Subnetting

CLASSLESS INTER-DOMAIN
ROUTING

CIDR is a subnetting method that enables

administrators to place the division between
the network bits and the host bits anywhere in
the address, not just between octets.
 CIDR
CIDR notation: 192.168.43.0/26
• Where the /26 means 26 bits of the address
are used as the network identifier
• In binary, the subnet mask translates to:
11111111.11111111.1111111.11000000
or 255.255.255.192 in decimal
• This would allow us to divide this address into
4 networks, each with up to 62 hosts
CIDR 192.168.43.0/26 NETWORKS

Network Starting IP Ending IP

Subnet Mask
Address Address Address
192.168.43.0 192.168.43.1 192.168.43.62 255.255.255.192
192.168.43.64 192.168.43.65 192.168.43.126 255.255.255.192
192.168.43.128 192.168.43.129 192.168.43.190 255.255.255.192
192.168.43.192 192.168.43.193 192.168.43.254 255.255.255.192
 IPv4 SUBNETTING
• Allows you to split one IP address range into multiple networks (e.g., you can
take the 10.0.0.0/8 private IP address range and use the entire second octet as a
subnet ID).
• This creates up to 256 subnets with up to 65,536 hosts.
• The subnet masks will be 255.255.0.0 and the network addresses will proceed
as follows:
– 10.0.0.0/16
– 10.1.0.0/16
– 10.2.0.0/16
–…
– 10.255.0.0/16
• When you are working on an existing network, the subnetting process is more
difficult.
 CALCULATE IPv4 SUBNETS
1. Determine how many subnet identifier bits you need to create the
required number of subnets.
2. Subtract the subnet bits you need from the host bits and add them
to the network bits.
3. Calculate the subnet mask by adding the network and subnet bits
in binary form and converting the binary value to decimal.
4. Take the least significant subnet bit and the host bits, in binary
form, and convert them to a decimal value.
5. Increment the network identifier (including the subnet bits) by the
decimal value you calculated to determine the network addresses
of your new subnets.
 EXAMPLE OF CIDR
Subnet the Class C IP Address 195.1.1.0 So that you have 10 subnets
each with a maximum 12 hosts on each subnet. List the Address on
host 1 on subnet 0,1,2,3,10

Current mask= 255.255.255.0

Bits needs for 10 subnets =4 =24 =16 possible subnets

Bits needs for 12 hosts = 4 = 24 = 16-2=14 possible hosts.

So our mask in binary =11110000= 240 decimal

 EXAMPLE OF CIDR cont…

Hosts on Subnets 0,1,2,3,10

✓ Subnet 0 host 1st IP address = 195.1.1.1 0000 0001

✓ Subnet 1 host 1st IP address = 195.1.1.17 0001 0001
✓ Subnet 2 host 1st IP address = 195.1.1.33 0010 0001
✓ Subnet 3 host 1st IP address = 195.1.1.49 0011 0001
✓ Subnet 10 host 1st IP address = 195.1.1.161 1010 0001
 WHAT IS VLSM?
VLSM stands for Variable Length Subnet Mask.
VLSM is a subnetting technique that allows network admins to
allocate IP addresses more efficiently using different subnet masks
for different network segments.
It provides greater flexibility in assigning IP addresses by creating
subnets of varying sizes based on the specific needs and number of
hosts in each subnet.
This technique helps reduce the waste of IP addresses and better
uses the available IP space.
HOW VLSM WORKS?

Notice that using VLSM, we are left

with 112 free IP addresses that we can
allocate to another location in the
future.

The main idea is that VLSM allows us to

divide an IP address space into subnets
of varying sizes based on the specific
requirements of each office.
 HOW VLSM WORKS?
Let’s see this scenario
 STEPS IN VLSM

The steps to create an IP plan using VLSM for the network as follows:

Step 1 Determine how many H bits will be needed to satisfy the largest
network.
Step 2 Pick a subnet for the largest network to use.
Step 3 Pick the next largest network to work with.
Step 4 Pick the third largest network to work with.
Step 5 Determine network numbers for serial links.
STEP 1 DETERMINE THE LARGEST NETWORK

To begin subnetting this network using VLSM, identify the LAN with
the largest number of hosts. Subnet the address 207.21.24.0 /24
based on this information.

Site A has two Ethernet networks (25 hosts each)

Site B had one Ethernet network (10 hosts)
Site C had one Ethernet network (8 hosts)
WAN Link Site A to Site B (2 hosts)
WAN Link Site B to Site C (2 hosts)
 CALCULATION
207.21.24.0/24
Largest host = 25 hosts = 2 LAN in Site A
2^n – 2 = 25
2^n = 27
n=5
/24 = 255.255.255.0000 0000
= 255.255.255.1110 0000 (based on n=5)
/27 = 255.255.255.224
So the first two network become:

NETWORK ADDRESS IP RANGE ADDRESSES BROADCAST ADDRESS

207.21.24.0 /27 .1 - .30 .31
207.21.24.32 /27 .33 - .62 .63
 CALCULATION cont…
207.21.24.0/24
Next host = 10 hosts
2^n – 2 = 10
2^n = 12
n=4
/24 = 255.255.255.0000 0000
= 255.255.255.1111 0000 (based on n=4)
/28 = 255.255.255.240
So the third network become:

NETWORK ADDRESS IP RANGE ADDRESSES BROADCAST ADDRESS

207.21.24.64/28 .65 - .78 .79
 CALCULATION cont…
207.21.24.0/24
Next host = 8 hosts
2^n – 2 = 8
2^n = 10
n=4
/24 = 255.255.255.0000 0000
= 255.255.255.1111 0000 (based on n=4)
/28 = 255.255.255.240
So the last network become:

NETWORK ADDRESS IP RANGE ADDRESSES BROADCAST ADDRESS

207.21.24.80 /28 .81 - .94 .95
 CALCULATION cont…
207.21.24.0/24
Next host = 2 hosts (WAN link from Site A to Site B)
2^n – 2 = 2
2^n = 4
n=2
/24 = 255.255.255.0000 0000
= 255.255.255.1111 1100 (based on n=2)
/30 = 255.255.255.252
So the last network become:

NETWORK ADDRESS IP RANGE ADDRESSES BROADCAST ADDRESS

207.21.24.96 /32 .97 - .98 .99
 CALCULATION cont…
207.21.24.0/24
Next host = 2 hosts (WAN link from Site B to Site C)
2^n – 2 = 2
2^n = 4
n=2
/24 = 255.255.255.0000 0000
= 255.255.255.1111 1100 (based on n=2)
/30 = 255.255.255.252
So the last network become:

NETWORK ADDRESS IP RANGE ADDRESSES BROADCAST ADDRESS

207.21.24.100 /32 .101 - .102 .103
 CALCULATION cont…

Complete table for this calculation:

No. NETWORK ADDRESS IP RANGE ADDRESS BROADCAST

ADDRESS
1. 207.21.24.0 /27 .1 - .30 .31
2. 207.21.24.32 /27 .33 - .62 .63
3. 207.21.24.64/28 .65 - .78 .79
4. 207.21.24.80 /28 .81 - .94 .95
5. 207.21.24.96 /30 .97 - .98 .99
6. 207.21.24.100 /30 .101 - .102 .103
APPLYING THE ADDRESSES TO THE
TOPOLOGY