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Antenna Terminology

Antenna notes for engineering

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Milan Kumar
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24 views14 pages

Antenna Terminology

Antenna notes for engineering

Uploaded by

Milan Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering
Subject: Waveguide and Antenna

Topic: Antenna Terminology


Dr. P. D. Peshwe
Radiation Intensity:
• Radiation Intensity is defined as “Power radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle”.
• Unit of Radiation intensity is Watts/Steradian.
• It is useful for defining antenna parameters like gain, directive gain, power gain and
directivity of an antenna.
Return Loss:
• Return Loss is related to VSWR, and is a measure of the signal power reflected by the
antenna relative to the forward power delivered to the antenna.
• Reflection coefficient (S11) = -ve.
• Return loss (RL) = -S11 => +ve.
• The higher the value (usually expressed in dB), the better. A figure of 13.9dB is equivalent
to a VSWR of 1.5:1. A Return Loss of 20dB is considered quite good, and is equivalent to
a VSWR of 1.2:1.

Dr. P. D. Peshwe, IIIT, Nagpur. 2


Antenna Efficiency:
• Antenna Efficiency represents the fraction of total energy supplied to the
antenna which is converted into electromagnetic waves.

Power Radiated
η=
Total Input Power
Antenna Pattern Solid Angle:
• In antenna theory all the practical angles related to beamwidth etc. are
measured as solid angle (3D).
• It is expressed in steradian.

Dr. P. D. Peshwe, IIIT, Nagpur. 3


Antenna Gain
• It is the ratio of maximum radiation intensity of the test antenna in a given
direction to maximum radiation intensity of a ideal (Reference) antenna in
the same direction if both are provided with same amount of input power.
• Gain (G) of an antenna is defined as:

Max Radiation intensity from subject or test antenna


𝐺=
Radiation Intensity from Isotropic antenna with same power input
• It is usually expressed in dB
𝐺𝑑𝐵 = 10 log10 𝐺
𝑜/𝑝
• In antenna Gain ≠
𝑖/𝑝

Dr. P. D. Peshwe, IIIT, Nagpur. 4


Gain
Directive Gain:
• It is the extent to which a practical antenna concentrates or focuses its energy to be
radiated in a specific direction (θ, φ) to the average radiation intensity.
𝑈 𝜃, 𝜑
𝐺𝑑 𝜃, 𝜑 =
𝑈𝑎𝑣𝑔
Directivity (D):
• The maximum directive gain is termed as Directivity.

Power Gain:
• It is the ratio of power density radiated in particular direction by test antenna to
power density radiated in same direction by isotropic (reference) antenna provided
same amount of input power is fed to both.
• Power gain is efficiency times directive gain
𝐺𝑃 = η 𝐺𝑑
Dr. P. D. Peshwe, IIIT, Nagpur. 5
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
• If the feed point impedance is incorrect then it will not match the impedance
of the feeder and some energy will be reflected back down the feeder.
• When this reflected energy is returned to the Transmitter it is again reflected
back to the antenna and is radiated.
• The combined energy is known as the forward and reflected power and gives
rise to the Standing Waves on the feeder.
I V
2

0
1/4 WAVELENGTH 1/4 WAVELENGTH 1/4 1/4 WAVELENGTH
WAVELENGTH

Dr. P. D. Peshwe, IIIT, Nagpur. 6


Antenna Radiation Pattern
• Common parameters
- main lobe (boresight)
- half-power beamwidth (HPBW)
- front-back ratio (F/B)
- pattern nulls
• Typically measured in two planes:
-Vector electric field referred to E-field
-Vector magnetic field referred to H-field
• 3 dimensional angular variation of radiation field and it is function of θ & φ
• E Vs θ Field strength pattern
• P Vs θ power pattern
• ϕ azimuth pattern or horizontal pattern
• θ elevation pattern or vertical pattern
Dr. P. D. Peshwe, IIIT, Nagpur. 7
• Polar plot and rectangular plot
Antenna Radiation Pattern

8
Dr. P. D. Peshwe, IIIT, Nagpur.
Antenna Radiation Pattern

• Major lobe: It is the radiation lobe containing the direction of maximum radiation.(
• Minor lobe: except the major lobe all other lobe or the lobe in undesired direction.(
)
• Side lobe : The adjacent to the major lobe. The ratio of power density of adjacent lobe to that of major
lobe.( )
• Back lobe : the radiation lobe exactly opposite to desired direction.
Dr. P. D. Peshwe, IIIT, Nagpur. 9
Beamwidth
• It is the angular width in degrees
measured on the major lobe.
• The angular width in azimuth plane
called as H Plane beam width. The
angular width in elevation plane called
as E plane beam width.
• The Half Power Beamwidth (HPBW) is
the angular separation in which the magnitude
of the radiation pattern decrease by 50% (or -3
dB) from the peak of the main beam
• Null to Null Beamwidth This is the angular
separation from which the magnitude of the
radiation pattern decreases to zero (negative
infinity dB) away from the main beam. Dr. P. D. Peshwe, IIIT, Nagpur. 10
Gain and Directivity
• Directivity is a theoretical value ignoring losses
• Gain includes losses (Mostly expressed in dB’s)
gain = directivity  efficiency
• Specifications give gain, but computer models often find directivity

• 3 dB is half steps, 6dB is quarter steps, 10dB is tenth

3dB x2 or a half;

6dB x4 or a quarter;

9dB x8 or an eighth;

10dB x10 or a tenth

• Example: 3dB Gain doubles power, whilst 3dB Loss halves it


Dr. P. D. Peshwe, IIIT, Nagpur. 11
Radiation Resistance
• Signal radiated into space appears as loss from the antenna
• Electrically this translates into a resistance
• For a half-wave dipole fed in the center the radiation resistance is
approximately 70 ohms
• Antennas also have actual resistance due to their conductors

Dr. P. D. Peshwe, IIIT, Nagpur. 12


Electromagnetic Waves
x Electric
Field, E

y Direction of
z Propagation
Magnetic
Field, H

• Electromagnetic radiation comprises both an Electric and a Magnetic Field.


• The two fields are at right-angles to each other and the direction of
propagation is at right-angles to both fields.
• The Plane of the Electric Field defines the Polarisation of the wave.
Dr. P. D. Peshwe, IIIT, Nagpur. 13
Polarisation
• Polarisation is the plane of the antennas
radiating electric field.
• Common polarisations are Horizontal and
Vertical.
• Transmitter and receiving antenna
polarisation need to match for optimum
signal strength, especially at VHF/UHF.
• Yagi and Dipoles antenna’s may be either
horizontal or vertical depending on their
mounting.

Dr. P. D. Peshwe, IIIT, Nagpur. 14

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