 Section Number 1999 Section Number

CHAPTER 5 - GENERAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

REQUIREMENTS
5.1 Scope 1.1.3
5.2 Loading 1.7
5.3 Load combinations 2.1.1.1
5.4 Design strength 2.1.1.2
5.5 Material properties 1.8
5.6 Deflection of beams and lintels 1.10.1
5.7 Lateral load distribution 1.7.5
5.8 Multiwythe walls 2.1.3
5.9 Columns 2.1.4
5.10 Pilasters 2.1.5
5.11 Load transfer at horizontal connections 2.1.6
5.12 Concentrated loads 2.1.7
5.13 Section properties 1.9
5.14 Anchor bolts solidly grouted in masonry 2.1.2
5.15 Framed construction 1.10.2
5.16 Stack bond masonry 1.11

CHAPTER 6 - UNREINFORCED MASONRY

6.1 Scope 2.2.1
6.2 Stresses in reinforcement 2.2.2
6.3 Axial compression and flexure 2.2.3
6.4 Axial tension 2.2.4
6.5 Shear 2.2.5

CHAPTER 7 - REINFORCED MASONRY

7.1 Scope 2.3.1
7.2 Steel reinforcement 2.3.2
7.3 Axial compression and flexure 2.3.3
7.4 Axial tension 2.3.4
7.5 Shear 2.3.5

CHAPTER 8 - DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT

8.1 Scope 1.12.1
8.2 Size of reinforcement 1.12.2
8.3 Placement limits for reinforcement 1.12.3
8.4 Protection for reinforcement 1.12.4
8.5 Development of reinforcement embedded in grout 2.1.8
8.5.1 General 2.1.8.1
8.5.2 Embedment of bars and wires in tension 2.1.8.2
8.5.3 Embedment of flexural reinforcement 2.1.8.3
8.5.4 Standard hooks 1.12.5
8.5.5 Minimum bend diameter for reinforcing bars 1.12.6
8.5.5.1 1.12.6
8.5.5.2 2.1.8.4.1
8.5.5.3 2.1.8.4.2
8.5.6 Development of shear reinforcement 2.1.8.5
8.5.7 Splices of reinforcement 2.1.8.6
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASONRY STRUCTURES C-45

1995 Section Number 1999 Section Number

CHAPTER 9 - EMPIRICAL DESIGN OF MASONRY

9.1 Scope 5.1
9.2 Height 5.2
9.3 Lateral stability 5.3
9.4 Compressive stress requirements 5.4
9.5 Lateral support 5.5
9.6 Thickness of masonry 5.6
9.7 Bond 5.7
9.8 Anchorage 5.8
9.9 Miscellaneous requirements 5.9

CHAPTER 10 - SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

10.1 Scope 1.13.1
10.2 General 1.13.2
10.2.1 1.13.2.1
10.2.2 Strength requirements 2.1.1.2.3
10.2.2.4 Drift Limits 1.13.2.2
10.3 Seismic Performance Category A 1.13.3
10.4 Seismic Performance Category B 1.13.4
10.5 Seismic Performance Category C 1.13.5
10.6 Seismic Performance Category D 1.13.6
10.7 Seismic Performance Category E 1.13.7

CHAPTER 11 - GLASS UNIT MASONRY

11.1 Scope 7.1
11.2 Units 7.2
11.3 Panel size 7.3
11.4 Support 7.4
11.5 Expansion joints 7.5
11.6 Mortar 7.7
11.7 Reinforcement 7.8

CHAPTER 12 - VENEERS
12.1 Scope 6.1.1
12.1.1 6.1.1.1
12.1.2 6.1.1.3
12.1.3 6.1.1.5
12.2 General design requirements 6.1.2
12.2.4 6.1.1.2
12.3 Alternative design of anchored masonry veneer 6.2.1
12.4 Prescriptive requirements for anchored masonry veneer 6.2.2
12.5 Vertical support of anchored masonry veneer 6.2.2.3
12.6 Masonry units 6.2.2.4
12.7 Anchor requirements 6.2.2.5
12.8 Masonry veneer anchored to wood backing 6.2.2.6
12.9 Masonry veneer anchored to steel backing 6.2.2.7
12.10 Masonry veneer anchored to masonry or concrete backing 6.2.2.8
12.11 Veneer laid in other than running bond 6.2.2.9
12.12 Requirements in seismic areas 6.2.2.10