UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LAPORAN MAKMAL / LABORATORY REPORT

Statics/ Solid Mechanics (BDA17301)

FRONT COVER FULL REPORT-GROUP

STATICS

TAJUK UJIKAJI
Equilibrium of forces
EXPERIMENT TITLE

SEKSYEN KUMPULAN
Section 1 S1A
SECTION GROUP
LECTURER / TUTOR / INSTRUCTOR
Ts. Dr. NOR MAZLANA BINTI MAIN
PENSYARAH / TUTOR / PENGAJAR
AHLI KUMPULAN NO. MATRIK PENILAIAN
GROUP MEMBERS MATRIC NO. ASSESSMENT
PENGENALAN
10%
1 ADRIEN BRODY ANAK AGAR CD230178 INTRODUCTION
TEORI
10%
THEORY
2 AMAL ASYRAAF BIN ABDUL RAHIM CD200183 PROSEDUR
10%
PROCEDURE
KEPUTUSAN
15%
3 ARIFF HAZIM BIN HAMDI CD230069 RESULTS
PEMERHATIAN
15%
GROUP
4 ELYA NATASYA BINTI KHAIRULANUARUDDIN CD230238 PERBINCANGAN
20%
DISCUSSION
KESIMPULAN
10%
5 GAMAL HARITH BIN GAMAL ABDUL NIZAM CD230222 CONCLUSION
CADANGAN
5%
RECOMMENDATION
6 RUJUKAN
5%
REFERENCES
TARIKH UJIKAJI JUMLAH
100%
DATE OF EXPERIMENT TOTAL

ULASAN
COMMENTS
Additional Theory

Force

A 'Force' is a push or pull that starts or stops an object from moving or changes its speed or direction.
When these forces interact, they can balance or hold objects stationary. Equal forces acting in opposite
directions will not affect an object. These forces will combine to form a larger force known as the
"resultant force" if they are not equal or act in opposition to one another.

Equilibrium of forces

Equilibrium forces are a collection of forces whose sum is zero. An 'Equilibrant' is the force that
balances a group of forces. The equilibrant has the same magnitude but opposite direction as the
resulting force.

A force is a vector quantity because it has both a magnitude (magnitude) and a direction. When the
forces acting on an object are perfectly balanced in magnitude and direction, the object is said to be in
equilibrium, with no net force acting on it.

A force is a vector quantity because it has both magnitude (size) and direction. When the forces acting
on an object are equal in size and direction, the object experiences no net force and is said to be in an
equilibrium state.

Concept of Equilibrium of Forces

A force has a magnitude and a direction associated with it because it is a vector quantity. An object is
considered to be in equilibrium when all of the forces acting on it are precisely balanced in both size
and direction, indicating that there is no net force acting on it.

This is entirely predicated on Newton's First Law, which states that unless acted upon by a force, a body
at rest or moving in a straight path at a constant speed will remain at rest or continue to move in a
straight path at a constant speed.
Principles of Equilibrium

These three (3) are important from the subject point of view:

1. Two force principle. As per this principle, if a body in equilibrium is acted upon by two forces,
then they must be equal, opposite, and collinear.
2. Three force principle. As per thus principle, if a body in equilibrium is acted upon by three
forces, then the resultant of any two forces must be equal, opposite, and collinear with the third
force.
3. Four force principle. As per this principle, if a body in equilibrium is acted upon by four
forces, then the resultant of any two forces must be equal, opposite and collinear with the
resultant of the other two forces.

Types of Equilibrium

From a practical point of view, a body is said to be in equilibrium when it comes back to its original
position, after it is slightly displaced from its position of rest. In general Following are the three types
of equilibrium:

1. Stable Equilibrium: A body is said to be in stable equilibrium, if it returns back to its original
position, after it is slightly displaced from its position of rest. This happens when some
additional force sets up due to displacement and brings the body back to its original position. A
smooth cylinder, lying in a curved surface, is in stable equilibrium.
2. Unstable Equilibrium: A body is said to be in an unstable equilibrium, if it does not return
back to its original position, and heels farther away, after slightly displaced from its position of
the rest. This happens when the additional force moves the body away from its position of rest.
A smooth cylinder lying on a convex surface is in unstable equilibrium.
3. Neutral Equilibrium: A body is said to be in a neutral equilibrium, if it occupies a new position
(and remains at rest in this position) after slightly displaced from its position of rest. This
happened when no additional force sets up due to the displacement.
Procedure

1. Mounting panel are prepared according to Figure 1.2.

2. A sheet of paper is clipped to the diagram board.
3. Two ring cords are being pass over the pulley and let the third one hanged directly downwards.
4. All cords are attached by 0.1N weight hooks.
5. 2.4N weight are attached to the W3 hook and 1.9N weight to the W1 and W2 hooks. The weight
of each hook is being written down as shown in Figure 1.3
6. The centre weight is being gently jogged to cause the system to bounce and the equilibrium
position is settled freely.
7. The position of the cords is being marked with pencil dots.
8. The paper is removed, and the dots represent the three cords joined up.
9. The angle of 𝜃1 and 𝜃2 is being measured by using protractor.
10. Step 5 and 9 is being repeated by adjusting the weight of W2 by 0.1 increments until 2.5N
weight is reached.

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

3.0 Result
4.0 Calculation
4.0 Graph
Graph calculation

1) Centroid (Experimental)

(0.947+1.054+0.843+0.885+0.86+0.767),(1+0.952+0.909+0.87+0.833+0.8)

6 6

= (0.893,0.894)

2) Centroid (Calculated)

(1+1.05+1.1+1.15+1.2+1.25),(1+0.952+0.909+0.869+0.833+0.8)

6 6

= (1.125,0.893)

3) Gradient (Experimental)

m = y²-y¹ = (0.958-0.86) = 0.098/0.115 = 0.852

x²-x¹ (0.95-0.835)

4) Gradient (Calculated)

m = y²-y¹ = (0.91-0.84) = 0.07/-0.095 = -0.737

x²-x¹ (1.1-1.195)

5) Percentage of different

0.852 + -0.737 × 100 = 15.60%

0.737
4.2 Parallelogram diagram

Diagram 4.2.1

Diagram 4.2.2
Diagram 4.2.3

Diagram 4.2.4
Diagram 4.2.5

Diagram 4.2.6
Observation

Based on the experiment, the mounting board are used to clamping the sheet of the paper which is to
record the result of the experiment. Two cord are hung on pulley at the left and the right side that called
as W1 and W2 ,the third cord are directly downwards against the gravitational force that called as
W3.All the cord are hung with hooks that weight 0.1N.

At first ,1.9N weight are attached at W1 and W2 and 2.4N weight are attached at W3.During the
experiment, the centre weight can be seen gently jogged to cause the system to bounce and the
equilibrium position is settled freely.

The result will be recorded by marking the position of the three cord which is W1,W2,W3 on the piece
of paper that are clamped on the mounting board. Draw and join the three cord position to get the angle
reading for the experiment result. The angle will be measured by using protractor and recorded on
result table. Repeat the same step by increased 0.1N weight on W2 until it reached 2.5N weight.

Counterbalance and weight are required to have the same amount in the system to be state as static
equilibrium. To ensure the weight distributed evenly, the counterweight are hung at the opposite side
to provide the balance and stability. The object will not response to any force and still in static
equilibrium unless the force are greater that the current force.

QUESTION
 4. Explain the parallelogram method to find the resultant of two parallel forces

The parallelogram law of vector addition can be used to determine the total force on an object when the
two forces acting on the object can form the adjacent sides of a parallelogram. The diagonal of the
resulting parallelogram is then equal to the total force acting on the object. A parallelogram is created
from two adjacent vectors by drawing a line parallel to each vector and then connecting all four lines
together. In the parallelogram, the opposite angle should equal the angle between the two original
vectors. A line drawn between two opposite vertexes creates the diagonal line. The length of the
diagonal line is equal to the sum of the two vectors.

5. What are the alternative methods that can be used to analyze the addition of two forces

There are a variety of methods for determining the magnitude and direction of the result of adding two
or more vectors. The two methods that will be discussed in this lesson and used throughout the entire
unit are:

• The Pythagorean theorem and trigonometric methods

• The head to tail method using a scaled vector diagram

DISCUSSION

When analyzing the graphs obtained from an experiment on the equilibrium of forces, it is essential to
compare and discuss the experimental results with the calculated or expected values. This comparison
helps evaluate the accuracy of the experimental measurements and provides insights into the reliability
of the equilibrium principles being tested.

In a parallelogram diagram, vectors are represented as arrows. The length of the arrow represents the
magnitude of the vector, while the direction of the arrow represents the direction of the vector. To
construct a parallelogram diagram, you start by drawing a reference vector from a specific point. Then,
you draw additional vectors from the same starting point, using the magnitude and direction specified
for each vector.

To add two vectors using a parallelogram diagram, you place the tail of the second vector at the head
of the first vector. The diagonal of the parallelogram formed by the two vectors represents the vector
sum or resultant. The resulting vector starts from the common starting point and ends at the opposite
corner of the parallelogram.

Experimental results are obtained through direct observation and measurement of real-world
phenomena, while calculated or theoretical results are derived from mathematical models or equations.
Experimental results provide actual data points, while calculated results are based on assumptions and
mathematical calculations.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the experiment on the equilibrium of forces demonstrates the fundamental principle that
the net force acting on an object at rest or in a state of equilibrium is zero. This principle is based on
Newton’s first law of motion, which states that an object will remain at rest or continue moving at a
constant velocity in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.

During the experiment, various forces are applied to an object, and the objective is to adjust the
magnitudes and directions of these forces so that the object remains in equilibrium. This is achieved
when the vector sum of all the forces acting on the object is zero. Therefore, the forces are said to be
balanced, and the object does not experience any net acceleration.

REFERENCES

1. The Physics Classroom

https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/vectors/Lesson-3/Equilibrium-and-Statics
2. Young, H. D., & Freedman, R. A. (2012). University Physics with Modern Physics (13th
Edition). Pearson. Chapter 12 covers the concepts of equilibrium and statics.
3. Knight, R. D. (2017). Physics for Scientists and Engineers: A Strategic Approach (4th edition).
Pearson. Chapter 12 focuses on the equilibrium of forces and torques.
4. Meriam, J.L. And Kraige, L.G., 2007, “Engineering Mechanics: Statics”, 6th S.I. Edition, John
Wiley & Sons,Inc. Call number: TA350. M47 2007
5. Equilibrium - forces
https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k12/airplane/equilib.html#:~:text=If%20the%20size%20and
%20direction,said%20to%20be%20in%20equilibrium.