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Lecture 8-1

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23 views25 pages

Lecture 8-1

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ktekk5105
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Microwave Measurement

Dr. H. Rahaman, Associate Professor


Department of Electronics and Communication, BKBIET Pilani
Objective

 Microwave power.
 Microwave frequency.
 Microwave impedance.
 Antenna parameters.
Introduction to Measurement

Power measurement
Power Measurement
Procedure

Devices
Power measurement sensors/ devices can be divided into two
categories:
pass through the load RL.

with
Calorimeter Method
Static Calorimeter
It has a dielectric load.
The load is separated by surrounding.
The load dissipates the microwave power.
The average power, P, is given by
4.187𝑚𝐶 𝑇
𝑝
𝑃=
𝑡
m is the mass of the thermometric medium in grams.
Cp is the specific heat of the medium in cal/gms.
T is the rise in temperature in degrees/kelvin.
t is time in seconds.
Circular Calorimeter
It uses calorimeter fluid like water.
The heat introduced into the fluid makes exit temperature more than the
input temperature.
The average power, P, is given by
𝑃 = 4.187𝑚𝑣𝑑𝐶𝑝 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
v is the velocity of the fluid in cc/sec.
d is the specific density of the fluid in gm/cc.
T2 and T1 are outlet and inlet temperature.
Bolometer Method
Bolometer Method
Thermocouple
Thermocouple Method
A thermocouple is a junction of two dissimilar metals or semiconductors.
The semiconductor used in thermocouple is n-type Si.
A thin film of titanium nitride resistive load is deposited on a Si substrate
to form on electrode of thermocouple.
The thermocouple generates an emf when two ends are heated up
differently by absorption of microwaves in resistive loads.
The emf is proportional to the incident microwave power to be measure.
VSWR Measurement
In any Microwave practical applications, any type of impedance
mismatches lead to the formation of standing waves. The strength of these
standing waves is measured by Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR).
The ratio of maximum to minimum voltage gives the VSWR, which is
denoted
by S.
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1 + 𝜌 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝑆= Where ρ is the reflection coefficient 𝜌 =
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 − 𝜌 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐
The measurement of VSWR can be done in two ways- low VSWR and
high VSWR. Microwave test bench is employed for such measurement.
VSWR Measurement

Microwave test bench


Measurement of low VSWR (S ≤ 10)
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 The measurement of VSWR can be done by
𝑆= adjusting the attenuator to get a reading on
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 a DC millivoltmeter which is VSWR
meter.
The readings can be taken by adjusting the
slotted line and the attenuator in such a way
that the DC millivoltmeter shows a full
scale reading (Vmax) as well as a minimum
reading (Vmin).

VSWR is calculated by noting the two readings along the slotted line.
VSWR Measurement
Measurement of high VSWR (S > 10)
The measurement of high VSWR greater than 10 can be measured by a
method called the double minimum method. In this method, the reading
at the minimum value is taken, and the readings at the half point of
minimum value in the crest before and the crest after are also taken.
𝜆𝑔
𝑆=
𝜋 𝑑2 − 𝑑1

𝜆0
𝜆𝑔 = 1 𝑓
2
− 𝑐
𝑓0

λg is the guided wavelength. λg = x2 – x1, where x1, x2 are two consecutive


minimums on the slotted line.
Impedance Measurement
Unknown impedance (or load)
This uses slotted line in the microwave test bench. If the load impedance,
ZL is different from the characteristic impedance, Z0 of the TL, then
reflection takes place. As a result, the magnitude of reflection coefficient,
VSWR, phase, relative position of the standing wave pattern- all these
parameters change.
The load impedance ZL at the receiving end is given by
1 − 𝑗Γ𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽Δ𝑙 Where βΔl is the electrical
𝑍𝐿 = Γ − 𝑗𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽Δ𝑙
𝑍0 distance in wavelength.

Measurement process
 Move the probe in the slotted line to mark the position for the minimum
VSWR value, say it X1.
 Move the probe and obtain the next successive minimum position, say it
X 2.
 Replace the load by a short. Then, move the probe to obtain a new
minimum position, say XS.
Impedance Measurement
Measurement process
 Find out XS – X1.or XS – X2. It is positive if the minimum is shifted
towards load and negative if the minimum is shifted towards generator.
 Find out βΔl.
 Now, calculate ZL.
𝑋𝑠 − 𝑋1 1+Γ
𝛽Δ𝑙 = 2𝜋 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = 1
𝜆𝑔 −Γ
1 − 𝑗Γ𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽Δ𝑙
𝑍𝐿 = Γ − 𝑗𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽Δ𝑙
𝑍0
Impedance measurement
Smith Chart
Many problems of the transmission line is solved by smith chart graph
like, stub matching, reflection coefficient, VSWR etc. It represents circle
to represent normalized impedance.

Constant resistance r circle Constant reactance x circle


Impedance measurement
Problem
Consider a 50Ω transmission line terminated by load of 50+j50Ω. Find the
VSWR and reflection coefficient.
𝑍𝐿 50+𝑗50
𝑧= = =1+j1
𝑍0 50

1+Γ
VSWR = 2.8 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1−Γ
1 − 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅
Γ= Γ = 0.47
1 + 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
=Γ
𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0

One can find the unknown impedance of a given transmission


line if the reflection coefficient is given.
Antenna measurement
 Antenna measurement is a part of antenna parameters analysis.
 It is useful for the application oriented specific design of the antenna.
 It is necessary to establish actual performance of the antenna.
 Following measurements are made : radiation pattern, gain, vswr,
polarization, test range etc.
 Purpose of measurement: verify design, control quality, find
analytical and statistical errors, indicate actual performance,
find critical components and dimensions, calibration and storage of
data.
Radiation Pattern Measurement
Procedure
 Primary antenna is fixed, secondary moves along a secular path at a
constant radius.
 The field strength readings and direction of the secondary antenna with
respect to primary antenna are recorded along the circle at different
points.
 The plot of radiation pattern is made either polar form or rectangular
form.
 The transmitted power (P1) and received power (P2) at different points
are obtained using either VSWR meter or power meter.
 Find the G using Friis formula.

2 2
𝜆 𝜆
𝑃2 = 𝑃1 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 𝐺 2 For G1 = G2 = G
𝐺1 𝐺2 4𝜋𝑅 4𝜋𝑅
Summary

 Power measurement: Schottky method, calorimeter,


bolometer, thermocouple.
 VSWR Measurement.
 Impedance Measurement.
 Antenna parameters measurement
Thank you !

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