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8 views3 pages

Wa0034

Uploaded by

gumlamohit7
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Q. What is Processor?

Ans: The processor is a chip or a logical circuit that responds and processes the basic instructions to
drive a particular computer.
Processors are invented by Marcian Hoff. Some of the processor manufacturer companies are Intel,
AMD, Qualcomm, Motorola, Samsung, IBM, etc. The processors are small size chips made by silicon
that are placed inside the devices to perform the task or operation within seconds and its speed is
measured in terms of megahertz. The fetching, decoding, executing and write back the instructions
are the four main primary functions of the processor
Q: Explain Type of Processor
Types of Processors

Processors are ranked in terms of hertz, or more commonly gigahertz e.g., 2.5 GHz.
This is the frequency they run at. Generally, the higher the speed, the better the
performance. Three different manufacturers produce a vast majority of the
processors available for purchase.

1. Intel. Intel is the most popular and well-known maker of processors. Manufacturers
like Dell, Apple, Samsung and HP all use Intel processors in their computers. Intel
processors are the most stable and offer the best all- round performance. The
current i3, i5 and i7 models represent entry, middle and high level hardware.

Name of processor speed


4004 740KHz
8008 – 8088 200KHz to
4.77MHz
80286-80486 12 MHz - 100 MHz

Intel Celeron 266 MHz - 3.6 GHz


Intel Pentium 150 MHz - 3.73
Pro to Pentium 4 GHz
Intel Core 1.06 GHz - 2.33
GHz
Intel Core 2 1.06 GHz - 3.33
GHz
Intel Core i3 800 MHz - 4.0 GHz
Intel Core i5 1.06 GHz - 4.2 GHz
Intel Core i7 1.1 GHz - 4.4 GHz
Intel Core i7 (Extreme 3.0 GHz - 5.0 GHz
Edition)
Intel Core i9 3.0 Ghz - 5.3 Ghz
Intel Core i9 (Extreme 2.90 GHz- 4.30 GHz
Edition)

2. AMD. AMD is Intel’s biggest competitor, offering processors that are


similar to Intel’s, but at a, for the most part, cheaper price. The majority of computer
manufacturers, except for Apple, also offer products with AMD processors. AMD’s
Athlon processors are budget models while Phenom and FX are mainstream and high
level respectively
Name Clock Speed
Athlon 400 Mhz to 2.7Ghz
Duron 600Mhz to 3.5GHz
Sempron 1.5Ghz to 3.9GHz
Opteron 1.4GHz to 3.2GHz
zen 2.1 Ghz to 5 Ghz

3. ARM. ARM processors are generally used in smartphones, mobile devices


and tablets. Apple’s iPhone and iPad; Samsung’s Galaxy line and HTC
devices all use some form of ARM processor in their mobile devices. A rule
of thumb is, if it doesn’t have AMD or Intel in the name, it’s most likely an
ARM processor.

ARM Typical MIPS @ MHz


family
ARM1- 7 4MIPS @8MHz to 40
MHz
ARM8-11 84 MIPS @ 72 MHz
to 772 MHz

SecurCore 0.9 DMIPS/MHz


Cortex-M 0.84 DMIPS/MHz TO
1,50DMIPS/MHz
Cortex-R 1.67 DMIPS/MHz TO
2.16DMIPS/MHz
Cortex-A 1.57 TO 3.0 DMIPS/MHz
(32-bit) per core

Cortex-A 1.78TO 4.8 DMIPS/MHz


(64-bit)

Q. Explain Instruction Cycle?

Ans:- Instruction cycle is collection of phases which covers all the steps required for executing
instruction in a processor. They are as follows:

1. Fetch
2. Decode
3. Execute
4. Write back

1. Fetch instruction: Read instruction code from address in PC and place in Instruction Register.
2. Decode instruction: The instruction fetched are converted into Machine Readable form so that
System can understand it for further processing
3. Execute: Perform the functions on decoded instruction. This is done by Accumulator in ALU. Which
actually perform all calculations on operands based on type of operator
4. Write back : It Store executed result in memory if necessary: If destination is a memory address,
initiate a memory write cycle to transfer the result from the CPU to memory. Depending on the
situation, the CPU may or may not have to wait until this operation completes. If the next instruction
does not need to access the memory chip where the result is stored, it can proceed with the next
instruction while the memory unit is carrying out the write operation.

Q. Explain RISC and CISC processor


RISC Processor
It is known as Reduced Instruction Set Computer. It is a type of microprocessor that has a limited
number of instructions. They can execute their instructions very fast because instructions are very
small and simple.
RISC chips require fewer transistors which make them cheaper to design and produce. In RISC, the
instruction set contains simple and basic instructions from which more complex instruction can be
produced. Most instructions complete in one cycle, which allows the processor to handle many
instructions at same time.
In this instructions are register based and data transfer takes place from register to register.
CISC Processor
 It is known as Complex Instruction Set Computer.
 It was first developed by Intel.
 It contains large number of complex instructions.
 In this instructions are not register based.
 Instructions cannot be completed in one machine cycle.
 Data transfer is from memory to memory.
 Micro programmed control unit is found in CISC.
 Also they have variable instruction formats.
 Difference –
RISC CISC

Focus on software Focus on hardware


Uses both hardwired and micro programmed
Uses only Hardwired control unit control unit

Transistors are used for storing complex


Transistors are used for more registers Instructions

Fixed sized instructions Variable sized instructions


Can perform only Register to Register Arthmetic Can perform REG to REG or REG to MEM or
operations MEM to MEM

Requires more number of registers Requires less number of registers


Code size is large Code size is small

A instruction execute in single clock cycle Instruction take more than one clock cycle
A instruction fit in one word Instruction are larger than size of one word

Used in Desktop, Laptop computers Used in Super Computer

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