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File Processing (Data Structure)

Data structure and algorithm

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18 views

File Processing (Data Structure)

Data structure and algorithm

Uploaded by

rokred18
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TECHNICAL

CITATION
OUTLINE
 Introduction to citation.
 Importance of citation.
 When do we cite?
 Forms of citation.
 America Psychology Association (APA) style.
 Tips for effective technical citation.
 Best practice and common mistakes.
 Conclusion.
 Reference.
Introduction to citation

 Citation is a way to properly attribute information,


ideas, or quotes that you use in your writing to the
original sources especially in scholarly work.

 Citation is a fundamental aspect of academic and


professional communication
Importance of citation

 Upholds academic integrity and avoids plagiarism.

 Demonstrate the writer's engagement with existing


literature.

 Enhances the credibility and reliability of your work.

 Facilitates further research and scholarship.

 Demonstrate the breadth of your research.


When do we cite?

 Anytime you use a direct, verbatim quote from a source.

 If you are paraphrasing or summarizing an idea, argument, or


finding from a source.

 If you are including specific facts, data, or statistics that are not
common knowledge.

 When you are discussing or applying a specific theory, model, or


framework from a source.
 If you include an image, table, or figure from another source.
Forms of citation

There are two main forms of citation which are ÷


- Intext citation.
- End of text citation/Referencing.

1) Intext citation
Is a brief reference made within the body of your writing which helps
identify an idea's original source

2) End of text citation


A reference list contains the information a reader needs to be able
to identify and retrieve works cited in a text
In Text Citation

 Is a brief reference made within the body of your


writing which helps identify an idea's original source.

 .In the context of in-text citations, there are two main


ways to incorporate source information into your
writing

1. Parenthetical citations
2. Narrative citations
Continue......

1. Parenthetical citations:
- The source information is enclosed in parentheses and
placed at the end of the sentence or clause where the
information is referenced.

Examples:
- The findings indicate a positive correlation (Smith, 2020).
Continue......

2. Narrative citations:
- The author's name is incorporated into the text, and
the year/page number is provided in parentheses.

Examples
- According to Smith (2020), the findings indicate a
positive correlation
Continue......

 When it comes to how you incorporate source material


into your writing, there are two main types direct citations
and indirect citations.
1). Direct citations:
- These are word-for-word from a source, enclosed in
quotation marks.
- The in-text citation identifies the author, year, and page
number where the quote can be found.

Example:
According to Smith (2020), "the results highlight a significant
correlation" (p. 42).
Continue......

2). Indirect citations:


- These involve restating the ideas, information, or
concepts from a source in your own words.

- The in-text citation still identifies the original source, but


there are no quotation marks.

Example:
Smith's (2020) research indicates a significant correlation
in the results.
End of text citation

 A reference list contains the information a reader


needs to be able to identify and retrieve works cited in
a text

 Purpose of End-of-Text Citations


- Provide full bibliographic information for .
sources used in the document.

- Allow readers to easily locate and access. cited


works.
Continue......

 Elements of an End-of-Text Citation


A. Author(s) name(s)
1. Last name, first initial(s)
2. Multiple authors separated by commas
3. "and" before the final author
B. Publication date
1. Year of publication in parentheses
C. Title of work
1. Book titles italicized
2. Article/chapter titles in quotation marks
Continue......

D. Publication details
1. Book: City of publication, Publisher
2. Journal article: Journal title, volume(issue), page
numbers

 Things to consider in end of text citation.


- Consistency within the document
- Accuracy of source information
- Completeness of citation details
- Start in a fresh page.
- Arrange in alphabetical order.
Continue......

 . Examples of End-of-Text Citations


A. Book:
Smith, J. (2020). The art of technical writing. Publisher.

B. Journal article:
Jones, A. B., & Williams, C. D. (2018). Trends in citation
practices. Journal of Technical Communication, 15(2), 25-
38.
America Psychology
Association (APA) style
 APA style is a citation commonly used in the social and
behavioral sciences, as well as in many other disciplines.
In-Text Citations:
- For a source with one author: (Author's Last Name, Year)

- For a source with two authors: (Author's Last Name &


Author's Last Name, Year)

- For a source with three or more authors: (First Author's Last


Name et al., Year)
Continue......

 Some examples of in-text citations in APA style:


a).Single author:
- The findings suggest the intervention was effective (Smith, 2019).
b).Two authors:
- The longitudinal study revealed interesting results (Johnson &
Williams, 2021).
c). Three or more authors:
- The variables were found to be significantly correlated
(Thompson et al., 2018).
d). No author:
The framework for data analysis was clearly outlined ("Using Data to
Drive Decisions", 2022).
Continue......

 End of text citation


a). Book
- Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle Initial. (Year). Title
of work. Publisher.

b). Journal
-Journal Article: Author's Last Name, First Initial. Middle
Initial. (Year). Title of article. Journal Name, Volume(Issue),
page range.
Continue......

 Some examples of end-of-text citations


in APA style:
a).Book
- Kaku, M. (2014). The future of the mind: The. scientific quest to
understand, enhance, and empower the mind. Doubleday

b). Journal Article:


- Hawkins, J. E., & Abrams, C. F. (2019). The effects of music therapy
on pain management. Psychology of Music, 47(5), 665-681.
Tips for effective Citation

-Keep track of sources during research.


- Provide complete source information.
- Understand and follow specific citation style guidelines.
- Proofread citations for accuracy and consistency.
- Avoid over-citing.
- Assess the relevance, reliability, and timeliness of a
source
Best Practices and Common
Mistakes
 Best Practices
Avoiding plagiarism
1. Definition of plagiarism
- Plagiarism is the act of presenting someone else's words,
ideas, or work as your own, without proper attribution or citation.
- It is considered a serious breach of academic integrity
and professional ethics.
2. Examples of plagiarism
- Failing to cite the original source when paraphrasing or
summarizing information
- Copying verbatim from a source without using quotation
marks and citing the author
Continue......

- Submitting someone else's work as your own, such as a


paper, assignment, or project
3. Importance of citing sources
- Citing your sources properly gives credit to the original
authors and demonstrates your research process.
- It shows your engagement with the existing literature and
strengthens the credibility of your own work.
4. Consequences of plagiarism
- Plagiarism can result in academic penalties, such as
failing an assignment or course, suspension, or expulsion.
- It can also damage your reputation and professional
standing, even after graduation.
Continue......

 Common citation mistakes to avoid.


- Avoid Over-citing or under-citing.
- Avoid Incomplete citations.Missing key elements like
author names, titles, publication dates, page numbers, etc.
-Avoid citing the wrong source or misattributing
information.
- Avoid citing online sources with URLs that are no longer
active or valid.
- Avoid incorrect placement of citations.
Conclusion

 Lastly, carefully selecting and properly citing sources is a


critical aspect of maintaining academic integrity and
credibility in technical writing.
 The validity and currency of a source can vary
depending on the field and the rate at which information
evolves
 The key is to assess the relevance, reliability, and
timeliness of a source in the context of your specific field
and writing purpose. Maintaining awareness of when
sources were published and their continuing relevance is
an important part of curating quality citations in technical
writing.
References

 American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication


manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
 Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). General APA format.
Purdue University.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style
/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
 The Owl at Purdue. (n.d.). APA style introduction. Purdue
University.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style
/apa_style_introduction.html
 University of Washington Libraries. (n.d.). APA citation style.
University of Washington.
https://guides.lib.uw.edu/research/citation/apa

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