f WIAA: ro eet) ee: ) Chapterwise Theory j : = gett tu Bank (MCQs) with: Ath a per A Pan criee Citas By Triste Peo Complete Practice ata eft Ua MCN TCC dO 24S Railway, Police and all Other State Competitive ExamsINTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER Features of Computer2 5, Automation Once the instruction to do any work is given to the computer, the computer bes He work automatically by Tals 6. Diligence Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness, lack of concentration, etc. and can work for hours without creating any errors. 7. Secrecy Leakage of information is reduced by creating login system with passwor protection. Learn, Revise & Practice ~ Computer Awareng, ar a ag aaa oe Terms Related to Computer 1, Hardware It 1s the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer systern SrSTETETTTEN al the physical pans p28 computer. eg Display screens, date ; ones x 2. Software ts 2 61 of programs and prover, Software telis the hardware what to do and fiw a. accomplish a task. e.g. Web browsers, ward Processors, etc. ss 3. Data Unprocessed ram facts and figues, ing ai, Ten on pace of paper ate rae RURBETS, Tent on piece Of paper Are vitae ts. 4. Information Winn data is processed. oraaneey 8, Reliability Computers are more reliable than human beings. Computers always produce exact results. The possibility of errors v occur only if the input is wrong, i.e. the Suelared or ores tea ing aiven Conte £0.45 op, computers never make mistakes OFThelr own 221. en itis caled information —— accord. 7 5. Instruction It is a command given to a comp, in the computer language by the user ee 6. Program It's a 3et of instructions given toa comput Topertormn some task. 9. Plug and Play Computers have the ability to automatically configure a new hardware and software component History of Computer Computer is not the creation of one day, rather it took a long computer. History of computer is described in this table. period for the development of mn Applications Invention Inventor Characteristics ne * First mechanical calculating device. * Used for addition and subtraction fare China * Ahorizontal rod represents the one, tens, operations. hundred, ete. neat * Calculation of square roots can also beperformed, ~~ oe * Three dimensional structure, * Perform multiplication on numbers ceca John Napier * Holding numbers from 0 to 9 only. * Technology used for calculation Bones : y orealcu a6i7 (Scotland) * Represent graphical structure of calculating _ called Rabdologi eat ee “* First mechanical adding machine. = Perform addition and subtraction of Pescaline Blaise Pascal = It was structured like rectangular box, with two numbers. 1642 (France) eight disc (represent number of units). * Mainly designed wi'h regard to the ae - Pressure of liquid: Jacquard’s «JosephMarie * Mainly weaved a silk based pattern. * ‘Simplified the process of Textiles Loom Jacquard ~—=_Used punched eard for the sequence of 1801 (France) operation. ch * First general-purpose computer. * Ttwasa decimal machine used sign Analytical Babbage, * Stor inthe form of ‘pegs’ also and magnitude for representation of cEngine— > (Father of alled barrels. anumber. oF ae 7 Computer) ___ G6ndon)E | Introduction te Computer Javention tuventor —— Charneteriation wed eave othe pone ble onieal Tatytating Hernan pianos * Twas the fret election Mavhine —Hollevith Tasaia TTTCR snsncioe,destpeat pate the data for ‘conan i 11090 Horan, 7 Lotsels of ater pon of sal samara ihn ei Wd tAmerica) . entered nonnlly g Wekert and 6 Way a combination wf wenty acesumplatens TW Mauchly 6 pirstelectronig igital computer (Ameren) + Hs first camputer ylich prevvided storage capaclt m9 t i . npr progam was run on I Presper + al purpove electronic computer univac Fekert and pit ane output 1951 John Mauchly (America) IBM-050 © Provided input/output units converting Computer IBM Company 1953 - Generations of Computer Age electromechanic tecknologi ration refers to the sta |, before ge ion, Each gene Storage Operating System Device/Speed drums — Batch operating syste c of improvement in the development of sy* ion of computer is’characterised by # major nentally changed the way, computers operate Characteristics Applications dan the grat eflent orin, # Mapnetie Anvnns are saan id tibae in merry © Used mercy delay is ernenry. ae sin te © Used in utp + Payroll proces + Ou) refinery desi fakes resent re built of stem, Computers Applications First ee (835 micro (Machine language Wa seconds) (inary number 0's and 's) Second Magneticcore —‘TimeshariggQS, * Mosestliabe and les (195663) Made up of sGehiToNigy Multitasking 05 prone Wopardware semiconductor), (JOmicro seconds) (Assembly language, fare highlevellanguage) + portable and gerazase Jess amount of heat Third Integrated Magneticcore. Realtimesystem —* Consumed ess power. * Database Gireuits(ICs) _—_as'primary storage (IighiTevel lang Hy sophis Sager 1964-71) A mary storage (TighTevel language + Highly sophisticated mangement (96671) depot dum (100nano (FORTRAN, COBOL," technclogy requred, €# NCR-395, a3 silicon) seconds) ALGOL)) Be VTE£Learn, Revise & Practice ~ Computer Aware tee Ne: 4 SS —a Characteristics Applicatio =a Operating System Characteris plications eration Switchi Storage ae a aa cres Given Fourth ~ STALL. portable. “ m4 (st. Present) Mellie Robotics ~ Tit-Bits * Siddhartha * Alan Turing is known * John Von Neumann nsistors were inv * In 1958, Jack St. Clair Kilby and Flot invented the first IC. * InJatest generation computers, the inStTUCtionS are executed parallel as well as sequential sas generation compu See MRO TEN reas sequ Classification of Computer Computers are mainly classified in three types as follows in India ¢ of He THOdemn computer. introduced fir mputer in the year 1948 Classification of Computer Based on Size jork Based on Purpose Eee RSzasec on Worn) i Mi Merccomoue | Minicomputer | Analog Hybrid General Special Computer Computer Purpose Purpose Mainframe ‘Supercomputer Digital Computer Computer oncaeg Cengats Based on Size On the basis of size, computers are categorised as follows Microcomputer ues Pes een the le: A yet the most widely used and are also called portable Sana computer consists of three basic categories of i i, i ‘pit/output unit and memory unit, SDs opis egipment te, system ae Some types of microcomputer a ) These are small, relativel ical » Telatively economi the microprocessor ‘echnology (Integrated Circuit-IC),Introduction to Computer dextgtied 16 At into the palm, So, the also known as Palmtop. They are practical for certain | jons such as phone bgoks., uy use the pen far-input joard. e.g, PDA (Personal. (a) Tablet Computer ‘They. features of the notebook comput these can accept yhoard or mouse (c) Workstat Computer These are. cated to a user oF grouy Asers engaged in busin vork. ILinclugles one oF more high on displays and a faster processor Computer (PC). Minlcombuter These are smaller ip size, faster than mainframe comput minicomputer was designed to carry out some specific tasks, Te ompul fic ta fing and Computer Aided Design (CAD) cdlculation: aie being used as central computer whi kno Minicomputers are ISM-17, DEC TDP-IT, HIP-9000, etc Mainframe Computer These types of computers having large internal memory storage and comprehen: ge of software. Mainframe computer serves asa Backbone Tor the entire business world. It is cnsidered as the heart of a network of computers 5 sed for highly calculation Supercomputers infensiv tasks, such as weather forecasting — nuclear research, military agencies and scien Tesparch laboratories. (i) CRAY-1 was the world’s first supercomputer ‘introduced by Seymour R CRAY in 1976. (ji) PARAMLwas the first supercomputer — developed in India in 1999. (ii) PARAM ISHAN is the latest machine in “ {hie series of PARAM made by C-DAC and_ IT Guwahati on 2oth September, 2016. Based on Work Onn The basis of work, computers are categorised as Analog Computer ‘These computers carry gut arithmetic and logical operations b ating and processing of data, e.g, Speedometers, seismograph, etc. ‘Analog computer can perform several mathematical ee rc illancaiei Ikuses— continuous variables for mathematical operations and utilises mechanical or electrical energy. Digital Computer ‘Tiiese do work by calculating the binary digits. A digital computer, not only performs mathematical calculations, but also combines the Bytes to produce desired graphics, sounds. e.g. Desktop @ C). Hybrid Computer ‘These are the combination of analog and digital or terminals that allow a large number of people to work at the same time. Mainframe computers are IBM-370, IBM-S/390, UNIVAC=T10, etc. peter eo Supercomputer These are the fastest and most expensive machines. They have high processing speed ‘compared To-other coniputers. Supercomputers are most powerful, large in size and memory, compared to all other computers. The speed of supercomputers are measured in FLOPS (Floating Point Operations Per Second)- computers. Machines used in hospitals like ECG_ and ‘DIALYSIS are the commonly used hybrid computers. Based on Purpose On the basis of purpose, computers are categorised as follows General Purpose Computer General purpose computers are those computers, Which are used to solve variety of problems by clvariging the program or instructions. e.g, To make sinall database, calculations, accounting, et.