August 13, 2023 [ Education for All ]

Computer Fundamentals:-
Computer:-
Computer is an advanced Electronic Data Processing machine
which receives and stores large volumes of information in the form of digit
(binary) and process them as per the instructions at a very high speed and
produces the desired result with per-selected degree of accuracy and saves
output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical
(arithmetic and logical) calculations.

The working principle of computer can be summarized as input,

process and output (IPO) cycle.

A computer has four functions:

a. accepts data Input
b. process data Processing
c. produces output Output
d. stores results Storage
IPO Cycle

Instruction
(Mouse/Keyboard)
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
(Data) (Unseen) (Result)
[Input Device] [Central Processing Unit] [Output Device]
 Mouse CPU  Monitor
 Keyboard  Printer/Plotter
 Scanner/Digital Camera  Speaker
 Microphone
 Webcam/Video Camera
 Light Pen
 Touch Pad
 Joystick etc…….

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 August 13, 2023 [ Education for All ]

Input (Data):
Input (Data) is the raw information; collections of facts
(letters, numbers, images, sounds, videos, graphs, charts, statistics etc.); It is
the collection of letters, numbers, images etc given to the computer to
produce the result.

Process:
Process is the action taken on data as per given instruction. It is totally
inner process of the computer system.

Output:
Output is the final data given by computer after data processing. It is
also called result. We can save the results for our future use.

Storage Device:
a) Primary Memory :
i) RAM=Random Access Memory
ii) ROM=Read Only Memory
iii) HDD=Hard Disk Drive
b) Secondary Memory:
i) FDD=Floppy Disk Drive
ii) CD=Compact Disk
iii) DVD=Digital Versatile Disk
iv) Zip Disk
v) Pend Drive
vi) Memory Card etc.

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 August 13, 2023 [ Education for All ]

Full Form of Computer

C = Common -;fwf/0f_
O = Operating -;~rfng ug'{_
M = Machine -oGq_
P = Purpose -p2]Zo_
U = Used for -k|of]u_
T = Technology -k|ljlw_
E = Education -lzIff_
R = Research -vf]h cg'zgwfg_
CPU = Central Processing Unit.
CPU = Control Processing Unit.

Characteristics of Computer: -sDKo"6/sf ljz]iftfx?_

 Speed -sfo{ j]u, ult_

 Accuracy –z'4tf_
 Storage Capability -8f6f e08f/_
 Versatility -kl/jt{gzLntf, ljljw sfo{ Ifdtf_
 Diligence -nugzLn_
 Reliability

History of Computer: -sDKo"6/sf] Oltxf;_

The history of computer start from 4000 years ago. History of

computer means the gradual change in the concept over a long period of time. Around fifth
century, Hindu philosophers developed a new method of counting from 0 to 9. Counting the
numbers from 0 to 9 can be performed with the help of fingers. The development of counting
started from the development of simple counting device called ABACUS.
1. Abacus: -cafs;_
2. Napier's Bones: -gflko;{ af]g_
3. Slide Ruler: -:nfO8 ?n/_
4. Pascal's Calculating /Adding Machine: -kf:snfOg_
5. Leibniz's Calculator: -n]agfO6\h SofNs'n]6/_
6. Difference Engine: -l8km/]G; OlGhg_
7. Analytical Engine: -Pgflnl6sn OlGhg_
8. Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace: -n]l8 cu:6f P8f nen];_
9. Tabulating Machine -6]a'n]l6Ë d]l;g_
10.MARK-1 (Howard Hathaway Aiken): -dfs{_

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 August 13, 2023 [ Education for All ]

11. ABC Computer (Atanasoff-Berry computer)

12.Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC): -On]S6«f]lgs Go'd]l/sn OlG6u]|
6/ / SofNs'n]6/_
13.Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC): -On]S6«f]lgs l8l:qm6
e]l/Pan c6f]d]l6s sDKo"6/_
14.UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer ): -o'lge;{n c6f]d]l6s sDKo"6/_

History of computer in Nepal

Computer is a programmable machine that stores and retrieves data and performs high speed
logical and mathematical operations.
The first computer brought in Nepal was IBM 1401 which was brought by the government
in lease for the population census of 1972 (2028 BS). Later in 1975 (2031 BS)YantrikSarinikaran
Kendra (Electronic Data Processing Centre) was established which was later called as National
Computer Centre (NCC). Again for the population census of 2038 BS ICL 2950/10 computer
having 64 terminals was brought in Nepal by the aid of UNDP. After 2039 B.S. Microcomputer
like; Apple, Vector, Sirius were introduced in the capital. From that time computers have been
used in different government sectors like banking, agriculture, universities etc. Now there are
thousands of computers institutes providing computer educations, assembling, maintenance etc.
throughout the kingdom of Nepal. Now a day in every sector there the people use computer to do
the work easier.

Generations of Computer: -sDKo"6/sf k':tf_

Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that

fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper,
more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices. Read about each generation and the
development that led to the current device that we use today.

 First Generation (1946-1956) Vacuum Tubes -klxnf] k':tf_

 Second Generation (1956-1964) Transistor -bf];|f] k':tf_
 Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits -t];|f] k':tf_
 Fourth Generation (1971-1990) Microprocessors -rf}yf] k':tf_
 Fifth Generation (1990 to Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence -kfFrf} k':tf_

Classification of Computer: -sDKo"6/sf jlu{s/0f_

Computers can be classified into various classes according to their following factors.

1. On the basis of Working Principle -sfo{ cg';f/ sDKo"6/x?_

 Analog Computer

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 August 13, 2023 [ Education for All ]

 Digital Computer
 Hybrid Computer (Analog +Digital)
2. On the basic of Size -cfotg cg';f/ sDKo"6/x?_
 Mainframe Computer
 Mini Computer
 Micro Computer
 Super Computer
3. On the basic of Brand
 IBM PC (International Business Machine Personal Computer)
 IBM Compatible (International Business Machine )
 Apple/ Macintosh

Microsoft windows & Operating System

Introduction
Operating System is a program, which controls overall operations (activities) of the Computer. It
is the media point between the computer and user (operator). To works any computer, a software
is required that remains in the memory of the computer, so that computer becomes in live, and is
able to response as per the command issued by the user.

Windows Pp6f sDKo"6/ k|f]u|fd xf] . o;n] sDKo"6/ nfO{ ;+rfng ug{df d2t u5{ .
Example of Windows:
a) Windows 95 e) MS. DOS i) Windows 10
b) Windows 98 f) Windows Xp j) Windows 11
c) Windows NT g) Windows 7
d) Windows 2000 h) Windows 8

Desktop Management

How to change the desktop? e) Choose the screen saver design.

a) Right click on desktop. f) Click on apply.
b) Click on properties option. g) Click on ok.
c) Choose the wallpaper.
How to create a folder?
d) Click on apply.
1) Right click on desk top.
e) Click on ok.
2) Click on new option.
How to change the screen saver? 3) Type the folder name.
a) Right click on desktop. 4) Click on outside or press the enter
b) Click on properties option. key.
c) Click on screen saver option.
How to create a file?
d) Dialogue box will appears.
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 August 13, 2023 [ Education for All ]

1) Right click on desktop. b) Click on save as.

2) Click on new option. c) Dialogue box will appears.
3) Click on different files names. d) Choose the local disk.
4) Type the file name. e) Create the folder.
5) Click on outside or press the enter f) Type the file name.
key. g) Click on save.
How to rename the folder/file?
a) Right click on folder/file.
b) Click on rename option.
c) Type the different name.
d) Press the enter key.
How to delete the folder/file?
a) Right click on folder/file.
b) Click on delete option.
c) Click on yes.

How to restore the folder/file?

a) Go to recycle bin icon.
b) Choose the own folder.
c) Right click on this folder.
d) Click on restore.
How to copy the file/folder?
a) Right click on folder/file.
b) Click on copy option. (Ctrl+c)
c) Choose the folder.
d) Click on paste.

How to cut the file/folder?

a) Right click on file/folder.
b) Click on cut option. (Ctrl+X)
c) Choose the location.
d) Click on paste. (Ctrl+V)
How to save the file?
a) Click on file menu (office button)

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