2D Arrays in C#

Working Example: Vision

Suppose, that you want to save the number of cars in
stock. The company sells five types of cars in five
different colours.
Red Black Brown Blue Gray
Suzuki 10 7 12 10 4

Toyota 18 11 15 17 2

Nissan 23 19 12 16 14

BMW 7 12 16 0 2

Audi 3 5 6 2 1
 Solution
In C++, we initialized the 2D array as follows.

int cars[5][5] = {{10, 7, 12, 10, 4},

{18, 11, 15, 17, 2},
{23, 19, 12, 16, 14},
{7, 12, 16, 0, 2},
{3, 5, 6, 2, 1}
};
 Solution
In C#, we initialize the 2D array as follows.

int cars[5][5] = {{10, 7, 12, 10, 4}, int [,] cars = {{10, 7, 12, 10, 4},
{18, 11, 15, 17, 2}, {18, 11, 15, 17, 2},
{23, 19, 12, 16, 14}, {23, 19, 12, 16, 14},
{7, 12, 16, 0, 2}, {7, 12, 16, 0, 2},
{3, 5, 6, 2, 1} {3, 5, 6, 2, 1}
}; };
 Solution
In C#, if we just want to declare the 2D array then
it is as follows.

int [,] cars = new int[5,5];

 Accessing the Elements
In C++, we accessed the elements of the 2D array as
follows.

Red Black Brown Blue Gray

Suzuki 10 7 12 10 4

Toyota 18 11 15 17 2

Nissan 23 19 12 16 14

BMW 7 12 16 0 2

Audi 3 5 6 2 1
 Accessing the Elements
In C++, we accessed the elements of the 2D array as
follows.
cars[0][2];

Red Black Brown Blue Gray

Suzuki 10 7 12 10 4

Toyota 18 11 15 17 2

Nissan 23 19 12 16 14

BMW 7 12 16 0 2

Audi 3 5 6 2 1
 Accessing the Elements
In C#, we access the elements of the 2D array as
follows.
cars[0][2]; cars[0,2];

Red Black Brown Blue Gray

Suzuki 10 7 12 10 4

Toyota 18 11 15 17 2

Nissan 23 19 12 16 14

BMW 7 12 16 0 2

Audi 3 5 6 2 1
 Working Example: Vision
Write a Function that returns the sum of all the
colors of all the cars.

Red Black Brown Blue Gray

Suzuki 10 7 12 10 4

Toyota 18 11 15 17 2

Nissan 23 19 12 16 14

BMW 7 12 16 0 2

Audi 3 5 6 2 1
 Solution
static void Main(string[] args)
static int printSum(int [,] cars) {
{ int [,] cars = {
int sum = 0; { 10, 7, 12, 10, 4},
for (int x = 0; x < 5; x++) { 18, 11, 15, 17, 2},
{ { 23, 19, 12, 16, 14},
for (int y = 0; y < 5; y++) { 7, 12, 16, 0, 2},
{ { 3, 5, 6, 2, 1}
sum = sum + cars[x, y]; };
} int sum;
} sum = printSum(cars);
return sum; Console.WriteLine("Sum is: {0}", sum);
} Console.Read();
}
Game Development
in C#
PacMan Game
PacMan Game: Maze
char[,] maze = new char[10,10] {
{ '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%'},
{ '%', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '%'},
{ '%', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '%'},
{ '%', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '%'},
{ '%', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '%'},
{ '%', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '%'},
{ '%', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '%'},
{ '%', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '%'},
{ '%', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '%'},
{ '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%'}
};
 Solution C++
In C++, we used gotoxy(x,y)
To display something on the specific location on the console.

void movePacmanRight()
{
if (maze[pacmanX][pacmanY + 1] == ' ' || maze[pacmanX][pacmanY + 1] == '.')
{
maze[pacmanX][pacmanY] = ' ';
gotoxy(pacmanY, pacmanX);
cout << " ";
pacmanY = pacmanY + 1;
gotoxy(pacmanY, pacmanX);
cout << "P";
}
}
 Solution C#: MovePacManUp
In C#, we will use Console.SetCursorPosition(x,y)
To display something on the specific location on the console.

static void movePacManUp(char[,] maze, ref int pacmanX, ref int pacmanY)
{
if (maze[pacmanX - 1,pacmanY] == ' ' || maze[pacmanX - 1,pacmanY] == '.')
{
maze[pacmanX,pacmanY] = ' ';
Console.SetCursorPosition(pacmanY, pacmanX);
Console.Write(" ");
pacmanX = pacmanX - 1;
Console.SetCursorPosition(pacmanY, pacmanX);
Console.Write("P");
}
}
 Solution C#: MovePacManDown
In C#, we will use Console.SetCursorPosition(x,y)
To display something on the specific location on the console.

static void movePacManDown(char[,] maze, ref int pacmanX, ref int pacmanY)
{
if (maze[pacmanX + 1,pacmanY] == ' ' || maze[pacmanX + 1,pacmanY] == '.')
{
maze[pacmanX,pacmanY] = ' ';
Console.SetCursorPosition(pacmanY, pacmanX);
Console.Write(" ");
pacmanX = pacmanX + 1;
Console.SetCursorPosition(pacmanY, pacmanX);
Console.Write("P");
}
}
 Solution C#: MovePacManLeft
In C#, we will use Console.SetCursorPosition(x,y)
To display something on the specific location on the console.

static void movePacManLeft(char[,] maze, ref int pacmanX, ref int pacmanY)
{
if (maze[pacmanX,pacmanY - 1] == ' ' || maze[pacmanX,pacmanY - 1] == '.')
{
maze[pacmanX,pacmanY] = ' ';
Console.SetCursorPosition(pacmanY, pacmanX);
Console.Write(" ");
pacmanY = pacmanY - 1;
Console.SetCursorPosition(pacmanY, pacmanX);
Console.Write("P");
}
}
 Solution C#: MovePacManRight
In C#, we will use Console.SetCursorPosition(x,y)
To display something on the specific location on the console.

static void movePacManRight(char[,] maze, ref int pacmanX, ref int pacmanY)
{
if (maze[pacmanX,pacmanY + 1] == ' ' || maze[pacmanX,pacmanY + 1] == '.')
{
maze[pacmanX,pacmanY] = ' ';
Console.SetCursorPosition(pacmanY, pacmanX);
Console.Write(" ");
pacmanY = pacmanY + 1;
Console.SetCursorPosition(pacmanY, pacmanX);
Console.Write("P");
}
}
 Solution C#: MovePacManRight
In C#, we will use Console.SetCursorPosition(x,y)
To display something on the specific location on the console.

static void movePacManRight(char[,] maze, ref int pacmanX, ref int pacmanY)
{
if (maze[pacmanX,pacmanY + 1] == ' ' || maze[pacmanX,pacmanY + 1] == '.')
{
maze[pacmanX,pacmanY] = ' '; Important thing to note here
Console.SetCursorPosition(pacmanY, pacmanX); is that we are passing the X
Console.Write(" "); and Y coordinates of Pacman
pacmanY = pacmanY + 1;
by reference to this
Console.SetCursorPosition(pacmanY, pacmanX);
function, so the changes are
Console.Write("P");
done in the single variable.
}
}
 main(){

Solution C++ bool gameRunning = true;

while (gameRunning){
Sleep(100);
system("CLS");
printMaze();
printScore();
if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_LEFT)){
movePacmanLeft();
}
if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_RIGHT)){
movePacmanRight();
}
if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_UP)){
movePacmanUP();
}
if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_DOWN)){
movePacmanDown();
}
if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_ESCAPE)){
gameRunning = false; } }
}
 main(){

Solution C++ bool gameRunning = true;

while (gameRunning){
Sleep(100);
system("CLS");
printMaze();
printScore();
if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_LEFT)){
In C++, we used movePacmanLeft();
GetAsyncKeyState(KeyCode) }

To detect if the key was if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_RIGHT)){

movePacmanRight();
pressed or not. }
if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_UP)){
movePacmanUP();
}
if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_DOWN)){
movePacmanDown();
}
if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_ESCAPE)){
gameRunning = false; } }
}
 static void Main(string[] args)

Solution C#
{
int pacmanX = 4; int pacmanY = 4;
char[,] maze = new char[10,10] {
{ '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%'},
{ '%', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '%'},
{ '%', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '%'},
{ '%', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '%'},
{ '%', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '%'},
{ '%', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '%'},
{ '%', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '%'},
{ '%', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '%'},
{ '%', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', ' ', '%'},
{ '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%', '%'}};
printMaze(maze);
Console.SetCursorPosition(pacmanY, pacmanX);
Console.Write("P");
while (true){
Thread.Sleep(150);
In C#, we will use if (Keyboard.IsKeyPressed(Key.UpArrow)){
movePacManUp(maze, ref pacmanX, ref pacmanY);
Keyboard.IsKeyPressed(Key.UpArrow) }
if (Keyboard.IsKeyPressed(Key.DownArrow)){
To detect if the key is }
movePacManDown(maze, ref pacmanX, ref pacmanY);

pressed or not. if (Keyboard.IsKeyPressed(Key.LeftArrow)){

movePacManLeft(maze, ref pacmanX, ref pacmanY);
}
if (Keyboard.IsKeyPressed(Key.RightArrow)){
movePacManRight(maze, ref pacmanX, ref pacmanY);
}
}
}
 EZInput Package
In order to use the function
Keyboard.IsKeyPressed(Key.UpArrow)
We have to install and include the EZInput package
first.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using EZInput;
 EZInput Package
In order to use the function
Keyboard.IsKeyPressed(Key.UpArrow)
We have to install and include the EZInput package
first.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using EZInput;
 EZInput Package
In order to install the Package, right click on the
references in Solution Explorer Window
 EZInput Package
Then Click on the Manage NuGet Packages.
 EZInput Package
Then Click on the Manage NuGet Packages.
 EZInput Package
Search EZInput in the browser and install the
package.
 EZInput Package
And then include the EZInput package using the
following instruction.

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using EZInput;
Learning Objective

Write C# programs to solve

complex 2D problems and convert
previous 2D game into C#.
Self Assessment
1. In probability theory, a probability matrix is a
matrix such that:
The matrix is a square matrix (same number of rows as
columns). All entries are probabilities, i.e. numbers
between 0 and 1. All rows add up to 1.

The following is an example of a probability matrix:

[
[0.5, 0.5, 0.0],
[0.2, 0.5, 0.3],
[0.1, 0.2, 0.7]
]
Self Assessment
Note that though all rows add up to 1, there is no
restriction on the columns, which may or may not add up
to 1.

Write a function that determines if a matrix is a

probability matrix or not.

Fun fact:
for most probability matrices M (for example, if M has
no zero entries), the matrix powers M^n converge (as n
increases) to a matrix where all rows are identical.
 Self Assessment
Test Cases:

Input Output Explanation

[ true
[0.5, 0.5, 0.0],
[0.2, 0.5, 0.3],
[0.1, 0.2, 0.7]
]
isProbMatrix()

[ false // Not a square matrix.

[0.5, 0.5, 0.0],
[0.2, 0.5, 0.3]
]
isProbMatrix()
 Self Assessment
Test Cases:

Input Output Explanation

[ false // Rows do not add to

[0.5, 0.4], 1.
[0.5, 0.6]
]
isProbMatrix()

[ false // Entries not between

[2, -1], 0 and 1.
[-1, 2]
]
isProbMatrix()