CLASS XII

CHAPTERWISE FORMULAS

CHAPTER 1 : RELATIONS & FUNCTIONS

1 No of relations in a given set A to set B is 2n(A) x n(B)

If n(A) = m and n(B) = n then
(i) No of functions from A to B = nm
m!
(ii) No of one to one functions (injective) = (m−n)!
(iii) No of onto functions (surjective) =
2 nm – nC1(n-1)m + nC2(n-2)m – nC3(n-3)m+….- nCn-1 (1)m.(m ≥ 𝑛)
(iv) If A has m elements and B has 2 elements, then the number of onto
functions is 2m-2.
n! if m = n
(v) No of one to one and onto function (bijective) = { }
0 if m ≠ n
3 No of reflexive relations on set A = 2n(n - 1)
n(n+1)
4 No of symmetric relations on set A = 2 2

n2 −n
5 No of reflexive and symmetric relations on set A = 2 2
5 One to one function : f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ x1 = x2 for all x1 , x2∈ X
6 Onto function : y = f(x) i.e., codomain of f = range of f
CHAPTER 2 : INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

S.
N FUNCTION DOMAIN RANGE
O
−𝜋 𝜋
1 Sin-1x [-1 , 1] [ , ]
2 2
2 Cos-1x [-1 , 1] [0 ,𝜋]
−𝜋 𝜋
3 Cosec-1x R – (-1 , 1) [ 2
, 2 ] - {0}
𝜋
4 Sec-1x R – (-1 , 1) [0 ,𝜋] – {2 }
−𝜋 𝜋
5 Tan-1x R ( , )
2 2
6 Cot-1x R (0 ,𝜋)
1
7 (Sin x)-1 =
sin x
8 Cos(cos -1 x) = x , x ∈ [-1 , 1]

9 Cos -1 (cos x) = x , x ∈ [0 , 𝜋]

10 Sin (sin-1 x) = x , x ∈ [-1 , 1]

−𝜋 𝜋
11 Sin-1 (sin x) = x , x ∈ [ , 2]
2

12 Cos-1 (- x) = 𝜋 - cos-1x

13 Sin -1(- x) = -sin-1x

14 Cot-1 (-x) = 𝜋 - cot-1x

15 Sec-1(-x) = 𝜋 - sec-1x

16 Tan-1(-x) = - tan-1x
𝜋
17 Sin-1x + cos-1x = 2 , x ∈ [-1 , 1]
𝜋
18 Cosec-1 x + sec-1x = 2 , |x| ≥ 1
𝜋
19 Tan -1 x + cot -1x = 2

CHAPTER 3 : MATRICES

1 A + B = B + A (Commutative Law)
2 (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associative Law)
3 O is the additive identity
4 -A is the additive inverse of A
5 Am x n,Bn x l then ABm x l
6 (AB)C = A(BC)
7 A(B + C) = AB + AC
8 IA = AI = A
9 (𝐴′ )’ = 𝐴′
10 (KA)’ = K 𝐴′ , where K is a constant
11 (A + B)’ = 𝐴′ + 𝐵 ′
12 (AB)’ = 𝐵 ′ 𝐴′
13 If A′ = A then A is symmetric
14 If A′ = -A then A is skew symmetric
15 A + 𝐴′ is symmetric
16 A – 𝐴′ is skew symmetric
1 1
17 A = 2 (A + A′ ) + 2 (A − A′ )

18 If AB = BA = I then A is the inverse of B (or) B is the inverse of A

19 (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1
20 |KA| = Kn|A|
21 Row matrix : only one row
22 Column matrix : only one column
23 Zero matrix : each element is zero
24 Square matrix : No of rows = No of columns
25 Diagonal matrix : all its non diagonal elements are zero
26 Scalar matrix : all diagonal elements are equal
27 Identity matrix : each diagonal element is unity
No of possible matrices of order m x n (or) m x m with
28 Two entries = 2m x n (or) 2m x m
Three entries = 3m x n(or) 3m x m…

CHAPTER 4 : DETERMINANTS

𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
Area of triangle = 2 |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
1 𝑥3 𝑦3 1
Note : Area is a positive quantity when area is given, take both positive &
negative values of the determinants for the calculation.
2 If |A| = 0, A is called Singular matrix

3 If |A| ≠ 0, A is called non singular matrix

4 |AB| = |A| |B|

5 A(adj A) = (adj A) A = |A| I

6 |adj A| = An – 1

7 adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A)

8 adj(AT) = (adj A)T

9 adj(adj A) = |A|n – 2 A

1
10 A-1 = |𝐴| (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)

11 (𝐴−1 )−1 = 𝐴

12 (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 𝐴−1

13 (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇

1
14 If A is non singularmatrix then |A-1| = |𝐴|

Matrix method of solving system of equations is X = A-1B, provided |A| ≠ 0

15
Note : If |A| = 0 then calculate (adj A)B

16 A A-1 = A-1A = I

1
17 (adj A)-1 = adj (A-1) = |𝐴| 𝐴

2
18 |adj (adj A)| = |𝐴| (𝑛−1)

19 |A| = ±√|𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴|
1
20 A-1 = ± 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴|

1
21 A=± adj(adj A)
√|𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴|

22 A AT = ATA = I

23 adj(𝜆𝐴) = λn – 1 adj(A), λ is a non zero scalar

Let A, B and C be square matrices of order n , If A is non singular and BA = CA
24 then
B=C
 CHAPTER 5 : CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

A function f is said to be left continuous (or) continuous from the left at x = c iff
(i) f(c) exists
1 (ii) lim− 𝑓(𝑥)exists
𝑥→𝑐
(iii) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = f(c)
𝑥 → 𝑐−
A function f is said to be right continuous (or) continuous from the right at x = c iff
(i) f(c) exists
2 (ii) lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)exists
𝑥→𝑐
(iii) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = f(c)
𝑥 → 𝑐+
A function f is said to be continuous at x = c iff
(i) f(c) exists
3 (ii) lim 𝑓(𝑥)exists
𝑥→𝑐
(iii) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = f(c)
𝑥→𝑐
A function f is said to be continuous at x = c iff
4 lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = f(c)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
The set of all points where the function is continuous is called its domain of
5
continuity
Let f,g be two functions continuous at x = c then
(i) f + g is continuous at x = c
(ii) f – g is continuous at x = c
6 (iii) f.g is continuous at x = c
𝑓
(iv) is continuous at x = c (provided g≠ 0)
𝑔
(v) ∝ . 𝑓 is continuous at x = c
7 Every polynomial function is continuous

8 Every rational function is continuous

9 All trigonometric functions are continuous

10 Composite function is continuous

11 Every constant function is continuous

12 Identity function is continuous

13 Inverse trigonometric function is continuous
𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛
14 lim = nan – 1
𝑥 →𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
15 lim =1
𝑥 →0 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
16 lim =1
𝑥 →0 𝑥
𝑒𝑥 − 1
17 lim =1
𝑥 →0 𝑥
log|1 + 𝑥|
18 lim =1
𝑥 →0 𝑥
𝑎𝑥 − 1
19 lim = log 𝑒 𝑎
𝑥 →0 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥
20 lim =1
𝑥 →0 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥
21 lim =1
𝑥 →0 𝑥
Left derivative at a point x = c
22 𝑓(𝑐 − ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑐)
lim
ℎ →0 −ℎ
Right derivative at a point x = c
23 𝑓(𝑐 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑐)
lim
ℎ →0 ℎ
For a function f(x) to be differentiable at a point x = c is
24
left derivative = Right derivative
25 Every differential function is continuous
Algebra of derivatives :
(i) (𝑢 ± 𝑣), = 𝑢 ′ + 𝑣 ′
26 (ii) (𝑢𝑣)′ = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑢 ′ 𝑣 (Product (or) Leibnitz rule)
𝑢 ′ 𝑣𝑢, − 𝑢𝑣 ′
(iii) (𝑣 ) = 𝑣2
𝑑𝑓 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑡
27 Chain rule : f = v°U, = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥

28 a0 = 1

29 ax.ay = ax + y

30 (𝑎 𝑥 )𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥𝑦
1
31 𝑎−𝑥 =
𝑎𝑥
32 Log 1 = 0

CHAPTER 6 : APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES

1 Rate of change : The change of quantity w.r.t time is known as rate of change
Increasing &Decreasing :
2 (i) If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≥ 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) then f is increasing in (a,b)
(ii) If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) ≤ 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) then f is decreasing in (a,b)
A function is said to be
3 (i) Increasing on (a,b) if x1< x2 in (a,b) ⇒ f(x1) ≤ f(x2) ∀ x1 , x2∈ (a,b)
(ii) Decreasing on (a,b) if x1< x2 in (a,b) ⇒ f(x1) ≥ f(x2) ∀ x1 , x2∈ (a,b)
Local Maxima &Local Minima :

First derivative test:

(i) If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 at every point left of c, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 at every point right of c ,
then c is called point of local maxima.
(ii) If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 at every point left of c, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 at every point right of c ,
then c is called point of local minima.
(iii) If 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) does not change sign as x increases through c, then ‘c’ is
called the point of inflection

Second derivative test :

Let f be a function defined on given interval, f is twice differentiable at c. Then
(i) x = c is a point of local maxima. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) < 0, f(c) is local
4 maxima of f.
(ii) x = c is a point of local minima. If 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) > 0, f(c) is local
minima of f.
(iii) The test fails if 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) = 0

Absolute Maxima and Absolute Minima:

(i) Find all critical points of f in the interval, f’(x) = 0 (or) f is not differentiable
(ii) Take the end points of the interval
(iii) At all these points , calculate the values of f.
(iv) Identify the maximum and minimum values off out of the values
calculated in the previous step.
(v) This maximum value will be the absolute maximum value of f and the
minimum value will be the absolute minimum value of f.
 A point c in the domain of ‘f’ at which either 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 (or) is not differentiable is
5
called a critical point of f.

CHAPTER 7 : INTEGRALS

𝑥 𝑛+1
1 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 +c
𝑛+1

2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 x+c

3 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 -Cos x + c

4 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Sinx + c

5 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Tan x + c

6 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Sec x+ c

7 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 -cotx + c

8 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑑𝑥 -cosecx +c

𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
9 ∫ 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥]
𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
10 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥]
𝑎2 + 𝑏2
1
11 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + c
√1 − 𝑥 2
12 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑎𝑥
13 ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 log 𝑎
+c
−1
14 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + c
√1 − 𝑥2
1
15 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1𝑥 + c
1 + 𝑥2
−1
16 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 + c
1 + 𝑥2
1
17 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + c
𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2
−1
18 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + c
𝑥√1 − 𝑥 2
19 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Log|sec x| + c (or) –log |cos x| + c
20 ∫ log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 X logx – x + c

21 ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Log |sin x| + c

𝜋 𝑥
22 ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Log |sec x + tanx| + c = log|tan( 4 + 2)| + c
𝑥
23 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Log|cosec x – cot x + c = log |tan(2)| + c
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
24 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 + 𝑐
𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑎+𝑥
25 ∫ 2 log | |+ 𝑐
𝑎 − 𝑥2 2𝑎 𝑎−𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
26 ∫ 2 log | |+ 𝑐
𝑥 − 𝑎2 2𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
𝑑𝑥
27 ∫ log |𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑐
√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
28 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑐
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎
𝑑𝑥
29 ∫ log |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2
𝑥 𝑎2
30 ∫ √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 + log |𝑥 + √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 | + c
2 2
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
31 ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (𝑎) + c
2 2
𝑥 𝑎2
32 ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − log|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + c
2 2

33 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥))𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐

𝑎 𝑎
34 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝑏 𝑏
35 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
36 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
2𝑎
𝑎
37 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 if f(2a - x) = f(x)
0
2𝑎
38 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 0 if f(2a - x) = f(x)
0
𝑎
𝑎 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 if f is an even function
39 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
−𝑎
0 if f is an odd function
 CHAPTER 8 : APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS

The area of the region by the curve y = f(x) , x axis and the lines x = a and x = b
1 (b > a) is given by the formula:
𝑏 𝑏
Area = ∫𝑎 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
The area of the region by the curve x = ∅(y) , y axis and the lines y = c and y = d
2 (b > a) is given by the formula:
𝑑 𝑑
Area = ∫𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫𝑐 ∅(y)𝑑𝑦

Incase of symmetrical closed area, find the area of the smallest part and multiply
3
the result by the number of symmetrical parts.

CHAPTER 9 : DIFFRENTIAL EQUATIONS

1 Order : The highest order derivative it contain.

2 Degree : The highest power of the highest order derivative.
Variable separable method :

𝑑𝑦
= h(y) g(x)
𝑑𝑥

3 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
ℎ(𝑦)

𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
ℎ(𝑦)
Homogeneous Differential Equation :

Type 1 :

𝑑𝑦
4 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥

Replacing x by λx , y by λy, we get

F(λx, λy) = λ n f(x,y)

Then the differential equation is homogeneous of degree n.

To solve such an equation :

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑥

Put y = vx

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
=𝑣+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣
We get ,𝑣 + 𝑥 = f(v)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣
𝑥 = f(v) – v
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
Therefore solution is ∫ =∫ +c
𝑓(𝑣)−𝑣 𝑥

Type 2 :

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦

Replacing x by λx , y by λy, we get

F(λx, λy) = λ n f(x,y)

Then the differential equation is homogeneous of degree n.

To solve such an equation :

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦

Put x = vy
 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
=𝑣+𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑣
We get ,𝑣 + 𝑦 = f(v)
𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑣
𝑦 = f(v) – v
𝑑𝑦
dv dy
Therefore solution is ∫ f(v)−v = ∫ +c
y

Linear differential equation :

Type 1 :

dy
+ Py = Q
dx

Integrating factor(I.F) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑥

Solution is 𝑦𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑄 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐

5
Type 2:

dx
+ Px = Q
dy

Integrating factor(I.F) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝 𝑑𝑦

Solution is x𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑄 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑐

CHAPTER 10 : VECTOR ALGEBRA

If 𝑟⃗ = 𝑎𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂ then a, b, c are called direction ratios and

𝑎
𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 =
√𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2
𝑏
1 𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 =
√𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2
𝑐
𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠
√𝑎 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2
2
 𝑂𝐴 = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑦1 𝑗̂ + 𝑧1 𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑥2 𝑖̂ + 𝑦2 𝑗̂ + 𝑧2 𝑘̂ then direction ratios’s of
2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) , (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) , (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )

3 If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏1 𝑗̂ + 𝑐1 𝑘̂ then the modulus of 𝑎⃗, |𝑎⃗| = √𝑎12 + 𝑏12 + 𝑐12

⃗⃗
a
4 Unit vector in the direction of 𝑎⃗ , â = ± ⃗⃗|
|a

⃗⃗
a
5 Unit vector parallel to ⃗a⃗ = ± |a
⃗⃗|

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ and its

Position vector of a point p(x,y,z) is given as 𝑂𝑃
6
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
magnitude as | 𝑂𝑃
The magnitude r, direction ratios (a,b,c) and direction cosines (l,m,n) of any
vector are related as :
7
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑙= , 𝑚 = , 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛 2 = 1
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
The sum of the vectors representing the three sides of a triangle taken in order is
8
zero.
If 𝑎⃗&𝑏⃗⃗ are two vectors then
𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗| cos 𝜃
9
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗| sin 𝜃 𝑛̂

Where 𝑛̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing 𝑎⃗&𝑏⃗⃗

Unit vector perpendicular to two vectors 𝑎⃗&𝑏⃗⃗ is

10 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗
𝑛̂ =
|𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗|
⃗⃗
𝑎⃗⃗ .𝑏
11 Projection of 𝑎⃗on 𝑏⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗
| 𝑏|

𝑎⃗⃗ .𝑏 ⃗⃗
12 Projection of 𝑏⃗⃗ on 𝑎⃗ =
| 𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗|
1 1 1
13 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 𝐴𝐶
Area of triangle ABC = 2 |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = |𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 𝐵𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗| = |𝐶𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 𝐶𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
2 2

14 Area of parallelogram with 𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗ as adjacent sides = |𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗|

1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
15 Area of parallelogram with ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑1 , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑2 as diagonals is 2 |𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 𝑋 𝑑2 |

16 Area of triangle with position vectors of vertices of A, B, C as 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ is

 1
|(𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) + (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) + (𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗)|
2
17 Collinear vector :𝑎⃗ = ±𝑏⃗⃗

Angle between two vectors 𝑎⃗ , 𝑏⃗⃗

𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗
𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
|𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗|
18
|𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗|
𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
|𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗|
(This will give only acute angles)

19 If two vectors 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗are perpendicular then 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0

If two vectors 𝑎⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ are parallel (or) collinear.

20
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0

(i) 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏⃗⃗ . 𝑎⃗

21
(ii) 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = -(𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋 𝑎⃗)

(i) 𝑎⃗ . 𝑎⃗ = |𝑎⃗|2 = 𝑎2
22
(ii) ⃗⃗
𝑎⃗ × 𝑎⃗ = 0
2 2
(i) |𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗| = |𝑎⃗|2 + |𝑏⃗⃗| + 2 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗
2 2
(ii) |𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗| = |𝑎⃗|2 + |𝑏⃗⃗| − 2 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗
23 2
(iii) (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗) (𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗) = |𝑎⃗|2 − |𝑏⃗⃗| = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
2
(iv) |𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗|2 = |𝑎⃗|2 + |𝑏⃗⃗| + |𝑐⃗|2 + 2 (𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗ . 𝑎⃗ )
Addition of vectors :

24 If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂ are two vectors then

𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗ = (𝑎1 + 𝑏1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑎2 + 𝑏2 )𝑗̂ + (𝑎3 + 𝑏3 )𝑘̂
Scalar Multiplication :
25
(𝑎⃗) = (𝑎1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑎2 )𝑗̂ + (𝑎3 )𝑘̂
Vector joining two points :

26 If 𝑃1 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃2 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 )𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑃1 𝑃2 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1)𝑖̂ + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑗̂ + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Magnitude = |𝑃 2 2
1 𝑃2| = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
2

Section Formula :
The position vector of a point R dividing the line segment joining the points P &
Q whose position Vectors are 𝑎⃗&𝑏⃗⃗
27
⃗⃗ +𝑛𝑎⃗⃗
𝑚𝑏
(i) In the ratio m : n internally is given by 𝑚+𝑛
⃗⃗ − 𝑛𝑎⃗⃗
𝑚𝑏
(ii) In the ratio m : n externally is given by 𝑚−𝑛

Triangle Law of vector Addition :

28
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐶 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐴 = ⃗0⃗
Parallelogram Law of vector addition :
29
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶

If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂ are two vectors , then

30
𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3

31 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ is a scalar quantity

When 𝜃 = 0,

32 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗|

𝑎⃗ || 𝑏⃗⃗ , 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0
⃗⃗
𝜋
When 𝜃 = ,
2

33 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0  when 𝑎⃗⊥𝑏⃗⃗ , 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0

𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗|

34 When either 𝑎⃗ = ⃗0⃗ or 𝑏⃗⃗ = ⃗0⃗ , 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗= 0

35 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = |𝑎⃗||𝑏⃗⃗|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑛̂ , if 𝑎⃗ = 0 or 𝑏⃗⃗ = 0, 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗ = ⃗0⃗

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
36 ⃗⃗
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏 = |𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 |
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2

𝑖̂ 𝑋 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂ 𝑋 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂ 𝑋 𝑘̂ = ⃗0⃗ and
37 𝑖̂ 𝑋 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂ , 𝑗̂ 𝑋 𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂ , 𝑘̂ 𝑋 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂
𝑗̂ 𝑋 𝑖̂ = −𝑘̂ , 𝑘̂ 𝑋 𝑗̂ = −𝑖̂ , 𝑖̂ 𝑋 𝑘̂ = − 𝑗̂
 CHAPTER 11 : THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

1 If l, m, n are the direction cosines of a line , then 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛 2 = 1

Direction cosines of a line joining two points P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and Q (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) are
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
2 , ,
PQ PQ PQ

Where PQ = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2

If l,m,n are the direction cosines and a, b,c are the direction ratios of a line, then
𝑎
𝑙=
√𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2
3 𝑏
𝑚=
√𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2
𝑐
𝑛=
√𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2
4 Skew Lines : Lines in the space which are neither parallel nor intersecting
Angle between two lines :
cos 𝜃 = |𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑛1 𝑛2|
5 (or)
𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
cos 𝜃 = | |
√𝑎12 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎32 √𝑏12 + 𝑏22 + 𝑏32
Equation of al line passes through the given point whose position vector is
⃗⃗ ∶
⃗⃗ and parallel to a given vector 𝒃
𝒂
Vector equation :𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗
6 Cartesian equation :
x− x1 y− y1 z− z1
= =
a b c

(or)
x− x1 y− y1 z− z1
= =
a b c
 Equation of a line that passes through two points whose position vectors
⃗⃗:
⃗⃗and 𝒃
are 𝒂
7
Vector equation :𝑟⃗ = 𝑎⃗ + (𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑎⃗)
x− x1 y− y1 z− z1
Cartesian equation :x = =
2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1

𝑎1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
If 𝜃 is the acute angle between the lines 𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎2 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 and 𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 , then

8 𝜃 is given by
|b⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 .b2 |
Cos𝜃 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
|b1 ||b 2|

The shortest distance between two skew lines is the length of the line segment
9
perpendicular to both the lines.
𝑎1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Shortest distance between the lines 𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎2 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1and 𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 is

10
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(𝑏 𝑏2 ). (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
𝑎1
| |
|𝑏⃗⃗⃗⃗1 𝑋 𝑏
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 |

Shortest distance between the lines :

x− x1 y− y1 z− z1 x− x2 y− y2 z− z2
= = and = =
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
11 x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
| a1 b1 c1 |
a2 b2 c2
d=
√(b1 c2 − b2 c1 )2 + (c1 a2 − c2 a1 )2 + (a1 b2 − a2 b1 )2

𝑎1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Distance between parallel lines 𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎2 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏1 and 𝑟⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏2 is
12 ⃗⃗ X (a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗−
b 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗)
a1
d=| ⃗ ⃗
|
|b|

CHAPTER 12 : LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Linear programming is a method for determining optimum values of a linear

1
function subject to constraints expressed as linear equations or inequalities.
2 The inequations or equations on the variables of an L.P.P are called constraints.
Optimal Solution : Any point in the feasible region that gives the optimal value
3
(maximum or minimum) of the objective function is called an optimal solution.
 A corner point of a feasible region is a point in the region which is the
4
intersection of two boundary lines.
A feasible region of a system of linear inequalities is said to be bounded if it can
be enclosed within a circle. Otherwise , it is called unbounded.
5
Unbounded means that the feasible region does extend indefinitely in any
direction.

CHAPTER 13 : PROBABILITY

Conditional Probability :
A P(A ∩B)
(i) P (B ) = , P(B) ≠ 0
P(B)
1
B P(A ∩B)
(ii) P ( A) = , P(A) ≠ 0
P(A)

Multiplication theorem on Probability :

A
P(A ∩ B) = P (B) . P(B)

(or)
𝐵
P (𝐴 ) . 𝑃(𝐴)
2 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 𝐴 𝐶
𝑃(𝐴). P (𝐵) . P (𝐴 ∩𝐵)

(or)

𝐵
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃 (𝐴 ) . 𝑃(𝐴)

S B
3 𝑃 (B) = P (B) = 1
A ∪B A B A ∩B
4 P( ) = P ( F) + P (F) − P ( )
F F

A′ A
5 P( ) = 1 − P( )
B B
F G
6 P(E ∩ F ∩ G) = P(E) . P(E) . P (E ∩F)

7 If A and B are independent then 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴). 𝑃(𝐵)

8 If A and B are independent then A and B’, B’ and A, A’ and B’ are also independent
9 If A and B are mutually exclusive then 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)
Baye’s theorem:
A
10 P (E ) . P(Ei )
Ei i
P( ) =
A P(A)
11 Mean of a random variable : E (X) = ∑ xi pi
P(E ∩ F’) = P(E) – P(E ∩ F)
12
P(E’ ∩ F) = P(F) – P(E ∩ F)
13 P(E’ ∩ F ′) = P(E U F)’ = 1 – P(E U F)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1 The relation R {(1,1),(1,2),(2,1)} on A = {1, 2,3} is

(a) Reflexive only

(b) Symmetric only
(c) Transitive only
(d) Equivalence
2 In the set A ={1, 2,3, 4,5} , a relation R is defined by R ={(x, y) : x, y A and x y}.
Then R is

(a) Reflexive
(b) Symmetric
(c) Transitive
(d) Equivalence
3 Let f : A→ B be a one-one function such that range of f is {b}. Then the value of
n(A) is

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 0
(d) 4
4 Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (1, 2), (2, 1)} be defined on
set A. Then the equivalence classes of [1] is

(a) (1, 2)
(b) [1, 2]
(c) {1, 2}
(d) {1, 2, 3, 4}

5 If f : R→ A , given by f (x) = x2 – 2x + 2 is onto function, then the set A is

(a) (1, )
(b) [1, )
(c) ( −,0)
(d) (0,  )

6 Let f : R→R, f (x) =sinx . Then f (x) is

(a) one-one function

(b) onto function
(c) one-one and onto both
(d) None of these
7 Let A ={1, 2}. Then number of reflexive relations defined on A is

(a) 4
(b) 8
(c) 16
(d) 0
8 Let A= {1, 2,3}. Then number of symmetric relations defined on A is

(a) 8
(b) 64
(c) 1
(d) 0
9 Let A ={1, 2}. Then number of reflexive and symmetric relations defined on A is

(a) 8
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 1
10 Let N be the set of natural numbers and the function f : N → N be defined by
f (n) = 2n + 3, n N . Then f is

(a) surjective
(b) injective
(c) bijective
(d) not a function
11 Set A has 3 elements and the set B has 4 elements. Then the number of injective
mappings that can be defined from A to B is

(a) 144
(b) 12
(c) 24
(d) 64
12 If R is a relation on the set A = {1,2,3} given by R = {(1,1) ,(2,2) ,(3,3)} then R is

(a) Reflexive only

(b) Symmetric only
(c) Transitive only
(d) Equivalence relation
13 If A = {1,3,5} then the number of equivalence relations on A containing (1,3) is

(a) 1
(b)2
(c) 4
(d) 5
14 Let set X= {1,2,3} and a relation R is defined in X as R = {(1,3), (2,2), (3,2)} then
minimum ordered pairs which should be added in relation R to make it reflexive
and symmetric are

(a) {(1,1),(2,3),(1,2)}
(b) {(3,3),(3,1),(1,2)}
(c) {(1,1),(3,3),(3,1),(2,3)}
(d) {(1,1),(3,3),(3,1),(1,2)}
15 If R = {(x,y) : x,y∈ Z , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≤ 4} is a relation in set Z , then domain of R is

(a) {0,1,2}
(b) {-2,-1,0,1,2}
(c) {0,-1,-2}
(d) {-1,0,1}
16

17

18

19

20

21 The range of the principal value branch sec-1 x is

−π π
(a)( 2 , 2 )
−π π
(b) [ , 2 ] − {0}
2
π
(c) [0, π] – {2 }
(d) (0,π)
22 3𝜋
The principal value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (tan ) is
5
2π
(a) 5
−2π
(b) 5
3π
(c) 5
−3π
(d) 5
23 The principal value of cot −1 (−√3) is
−π
(a) 6
π
(b) 6
2π
(c) 3
5π
(d) 6
24 3π
The principal value of sin−1 (cos ) is
5
π
(a) 10
3π
(b) 5
−π
(c) 10
−3π
(d) 5
25 −17π
The principal value of sin−1 [sin ( )] is
8
π
(a) 8
−π
(b) 8
π
(c) 4
−𝜋
(d) 4
26 1 −1
The principal value of cos −1 (2) + sin−1 ( ) is
√2
π
(a) 12
(b) π
π
(c) 3
π
(d) 6
27 9π
The principal value of tan−1 (tan ) is
8
π
(a) 8
3π
(b) 8
−π
(c) 8
−3π
(d) 8
28 What is the domain of the function cos −1 (2x − 3)?

(a) (-1,1)
(b) (1,2)
(c) [-1,1]
(d) [1,2]
29 The simplest form of tan−1 [
√1+x− √1−x
] is
√1+x + √1−x
π x
(a) 4 − 2
π x
(b) 4 + 2
π 1
(c) − cos −1 x
4 2
π 1
(d) 4 + cos −1 x
2
30 The principal value of [tan−1 √3 − cot −1 (−√3)] 𝑖𝑠

(a) π
−π
(b) 2
(c) 0
(d) 2√3
31 If A and B are two matrices such that A + B and AB are both defined then

(a) A and B can be any matrices

(b) A and B are square matrices not necessarily of same order
(c) Number of columns in A = Number of rows in B
(d) A and B are square matrices of same order.
32 2 −1
If A = [ ]then, AAT is equal to
3 1

5 5
(a) [ ]
10 5
1 1
(b) 5 [ ]
1 2
(c) 5I2
1 1
(d) [ ]
1 2
33 0 1
If A = [ ] then A4 is
1 0
1 0
(a) [ ]
0 1
1 1
(b) [ ]
0 0
0 0
(c) [ ]
1 1
0 1
(d) [ ]
1 0
34 If A and B are square matrices of n x n such that A2- B2 = (A - B)(A + B) , then
which of the following is true?

(a) either A or B is a zero matrix

(b) A = B
(c) AB = BA
(d) None of these
35 If order of A, B and C are 4 x 3, 5x 4 and 3 x 7 respectively then, order of C ‘(A’ x
B’ ) is

(a) 7
(b) 4 x 5
(c) 4 x 3
(d) 5 x 7
36 If A is a square matrix such that A2 = A, then (I - A)3 + A is equal to

(a) I
(b) 0
(c) I – A
(d) I + A
37 0 𝑎 1
If A = [−1 𝑏 1] is a skew symmetric matrix, then the value of (a + b + c)2 is
−1 𝑐 0
(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) 4
(d) None of these
38 3 2
If A = [2 −3 4] , 𝐵 = [2] , X = [1 2 3] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 = [3] , then AB + XY equals
2 4
(a) [28]
(b) [24]
(c) 28
(d) 24
39 The number of all possible matrices of order 2 x 3 with each entry 1 or 2 is

(a) 16
(b) 6
(c) 64
(d) 24
40 If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew symmetric then A is necessarily a

(a) Diagonal matrix

(b) Zero square matrix
(c) Square matrix
(d) Identity matrix
41 3𝑐 + 6 𝑎 − 𝑑 12 2
If [ ]= [ ] 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑐𝑑 𝑖𝑠
𝑎 + 𝑑 2 − 3𝑏 −8 −4

(a) 4
(b) 16
(c) -4
(d) -16
42 𝑎 ℎ 𝑔 𝑚
The order of [𝑥 𝑦 𝑧] [ ℎ 𝑏 𝑓 ] [ 𝑛 ] is
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐 𝑝
(a) 3 x 1
(b) 1 x 1
(c) 1 x 3
(d) 3 x 3
43 3 4
−1 2 1
For two matrices P = [−1 2] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑇 = [ ] , 𝑃 − 𝑄 𝑖𝑠
1 2 3
0 1
2 3
(a) [−3 0 ]
0 −3
4 3
(b) [−3 0 ]
−1 −2
4 3
(c) [ 0 −3]
−1 2
2 3
(d) [0 −3]
0 −3
44 2î + 3ĵ , î < ĵ
A matrix A = [aij ] is defined by aij = { 5 , î < ĵ } . The number of elements
3X3
3î − 2ĵ , î > ĵ
in A which are more than 5 is

(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 6
45 0 1 1
For the matrix X = [1 0 1] , (𝑋 2 − 𝑋)𝑖𝑠
1 1 0
(a) 2I
(b) 3I
(c) I
(d) 5I
46 2𝑥 5 6 −2
If | |=| |, then the value of x is
8 𝑥 7 3
(a) 3
(b) ±3
(c) ±6
(d) 6
47 𝑘 8
Value of k, for which A = [ ]is a singular matrix is
4 2𝑘
(a) 4
(b) -4
(c) ±4
(d) 0
48 If A is a square matrix of order 3 and |A| = 5, then the value of |2A′| is
(a) -10
(b) 10
(c) -40
(d) 40
49 The area of a triangle with vertices (–3, 0), (3, 0) and (0, k) is 9 sq. units. The
value of k will be
(a) 9
(b) 3
(c) -9
(d) 6
50 Given that A is a square matrix of order 3 and |A| = -4, then |adj A| is equal to
(a) -4
(b) 4
(c) -16
(d) 16
51 2  −3
If A = [0 2 5 ] then A-1 exists if
1 1 3
(a) λ = 2
(b) λ ≠ 2
(c) λ ≠ – 2
(d) None of these
52 3 1
If A = [ ]then 14A-1 is given by
−1 2
2 −1
(a) 14 [ ]
1 3
4 −2
(b) [ ]
2 6
 2 −1
(c) 2 [ ]
1 −3
−3 −1
(d) 2[ ]
1 −2

53 Which of the following is correct?

(a) Determinant is a square matrix.
(b) Determinant is a number associated with a matrix.
(c) Determinant is a number associated with a square matrix.
(d) None of these
54 Given that A = [aij] is a square matrix of order 3×3 and |A| = -7, then the value of
∑i=13 ai2 Ai2, where Aij denotes the cofactor of element aij is
(a) 7
(b) -7
(c) 0
(d) 49
55 If A is an invertible matrix of order 2, then det (A–1) is equal to
(a) det (A)
(b) 1/det (A)
(c) 1
(d) 0
56 1 2 𝑥
Find x, if [1 1 1 ]is singular
2 1 −1
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4
57 𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 + 2𝑦
The value of the determinant [𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 ]is
𝑥+𝑦 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑥
(a) 9x2 (x + y)
(b) 9y2 (x + y)
(c) 3y2 (x + y)
(d) 7x2 (x + y)
58 Find the minor of the element of second row and third column in the following
2 −3 5
determinant [6 0 4]
1 5 −7
(a) 13
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 0
59 𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑎)− 𝑎2 𝑓(𝑥)
If the function f(x) is differentiable at x=a, then lim is
𝑥 →𝑎 𝑥−𝑎

(a) a2 f(a)
(b) a f(a)-a2 f’(a)
(c) 2a f(a)-a2 f’(a)
(d) 2a f(a)+a2 f’(a)
𝑥
60 ,𝑥 < 0
The point(s) at which the function f is given by f(x) = { |𝑥| }is continuous,
−1 ,𝑥 ≥ 0
is/are

(a) x ∈ R
(b) x = 0
(c) x ∈ R-{0}
(d) x = -1 and 1

61 If x =t2, y=t3, then d2y/dx2 =

(a) 3/2
(b) 3/4t
(c) 3/2t
(d) 3t/2

62 If y = ax2+b, then dy/dx at x = 2 is equal to

(a) 2a
(b) 3a
(c) 4a
(d) None of these

63 The function f(x) = [ln(1+ax)-ln(1-bx)]/x, not defined at x=0. The value should be
assigned to f at x=0, so that it is continuous at x =0, is

(a) a+b
(b) a-b
(c) b-a
 (d) ln a + ln b

64 If x sin(a+y) = sin y, then dy/dx is equal to

(a) [sin2(a+y)]/sin a
(b) sin a /[sin2(a+y)]
(c) [sin(a+y)]/sin a
(d) sin a /[sin(a+y)]

65 If xy. yx = 16, then dy/dx at (2, 2) is

(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) -1
(d) None of these

66 If y = √[sinx + y], then dy/dx =

(a) cos x /(2y-1)

(b) cos x/(1-2y)
(c) sin x/(2y-1)
(d) sin x/(1-2y)

67 For x∈R, f(x) = |log 2-sinx| and g(x)= f(f(x)), then

(a) g is not differentiable at x =0

(b) g’(0) = cos(log 2)
(c) g’(0) = – cos (log 2)
(d) g is diffentiable at x =0 and g’(0)= -sin (log 2)

68
69

70

71

72 The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at the rate of 2 cm/s. The rate at
which area increases when the side is 10 is

(a) 10 cm2/s
(b) 10/3 cm2/s
(c) √3 cm2/s
(d) 10√3 cm2/s

73 The absolute maximum value of y = x3 – 3x + 2 in 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 is

(a) 0
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 6
74 The function f(x) = x + cos x is

(a) Always increasing

(b) Always decreasing
(c) Increasing for a certain range of x
(d) None of these

75 Let the f: R → R be defined by f(x) = 2x + cos x, then f

(a) has a maximum, at x = 0

(b) has a minimum at x = 3t
(c) is an increasing function
(d) is a decreasing function

76 The point(s) on the curve y = x², at which y-coordinate is changing six times as
fast as x-coordinate is/are

(a) (6, 2)
(b) (2, 4)
(c) (3, 9)
(d) (3, 9), (9, 3)

77 If y = x3 + x2 + x + 1, then y

(a) has a local minimum

(b) has a local maximum
(c) neither has a local minimum nor local maximum
(d) None of the above

78

79
80

81

82 If (d/dx) f(x) is g(x), then the antiderivative of g(x) is

(a) f(x)
(b) f’(x)
(c) g’(x)
(d) None of the above

83 2
∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =

(a) 2
(b) ⅔
(c) 8/3
(d) None of these

84 2
∫ (𝑥 2 + 3)𝑑𝑥 =
0

(a) 24/3
(b) 25/3
(c) 26/3
(d) None of the above.

85 If ∫ 2x dx = f(x) + C, then f(x) is

(a) 2x
(b) 2x loge2
(c) 2x / loge2
(d) 2x+1/x+1
86 2 𝑑𝑥
∫1 𝑥2
=

(a) 1
(b) -1
(c) 2
(d) ½

87 ∫cot²x dx equals to

(a) cot x – x + C
(b) -cot x – x + C
(c) cot x + x + C
(d) -cot x + x + C
𝜋
88
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
0

(a) π/2
(b) π/4
(c) 2π
(d) 4π

89 4
∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
0

(a) 12
(b) 24
(c) 48
(d) 86

90 If ∫ sec²(7 – 4x)dx = a tan (7 – 4x) + C, then value of a is

(a) -4
(b) -¼
(c) 3
(d) 7

91 2
Integrate ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

(a) 15/2
(b) 20/5
(c) 20/3
(d) 3/20
92

93

94

95 The area bounded by the curves y2 = 4x and y = x is equal to

(a) 1/3
(b) 8/3
(c) 35/6
(d) None of these

96 The area of the figure bounded by the curve y = logex, the x-axis and the straight
line x = e is

(a) 5-e
(b) 3+e
(c) 1
(d) None of these

97 The area of the region bounded by the curve x² = 4y and the straight line x = 4y –
2 is

(a) ⅜ sq. units

(b) ⅝ sq. units
(c) ⅞ sq. units
 (d) 9/8 sq. units

98 The area enclosed between the graph of y = x3 and the lines x = 0, y = 1, y = 8 is

(a) 7
(b) 14
(c) 45/4
(d) None of these

99 The area of the region bounded by the curve y² = x, the y-axis and between y = 2
and
y = 4 is

(a) 52/3 sq. units

(b) 54/3 sq. units
(c) 56/3 sq. units
(d) None of these

100 Area of the region bounded by the curve y = cos x between x = 0 and x = π is

(a) 1 sq. units

(b) 2 sq. units
(c) 3 sq. units
(d) 4 sq. units

101 Area of the region bounded by the curve x = 2y + 3, the y-axis and between y = -1
and
y = 1 is

(a) 6 sq. units

(b) 4 sq. units
(c) 8 sq. units
(d) 3/2 sq. units

102 The area bounded by the curve y = x3, the x-axis and two ordinates x = 1 and x =
2 is

(a) 15/2 sq. units

(b) 15/4 sq. units
(c) 17/2 sq. units
 (d) 17/4 sq. units

103 The area of the region bounded by the circle x² + y² = 1 is

(a) 2π sq. units

(b) 3π sq. units
(c) 4π sq. units
(d) 1π sq. units

104 Area bounded by the curve y = sin x and the x-axis between x = 0 and x = 2π is

(a) 2 sq. units

(b) 3 sq. units
(c) 4 sq. units
(d) None of these

105 What is the order of differential equation y’’ + 5y’ + 6 = 0?

(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
106 What is the degree of differential equation (y’’’)2 + (y’’)3 + (y’)4 + y5 = 0?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 4
(d) 5
107 Find the order of differential equations:
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 – 3 𝑑𝑥 + y = 0
(a) 2
(b) 1
(c) 0
(d) Undefined
108 Find the degree of the differential equation.
𝑑𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 2
(1 + ) = ( )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
109 The number of arbitrary constants in the particular solution of a differential
equation of third order is:
(a) 3
(b) 2
(c) 1
(d) 0
110 Solution of differential equation x.dy – y.dx = Q represents:
(a) a rectangular hyperbola
(b)parabola whose vertex is at the origin
(c) straight line passing through the origin
(d) a circle whose centre is at the origin
111 𝑑𝑦
Find the general solution of: = √4 − 𝑦 2 , (−2 < 𝑦 < 2)
𝑑𝑥

(a) sin-1 y = x + c
(b) sin-1 y/2 = x + c
(c) sin-1 y2 = x + c
(d) None of the above
112 Which of the following is a second-order differential equation?
(a) (y’)² + x = y²
(b) y’y” + y = sin x
(c) y”’ + (y”)² + y = 0
(d) y’ = y²
113

114

115 The position vector of the point (1, 2, 0) is:

(a) i + j +k
(b) i + 2j + k
(c) i + 2j
(d) 2j + k
116 The magnitude of the vector 6i + 2j + 3k is equal to:
(a)5
(b) 1
(c) 7
(d)12
117 What is the magnitude of vector -3i + 5j?
(a) √34
(b) √32
(c) √8
(d) √16
118 If |a × b| = 4 and |a.b| = 2, then |a|² |b|² is equal to:
(a) 4
(b)6
(c) 20
 (d) 2

119 A point from a vector starts is called ____ and where it ends is called its ____.
(a)terminal point, endpoint.
(b) initial point, terminal point
(c) origin, endpoint
(d) initial point, endpoint
120 Time period is a ________.
(a)Vector quantity
(b) Scalar quantity
(c) Neither scalar nor vector
(d) None of these
121 What is the magnitude of vector, v = 1/√3 i + 1/√3 j + 1/√3 k?
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
122 Can two different vectors have the same magnitude?
(a) Yes
(b) No
(c) Cannot be determined
(d) None of the above
123 What is the value of x and y, if 2i + 3j = xi + yj?
(a) 4, 9
(b) 3, 2
(c) 2, 3
(d) 0, 0
124 The scalar product of 5i + j – 3k and 3i – 4j + 7k is:
(a)15
(b) -15
(c) 10
(d) -10
125 The direction cosines of the y-axis are:
(a)(9, 0, 0)
(b) (1, 0, 0)
(c) (0, 1, 0)
(d) (0, 0, 1)
126 Find the equation of the plane passing through the points P(1, 1, 1), Q(3, -1, 2),
R(-3, 5, -4).
(a)x + 2y = 0
(b) x – y – 2 = 0
(c) -x + 2y – 2 = 0
(d) x + y – 2 = 0
127 The equation x² – x – 2 = 0 in three-dimensional space is represented by:
(a) A pair of parallel planes
(b) A pair of straight lines
(c) pair of the perpendicular plane
(d) None of these
128 The direction ratios of the normal to the plane 7x + 4y – 2z + 5 = 0 are:
(a) 7, 4,-2
(b) 7, 4, 5
(c) 7, 4, 2
(d) 4, -2, 5
129 If l, m, n are the direction cosines of a line, then;
(a) l2+ m2+ 2n2 = 1
(b) l2+ 2m2+ n2 = 1
(c) 2l2+ m2+ n2 = 1
 (d) l2+ m2+ n2 = 1

130 Direction ratio of line joining (2, 3, 4) and (−1, −2, 1), are:
(a) (−3, −5, −3)
(b) (−3, 1, −3)
(c) (−1, −5, −3)
(d) (−3, −5, 5)
131 If a line has direction ratios 2, – 1, – 2, determine its direction cosines:
(a) ⅓, ⅔, -⅓
(b) ⅔, -⅓, -⅔
(c) -⅔, ⅓, ⅔
(d) None of the above
132 The vector equation for the line passing through the points (–1, 0, 2) and (3, 4, 6)
is:
(a) I + 2k + λ(4i + 4j + 4k)
(b) I – 2k + λ(4i + 4j + 4k)
(c) -i+2k+ λ(4i + 4j + 4k)
(d) -i+2k+ λ(4i – 4j – 4k)
133 If the lines x-2/1 =y-2/1 =z-4/k and x-1/k = y-4/2 = z-5/1 are coplanar, then k can
have:
(a)Exactly two values
(b) Exactly three values
(c) Exactly one value
(d) Any value
134 What are the direction cosines of the equation of the plane 2x + 3y – z = 5?
(a)1/√14, 3/√14, -2/√14
(b) 2/√14, 3/√14, -1/√14
(c) 2/√14, 1/√14, -1/√14
 (d) 2/√14, -2/√14, -3/√14

135 Region represented by x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 is:

(a)first quadrant
(b) second quadrant
(c) third quadrant
(d) fourth quadrant
136 The objective function of a linear programming problem is:
(a)a constraint
(b) function to be optimised
(c) A relation between the variables
(d) None of these
137 The linear inequalities or equations or restrictions on the variables of a linear
programming problem are called:
(a) a constraint
(b) Decision variables
(c) Objective function
(d) None of the above
138 A set of values of decision variables that satisfies the linear constraints and non-
negativity conditions of an L.P.P. is called its:
(a) Unbounded solution
(b) Optimum solution
(c) Feasible solution
(d) None of these
139 The maximum value of Z = 3x + 4y subjected to constraints x + y ≤ 4, x ≥ 0 and y ≥
0 is:
(a)12
(b) 14
(c) 16
 (d) None of the above

140 The minimum value of Z = 3x + 5y subjected to constraints x + 3y ≥ 3, x + y ≥ 2, x,

y ≥ 0 is:
(a)5
(b) 7
(c) 10
(d) 11
141 Maximize Z = 3x + 5y, subject to constraints: x + 4y ≤ 24, 3x + y ≤ 21, x + y ≤ 9, x
≥ 0,
y≥0
(a)20 at (1, 0)
(b) 30 at (0, 6)
(c) 37 at (4, 5)
(d) 33 at (6, 3)
142 The point which does not lie in the half-plane 2x + 3y -12 < 0 is:
(a)(2,1)
(b) (1,2)
(c) (-2,3)
(d) (2,3)
143 The optimal value of the objective function is attained at the points:
(a)on X-axis
(b) on Y-axis
(c) corner points of the feasible region
(d) none of these
144

145

146

147 P(A ∩ B) is equal to:

(a)P(A) . P(B|A)
(b) P(B) . P(A|B)
(c) Both A and B
(d) None of these
148 If P (A) = 0.8, P (B) = 0.5 and P (B|A) = 0.4, what is the value of P (A ∩ B)?
(a)0.32
(b)0.25
(c) 0.1
(d) 0.5
149 If P (A) = 6/11, P (B) = 5/11 and P (A ∪ B) = 7/11, what is the value of P(B|A)?
(a)⅓
(b) ⅔
(c)1
(d) None of the above
150 Find P(E|F), where E: no tail appears, F: no head appears, when two coins are
tossed in the air.
(a)0
(b) ½
(c) 1
(d) None of the above
151 If P(A ∩ B) = 70% and P(B) = 85%, then P(A/B) is equal to:
(a)17/14
(b) 14/17
(c) ⅞
(d) ⅛
152 If P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.7 and P(B/A) = 0.6. Find P(A ∪ B).
(a)0.46
(b) 0.86
(c) 0.76
(d) 0.54
153 An urn contains 10 black and 5 white balls. Two balls are drawn from the urn one
after the other without replacement. What is the probability that both drawn balls
are black?
(a)3/7
(b)7/3
(c) 1/7
(d) ⅓
154 If E and F are independent events, then;
(a)P(E ∩ F) = P(E)/ P(F)
(b) P(E ∩ F) = P(E) + P(F)
(c) P(E ∩ F) = P(E) . P(F)
(d) None of the above
155 If A and B are two independent events, then the probability of occurrence of at
least one of A and B is given by:
(a)1+ P(A′) P (B′)
(b) 1− P(A′) P (B′)
(c) 1− P(A′) + P (B′)
(d) 1− P(A′) – P (B′)
156 The probability of solving the specific problems independently by A and B are 1/2
and 1/3 respectively. If both try to solve the problem independently, find the
probability that exactly one of them solves the problem.
(a)1
(b) ½
(c) ⅓
(d) ¼

ASSERTION AND REASONING

(a)Both A and R are correct; R is the correct explanation of A.

(b) Both A and R are correct; R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

Assertion (A) :The relation R on the set N×N , defined by (a, b) R (c, d) ⇔ a+d =
b+c for all (a, b), (c, d) ∈ N×N is an equivalence relation.
1
Reason (R) :Any relation R is an equivalence relation, if it is reflexive, symmetric
and transitive.
Assertion (A) : The relation R = {(a, b) : a  b2 } on the set R of real nos. is not
2 reflexive.
Reason (R) : A relation on a set A is reflexive if (a,a) ∈R , ∀a ∈ A
Assertion (A) : Let a relation R on the set R of real numbers be defined as
(a, b) R 1 + ab> 0 a, b R, is transitive relation.
3
Reason (R) : A relation on a set A is transitive if (a, b) and (b,c) R implies
(a,c) R for all a, b,c A.

4
5

−1 1
Assertion (A) : The domain of the function 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 2𝑥 is (−∞ , ] ∪ [2 , ∞]
7 2
−𝜋
Reason (R) :𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1(−2) = 4
Assertion (A) : Principal value of cos-1(1) is 𝜋
8
Reason (R) : Value of cos 00 is 1
Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of order 3.
Assertion (A) : A(BA) and (AB)A are symmetric matrices.
9
Reason (R) : AB is symmetric matrix if matrix multiplication of A with B is
commutative.

10

11

12

13

14

15
16

17

18

19

20

Assertion (A) : f(x) = |x – 1| + |x - 2| is continuous but not differentiable at x = 1,,2

21
Reason (R): Every differentiable function is continuous
−𝑥 2 , 𝑥 < 0
Assertion (A) : f(x) = { 2 }
22 𝑥 ,𝑥 ≥ 0
Reason (R) : R.f’(0) = L.f’(0)

23

24

25

Assertion (A) :The function f(x) = tanx – x is increaing on R

26
Reason (R) : The function f(x) = tanx – x is decreasing on R
27

𝑥
Assertion (A) : If f(x) = ∫0 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , then value of f’(x) is x sinx
28 Reason (R) : First we apply integration by parts rule of integration to solve the
givven integral and then differentiate w.r.t x to get the value of f’(x).

29

Assertion (A) : The area A of the region bounded by the curve y = f(x) , x axis and
the lines x = a and x = b is given by
𝑏 𝑏
30 A = ∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Reason (R) : The area of the region bounded by y2 = 4x, x = 1, x = 4 and the x axis
in the first quadrant is 28/3 sq.units
Assertion (A) : The area of the region bounded by the curve y = x2 and the line y =
4 is 32/3 sq.units
31 Reason (R) :The area of the region between the graphs of x = f(y) , x = g(y) and
𝑑
32the abscissa y = c , y = d is given by ∫𝑐 |𝑓(𝑦) − 𝑔(𝑦)| 𝑑𝑦

32

33

34
35

36

Assertion (A): Two vectors are said to be like vectors if they have the same direction
but different magnitude.
37
Reason (R) : Vector quantities do not have a specific direction.

38

Assertion (A) : The position of a particle in a rectangular coordinate system is

(3,2,5). Then its position vector be 2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ .
39
Reason (R) : The displacement vector of the particle that moves from point P(2,3,5)
to point Q(3,4,5) is 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂
Assertion (A) : The vectors which can undergo parallel displacement without
40 changing its magnitude and direction are called free vectors.
Reason (R) :𝑎⃗ . (𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗) = 𝑎⃗ . 𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑎⃗ . 𝑐⃗

41

42

43
44

Assertion (A) : The acute angle between the line 𝑟⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ +  (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂) and the
𝜋
x axis is 4
Reason (R) : The acute angle 𝜃 between the lines
𝑟⃗ = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑦1 𝑗̂ + 𝑧1 𝑘̂ + (𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏1 𝑗̂ + 𝑐1 𝑘̂) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟⃗
45 = 𝑥2 𝑖̂ + 𝑦2 𝑗̂ + 𝑧2 𝑘̂ + 𝜇(𝑎2 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑐2 𝑘̂ )
Is given by

𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
cos 𝜃 = | |
√𝑎1 2 + 𝑎22 + 𝑎32 √𝑏12 + 𝑏22 + 𝑏32
Assertion (A) : Feasible region is the set of points which satisfy all of the given
constraints.
46
Reason (R) : The optimal value of the objective function is attained at the points on
X – axis only.
Assertion (A) : It is necessary to find objective function value at every point in the
feasible region to find optimum value of the objective function.
47
Reason (R) : for the constraints 2x + 3y ≤ 6, 5x + 3y ≤ 15 , x≥ 0 , 𝑦 ≥ 0 corner
points of the feasible region (0,2) , (0,0) and (3,0)
Assertion (A) : Feasible region is the set of points which satisfy all of the given
constraints and objective function too.
48
Reason (R) : The optimal value of the objectivve function is attained at the points on
x – axis only.

49

50

Assertion (A) : Given that E and F are events such that P(E) = 0.6 , P(F) = 0.3 and
P(E ∩ 𝐹) = 0.2 , then P(E / F) = 2/3
51 Reason (R) : Given that E and F are events such that P(E) = 0.6, P(F) = 0.3 and
P(E ∩ 𝐹) = 0.2 , then P(E / F) = 1/3
52

Assertion (A) : If P(A) = ½ , P(B) = 0, then P(A/B) is undefined

53
Reason (R) : If P(A) = ½ , P(B) = 0, then P(A/B) is zero.

TWO MARKS

1. Prove that the function f is surjective, where f:N→N such that

𝑛+1 𝑛
f (n) = { , 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 . Is the function injective? Justify your
2
answer

2. Let R be the relation in the set Z of integers given byR = {(a, b) : 2 divides a-b}.
show that the relation is transitive. Also find equivalence class of [0]

3. Show that the function:F:N→N . Given by f(1) = f(2) = 1 and f(x) = x – 1, for
every x >2 is onto but not one-one.

4. State whether the function f : injective, surjective or both. N→N given by f(x) = 5x
is injective, surjective or both.

5. Write the value of tan-1[2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1

√3
)]
2

6. −5
Find the value of [𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1( 12 )]

7. 13𝜋
Find the value of sin-1 [sin ( )]
7

8. Find the domain of f(x) = sin-1 (-x2)

9. 9𝜋
Find the value of tan-1 (tan )
8

10. 𝜋 1
Write the value of sine [3 – sin-1(-2)]

−
11. √3 𝜋
Evaluate cos [𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) + 6]
2

12. Write the value of tan-1(-√3)

13. 1 1
Write the value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (− ) + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( )
2 2

14. −𝜋
Write the principal value of tan-1[sin (( )]
2
15. 3 2 −1 1 2 −1
Find the matrix X for which :[[ ]] 𝑋 [ ]= [ ]
7 5 −2 1 0 4

16. 5 0 4 3
If 3A – B = [ ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 = [ ] then find the value of matrix A
1 1 2 5
17. 0 1 −2
For what value of x, is the matrix A =[−1 0 3 ] a skew –symmetric matrix?
𝑥 −3 0
18. 0 2𝑏 −2
Matrix A =[ 3 1 3 ] is given to be symmetric, find the values of a and b.
3𝑎 3 −1
19. −2 2 0
Find a matric A such that 2A = 3B + 5C = 0, where B = ( ) and
3 1 4
2 0 −2
C=( )
7 1 6
20. 1 3 𝑥 5
Find x from the matrix equation ( )( ) = ( )
4 5 2 6
21. 𝑥+𝑦 4 3 4
From the following matrix equation, find the value of x.( )=( )
−5 3𝑦 −5 6

22. 2 3 1 −3 −4 6
If ( )( )= ( ) , write the value of x.
5 7 −2 4 −9 𝑥
23. 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝ − cos ∝
Evaluate ∆ = ( − sin ∝ 0 sin 𝛽 )
cos ∝ − sin 𝛽 0

24. 2 1 4 5
A=( ) and B = ( ) verify that (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1
5 3 3 4
25. 5−𝑥 𝑥+1
For what value of x, the matrix ( )is singular?
2 4
26. Find minors and cofactors of the elements of the determinant
2 −3 5
|6 0 4 |Verify that 𝑎11 A32+𝑎13A33= 0
1 5 −7
27. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (3, 8),(- 4, 2) and (5, 1).

28. 1 2 4
Evaluate the determinant ∆ = |−1 3 0|
4 1 0
29. 𝑥 2 16 2
If | |=| |, then x is equal to _____
18 𝑥 18 6
30. 5 3 8
If ∆ = |2 0 1|, write the cofactor of 𝑎23 .
1 2 3
31. 2 −3 5
If A, is the cofactor of the element a of the determinant |6 0 4 | then write
1 5 −7
the value of 𝑎32 𝐴32

32. Differentiate sin2x w.r.to ecosx

33. 𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 if 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 = 81

34. 𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Find 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = tan -1(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)

35. Differentiate cos {sin (x)2} w.r.t. x

36. 𝑑𝑦
If y = xx, find 𝑑𝑥

37. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
Differentiate tan-1(𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) with respect to to x

38. 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
Differentiate tan-1( ) with respect to to x
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

39. The total cost C(x) associated with the production of ‘x’ units of an item is given
by C(x)= 0.005x3 – 0.02x2 + 30x + 5000. Find the marginal cost when 3 units are
produced, where by marginal cost we mean the instantaneous rate of change of
the total cost at any level of output.

40. 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
If x = a(2𝜃 - sin 𝜃) and y = a (1 – cos 2 𝜃), find 𝑑𝑥 where 𝜃 = 3

41. 𝑑𝑦 𝜋
Find the value of at 𝜃 = . X = a 𝜃 (sin 𝜃 - cos 𝜃) and y = ae 𝜃(sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃)
𝑑𝑥 4

𝑜 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
42. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 ∫−𝜋 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 dx
4

43. Find the value of the integrals:

(i) 𝑥. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1𝑥
1
(ii) √5−4𝑥−2𝑥 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
(iii) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
(iv) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
2
(v) 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
(vi) 𝑥 2 + 16
 2−3𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑥
(vii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 −𝑒 −2𝑥
(viii) 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥

44. A man 1.6m tall walks at the rate of 0.3 m/sec away from a street light that is 4
m above the ground. At what rate is the tip of his shadow moving? At what rate
is his shadow lengthening?

45. Show that the function f(x) = 4x3 – 18x2 + 27 x – 7 is always increasing on R.

46. The volume of a cube increasing at the rate of 8cm3/s. How S fast is the surface
area increasing when the length of its edge is 12cm?

47. 𝑑𝑦
Solve the differential equation: 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 𝑒 3𝑥

48. 𝑑𝑦
Find the general solution of the differential equation :𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1

49. 𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦 2
If 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 = 1, then prove that 𝑑𝑥 = √1=𝑥 2

50. 𝑑𝑦
Solve the following differential equation:𝑑𝑥 + y = cos x – sin x

51. 𝑑𝑦
Solve cos(𝑑𝑥 ) = a, y = 1, when x = 0

52. 𝑑𝑦
Solve the differential equation :𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =x + y

53. 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
Solve the initial value problem: 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =x + y sin (𝑥 ) = 0, y(2) = 𝜋

54. 𝑑𝑦
Find the general solution of the differential equation: (𝑥 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = 1

55. Find the general solution of the order and degree of the differential equation
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 3
{(𝑑𝑥 ) } = 0
𝑑𝑥

56. Integrating factor of the differential equation (1-x2) dy/dx – xy = 1

57. Find the direction ratios and the direction cosines of the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟 = = 2𝑖̂ − 7𝑗̂ −
3𝑘̂

58. 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂

Write a unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
and

⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 7𝑘̂.
𝑏
59. 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 = 5𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝜆𝑘̂, then find the value of 𝜆 so that the
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗+ 𝑎 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 are orthogonal.

60. Find |⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗|

𝑥 if (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑥 −𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗). (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑥 +𝑎⃗⃗⃗⃗) = 12 where ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗is
𝑎 a unit vector.

61. 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Let ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 = 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ be two vectors. Show that the vectors

𝑎 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
(⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 ) and (⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 ) are perpendicular to each other.

62. 𝑎 = (2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ ) then find the value of 𝜆 so that 𝜆⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 may be a unit vector.

63. 𝑎 on ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Find the projection of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 , if ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗. 𝑏 = 8 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑏 = 2𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂.

64. Find the projection of the vector 𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ on the vector 7𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 8𝑘̂

65. Show that the points A, B, C with position vectors −2𝑎⃗ + 3𝑏⃗⃗ + 5𝑐⃗, 2𝑏⃗⃗ +
3 𝑐⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7𝑎⃗ − 𝑐⃗ respectively are collinear.

66. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are represented by the
𝑎 = 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
vectors. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑏 = 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂

67. Find the direction ratio and direction cosines of a line parallel to the line whose
equations are 6x – 12 = 3y + 9 = 2 z – 2

68. 𝑟 = (2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂) + 𝜆(𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ). Find its

The vector equation of a line is⃗⃗⃗⃗
Cartesian equation.

69. 4−𝑧 𝑦+3 𝑧 +2

The equations of a line are given by = = . Write the direction
3 3 3
cosines of a line parallel to this line.

70. Fine the vector and Cartesian equations of the line passing through the points
A (2, -3, 0) and B (-2, 4, 3).

71. If a line makes angles 90o, 60o and 𝜃 with X, Y and Z – axis respectively, where
𝜃 is acute angle, then find 𝜃.

72. If a line has direction ratios (2, -1, -2), then what are its direction cosines?

73. Write the direction cosines of the line joining the points (1, 0, 0) and (0, 1, 1)

74. The x – coordinate of a point on the points P(2, 2, 1) and Q (5, 1, -2) is 4 find its
z-coordinate.

75. A bag contains 4 white and 5 black balls. Another bag contains 9 white and 7
black balls. A ball is transferred from the first bag to the second and then a ball
is drawn at random from the second bag. Find the probability that the ball drawn
is white.
76. A die is thrown twice and the sum of the numbers appearing is observed to be
8. What is the conditional probability that the number 5 has appeared at least
once?

77. 12 cards numbered 1 to 12 (one number on one card), are placed in a box and
mixed up thoroughly. Then a card is drawn at random from the box. If it is
known that the number on the drawn card is greater than 5, find the probability
that the card bears and odd number.

78. 1 1
Probability of solving specific problem independently by A and B are 2 and 3
respectively. If both try to solve the problem independently, find the probability
that the problem is solved.

79. A bag contains 5 white, 7 red and 4 black balls. If four balls are drawn one by
one with replacement, what is the probability that none is white?

80. Determine P(E|F): A dice is thrown three times. E:4 appears on the third toss,
F:6 and 5 appears respectively on first two tosses.

THREE MARKS

1. If A = {1, 2, 3, .. ,9} and R is the relation in A × A defined by (a , b) R(c, d),

if a + d = b + c for (a,b), (c, d) in A × A. Prove that R is an equivalence relation.
Also, obtain the equivalence class (2, 5).
2. Show that the function f in A = R – {2/3} defined as f(x) = 4𝑥 + 3/6𝑥 − 4 is
one-one and onto.
3. If R is a relation defined on the set of natural numbers N as follows:
R = {(x, y) : x ∈ N, y ∈ N and 2x + y = 24}, then find the domain and range of
the relation R . Also, find whether R is an equivalence relation or not.
4.
Show that f: N → N, given by

is bijective (both one-one and onto).

5. If Z is the set of all integers and R is the relation on Z defined as
R = {(a, b):a,b∈ Z and a – b is divisible by 5}. Prove that R is an equivalence
relation
6. Show that the relation S in the set R of real numbers defined as S – {(a, b):
a,b∈ R and a ≤ b3} is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive
7. Consider f: R+ → [-5, ∞) given by f(x) = 9x2 + 6x – 5. Show that f is Bijective
8. Write the value oftan-1 (√3) – cot-1 (- √3).
9. Write the principal value of the following.[cos−1(√3/2) +cos-1 (−1/2)]
10. Prove that𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (
√1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+√1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
)= x/2 , 0 < x < π/2, or x ∈ π/4
√1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−√1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
11. 𝑥 2 +1
Show that sin(cot −1{cos(tan−1 𝑥)})=√𝑥 2+2
12.
−2
If A =( 4 ), B = [1 3 -6], then verify that (AB)’ = B’A’
5
13.
1
For the following matrices A and B, verify that [AB]’ = B’A’;𝐴 = (−4) B = [-1 2
3
1].
14.

Is continuous at x=0 then find a and b

15. Find the value of k, so that the function

is continuous at x = 0.

16. Find the value of k, for which

is continuous at x = 0.

17.
Find the value of k, so that the function f defined by

is continuous at x = π/2.
18. Find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 at x = 1, y = π/4 if 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑦 = 𝐾.
19. If (cos x)y = (cos y)x, then find 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥.
20. If xy – yx = ab, find dy/dx.
21. If y = etan-1x, prove that (1 + x2) d2y/dx2 + (2x – 1)dy/dx = 0.
22. If x = a cos θ + b sin θ, y = a sin θ – b cos θ, then show that
y2 d2y/dx2 – x dy/dx + y = 0.
23. Find the intervals in which the function𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 – 𝑥 3 – 5𝑥2 + 24𝑥 + 12 is
4
(i) strictly increasing (ii) strictly decreasing
24. A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. Bottom of ladder is pulled along
the ground away from wall at the rate of 2 m/s. How fast is the height on the
wall decreasing, when the foot of ladder is 4 m away from the wall?
25. Show that 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥) – ( 2𝑥/2 + 𝑥), x > – 1 is an increasing function of x,
throughout its domain.
26. Sand is pouring from the pipe at the rate of 12 cm3/s. The falling sand forms a
cone on a ground in such a way that the height of cone is always one-sixth of
radius of the base. How fast is the height of sand 5 cone increasing when the
height is 4 cm?
27. Find the intervals in which the function given by𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥– 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.
28. Find the values of ∫ (𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥)/(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 6𝑥) 𝑑𝑥.
29. Evaluate :∫ 𝑒2x 𝑠𝑖𝑛(3𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
30.
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫(√𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
31. 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ,
1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
0
32. 2

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 where 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 3 − 𝑥|

−1
𝜋
33. 4

𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ log 𝑒 (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

0
𝜋
34. 3 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: ∫𝜋
1+√𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥
6
35. Using integration, find the area of the triangular region whose sides have the
equations y = 2x + 1, y = 3x + 1 and x = 4.
36. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the X-axis, the
liney = x and the circle x2 + y2 = 32.
37. Using integration, find the area of the region:{(x, y): 0 ≤ 2y ≤ x2, 0 ≤ y ≤ x, 0 ≤ x
≤ 3}.
38. Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the curves
y = |x + 1| + 1, x = – 3, x = 3 and y = 0.
39. Using integration, find the area bounded by the curve x2 = 4y and the line
x = 4y – 2.
40. Using integration, find the area of ∆ ABC, the coordinates of whose vertices
are A (2, 5), B(4, 7) and C(6, 2).
41. Solve the following differential equation.𝑥 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦– 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑦/𝑥).

42. Solve the differential equation.𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = −[(𝑥 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)/(1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)]

43. Solve the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, given that y = 1
when x = π/2.
44. Solve the differential equation(x2 – yx2) dy + (y2 + x2y2) dx = 0, given that y = 1,
when x = 1.
45. Solve the following differential equation. √1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 2+ 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
46. If a⃗ ,b⃗ ,c⃗ are unit vectors such that a⃗ +b⃗ +c⃗ = 0, then write the value
of a⃗ ⋅b⃗ +b⃗ ⋅c⃗ +c⃗ ⋅a⃗
47. If the sum of two unit vectors a and b is a unit vector, show that the magnitude
of their difference is √3.
48. The scalar product of the vector a⃗ =î + ĵ + k̂ with a unit vector along the sum
of the vectors b⃗ = 2î + 4ĵ – 5k̂ and c⃗ = λî + 2ĵ + 5k̂ is equal to 1. Find the
value of λ and hence find the unit vector along b⃗ + c⃗ .
49. If a⃗ , b⃗ and c⃗ are three mutually perpendicular vectors of the same
magnitude, then prove that a⃗ +b⃗ +c⃗ is equally inclined with the
vectors a⃗ , b⃗ and c⃗ .
50. The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2î – 4ĵ – 5k̂ and 2î + 2 ĵ + 3k̂.
Find the two unit vectors parallel to its diagonals. Using the diagonal vectors,
find the area of the parallelogram.
51. A and B throw a pair of dice alternately. A wins the game, if he gets a total of 7
and B wins the game, if he gets a total of 10. If A starts the game, then find the
probability that B wins.
52. If A and B are two independent events such that P(Ā ∩ B) = 2/15 and (A ∩ B̄)
= 1/6, then find P (A) and P (B).
53. From a lot of 15 bulbs which include 5 defectives, a sample of 2 bulbs is drawn
at random (without replacement). Find the probability distribution of the
number of defective bulbs.
54. Find the probability distribution of number of doublets in three tosses of a pair
of dice.
55. Solve the following LPP graphically:
Minimize Z = 5x + 10y subject to the constraints
x + 2y ≤ 120
x + y ≥ 60,
x – 2y > 0 and x, y ≥ 0
56. Maximize and minimize Z = x + 2y subject to the constraints
x + 2 y ≥ 100
2x – y ≤ 0
2x+ y ≤ 200
x, y ≥ 0
Solve the above LPP graphically.
57. Maximise Z = 2x + 3y, subject to x + y≤4, x≥0, y≥0.
58. Minimize Z= 200 x + 500 y subject to the constraints:

x + 2y ≥ 10

3x + 4y≤24
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
59. Consider the linear programming problem;
Maximise; Z = x + y, 2x + y – 3< 0, x – 2y + 1 < 0, y < 3, x < 0, y< 0.
(i) draw its feasible region.

(ii) find the corner points of the feasible region

FIVE MARKS

1. If N denotes the set of all natural numbers and R be the relation on N × N

defined by (a, b) R (c, d), if ad(b + c) = bc(a + d). Show that R is an
equivalence relation.
2. Consider f: R+ → [-9, ∞) given by f(x) = 5x2 + 6x – 9. Prove that f is one-one
and
onto where, R+ is the set of all non-negative real numbers.
3. 1 3 4
If 𝐴 = (2 1 2) find A-1. Hence solve the system of equations : x + 3y + 4z =
5 1 1
8
2x + y + 2z = 5 , 5x + y + z = 7.
4. −4 4 4 1 −1 1
Find the product of two matrices 𝐴 = (−7 1 3 ) 𝐵 = (1 −2 −2) and
5 −3 −1 2 1 3
use it for solving the equations 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4; 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 9; 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 =1
5. Using matrix method, solve the following system of equations.

6. An open tank with a square base and vertical sides is to be constructed from a
metal sheet so as to hold a given quantity of water. Show that the cost of
material will be least when depth of the tank is half of its width. If the cost is the
borne by nearby settled lower income families, for whom water will be
provided.
7. A window is of the form of a semi-circle with a rectangle on its diameter. The
total perimeter of the window is 10 m. Find the dimensions of the window to
admit maximum light through the whole opening.
8. The sum of the surface areas of a cuboid with sides x, 2x and x/3 and a sphere
is given to be constant. Prove that the sum of their volumes is minimum, if x is
equal to three times the radius of sphere. Also, find the minimum value of the
sum of their volumes.
9. A wire of length 28 m is to be cut into two pieces. One of the two pieces is to
be made into a square and the other into a circle. What should be the lengths
of two pieces, so that the combined area of circle and square is minimum?
10. Using integration, find the area of the triangular region whose sides have the
equations y = 2x + 1, y = 3x + 1 and x = 4.
11. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the X-axis,
the line y = x and the circle x2 + y2 = 32
12.
Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the line x – y + 2 = 0,
the curve x = √y and Y-axis.
13.
Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the curves

y = |x + 1| + 1, x = – 3, x = 3 and y = 0.
14.
Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the lines

2x + y = 4, 3x – 2y = 6 and x – 3y + 5 = 0.
15.
Using integration, find the area of the following region.{(x, y):|x – 1| ≤ y
≤ √5 − 𝑥 2

16. Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point A (- 1, 8,
4) to the line joining the points B(0, – 1, 3) and C(2, – 3, – 1). Hence, find the
image of the point A in the line BC.
17. Show that the linesr⃗ = (î + ĵ – k̂) + λ(3î – ĵ)andr⃗ = (4î – k̂) + µ(2î + 3k̂)
intersect. Also, find their point of intersection.
18. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are
r⃗ =î + ĵ + λ(2î – ĵ + k) and r⃗ = 2î + ĵ – k̂ + µ(3î – 5ĵ + 2k̂).
19. Find the shortest distance between lines whose vector equations are
r⃗ = (1 – t) î + (t – 2) ĵ + (3 – 2t) k̂
r⃗ = (s + 1) î + (2s – 1) ĵ – (2s + 1) k̂.
20. Using vectors, show that the pointsA(- 2, 3, 5), B(7, 0, – 1), C(- 3, – 2, – 5) and
D(3, 4,7) are such that AB and CD intersect at the point P(1, 2, 3).
21. Find the equation of line passing through points A (0, 6,- 9) and B (- 3, – 6, 3).
If D is the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point C (7,4, – 1) on the line
AB, then find the coordinates of point D and equation of line CD.

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

1.

2.

3.
4.

5.
6.

7.
8.

9.
10.

11.
12.

13.
 ANSWERS

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1) (b) Symmetric 2) (c) 3) (a) 1 4) (c) {1,2} 5) (b) [1 ,)

Transitive
6) (d) None of 7) (a) 4 8) (b)64 9) (c) 2 10) (b) injective
these
11) (c) 24 12) (d) 13) (b) 2 14) (c) 15) (b)
Equivalence {(1,1),(3,3),(3,1),(2,3)} {-2,-1,0,1,2}
relation
𝜋 𝜋 4 3𝜋 −1 1
16)(b) 2 17) (d) 3 18) (a) 5 19) (a) 20) (c) [ 2 , 2]
10
−𝜋 −𝜋
21) (c) [0, 𝜋] – 22) (b)
−2𝜋
23) (c)
2𝜋
24) (c) 25) (b)
𝜋 5 3 10 8
{2 }

𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1 −𝜋
26) (a) 12 27) (𝑎) 8 28) (d) [1,2] 29) (c) 4 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 30) (b)
2 2

31)(d) A and B 32) (b) 1 0 34) (c) AB = BA 35) (d) 5 x 7

33) (a) [ ]
are square 1 1 0 1
5[ ]
matrices of 1 2
same order
36) (a) I 37) (b) 0 38) (a)[28] 39) (c) 64 40) (b) Zero
square matrix
41) (a) 4 42) (b) 1 x 1 43) (b) 44) (b) 4 45) (a) 2I
4 3
[−3 0 ]
−1 −2
46)(c) ±6 47) (c) ±4 48)(b) 10 49)(b) 3 50) (d) 16

51)(d) None of 4 −2 53)(c) 54)(b) -7 55)(b) 1/det (A)

52)(b)
these 2 6 Determinant is a
number
associated with
a square matrix.
56)(d) 4 57)(b) 9y2 (x + 58)(a) 13 59)(c) 2a f(a)-a2 f’(a) 60)(a) x ∈ R
y)

61)(b) 3/4t 62)(c) 4a 63) (a) a+b 64)(a) [sin2(a+y)]/sin 65) (c) -1
a

66) (a) cos x 67) (b) g’(0) = 68) (a) {x : x = 69) (a) continuous 70) (c) 2/3
/(2y-1) cos(log 2) nπ, n ∈ Z} every where but not
differentiable at x = 0.

71) (d)
−𝑏
𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃 72) (d) 10√3 73) (c) 4 74) Always increasing 75) (c) is an
𝑎
cm2/s increasing
function
76) (c) (3, 9) 77)(c) neither 78)(b) 1/2 79)(d) 1,0 80) (c) neither
has a local has a local
minimum nor minimum nor
local local maximum
maximum
81) (a) -63,257 82) (a) f(x) 83) (c) 8/3 84) (c) 26/3 85) (c) 2x /
loge2
86) (d) ½ 87) (b) -cot x 88) (a) π/2 89) (b) 24 90) (b) -¼
–x+C
𝑥 𝑥 2
91) (c) 20/3 92)(d) x + tan2 93) (a) tan2 + c 94) (c) 3 𝑥 3/2 + 95) (b) 8/3
+c 2𝑥 1/2 + 𝑐
96) (c) 1 97) (d) 9/8 sq. 98) (c) 45/4 99) (c) 56/3 100) (b) 2 sq.
units units
101) (a) 6 sq. 102) (b) 15/4 103)(d) 1π sq. 104) (c) 4 sq. units 105)(c) 2
units sq. units units
106)(a) 2 107)(a)2 108)(c) 3 109)(d)0 110)(c)straight
line passing
through the
origin
111)(b)sin-1 y/2 112)(b)y’y” + y 113) (c) 𝑑2𝑦 + 114) (b) one 115)(c)i + 2j
=x+c = sin x 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0

116)(c)7 117)(a)√34 118)(c)20 119)(b)initial point, 120)(b)Scalar

terminal point quantity
121)(b) 1 122)(a) Yes 123)(c) 2, 3 124)(d)-10 125)(c)(0, 1, 0)
126)(d)x + y – 2 127)(a)A pair 128)(a) 7, 4,-2 129)(d) l2+ m2+ n2 = 1 130)(a)(−3, −5,
=0 of parallel −3)
planes
131)(b) ⅔, -⅓, - 132)(c) -i+2k+ 133)(a)Exactly 134)(b) 2/√14, 3/√14, 135)(a) first
⅔ λ(4i + 4j + 4k) two values -1/√14 quadrant
136)(b) function 137)(a) a 138) (c) 139) (c)16 140)(b) 7
to be optimized constraint Feasible
solution
141)(c)37 at (4, 142)(d)(2,3) 143)(c) corner 144)(c)all of the given 145)(c) Vertex
5) points of the constraints point of the
feasible region boundary of
the feasible
region
146)(b).Function 147)(b)Both A 148)(a)0.32 149)(b)⅔ 150)(a) 0
to be optimised and B
151) (b)14/17 152)(b)0.86 153)(a) 3/7 154) (c)P(E ∩ F) = 155) (b)1−
P(E) . P(F) P(A′) P (B′)
156)(b) ½

ASSERTION &REASON :

1) A 2) A 3) D 4) A 5) A 6) A 7) C 8) D 9)B 10)C
11) B 12) A 13)C 14) A 15) A 16) D 17) C 18) D 19) A 20) A
21) B 22) A 23) B 24) C 25) A 26) C 27) A 28) A 29) B 30)B
31) A 32) D 33) C 34) B 35) A 36) B 37) C 38) A 39) A 40) B
41) A 42) A 43) B 44) B 45) A 46) C 47) D 48) C 49) A 50) C
51) C 52) B 53) C
TWO MARKS :
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
6.

7.

8. 8

9.

10. 1
11.

12. 1
2

13.

14.
15.

16.
17.

18.

19.
20.

21.

22.

23.
24.

25.

26.
27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.
33.

34.

35.

36.

37.
38.

39.

40.

41.
42.

(i)

(ii)

43.

(iii)

(iv)
(v)

(vi)

(vii)

(viii)
44.

45.
46.

47.

48.
49.

50.

51.

52.
53.
54.

55.

56.
57.

58.

59.

60.

61.

62.

63.
64.

65.

66.

67.
68.

69.

70.
71.

72.

73.
74.

75.

76.

77.
 78.

79.

80.

THREE MARKS :

1 Given a relation R in A × A, where A = {1, 2, 3,…, 9}, defined as (a, b) R (c, d), if
a + d = b + c.
Reflexive:
Let (a, b) be any arbitrary element of A × A. i.e. (a, b) ∈ A × A, where a,b∈ A.
Now, as a + b = b + a [∵ addition is commutative]
 ∴ (a, b) R{a, b)
So, R is reflexive.
Symmetric:
Let (a, b), (c,d)e Ax A, such that (a, b)R(c, d). Then, a + d = b + c
⇒ b + c = a + d ⇒ c + b = d + a [∵ addition is commutative]
⇒ (c, d) R(a, b)
So, R is symmetric.
Transitive:
Let (a, b), (c, d), (e, f) ∈ A × A such that (a, b) R(c, d) and (c, d) R(e, f).
Then, a + d = b + c and c + f = d + e
On adding the above equations,
we get a + d + c + f = b + c + d + e
⇒ a + f = b + e ⇒ (a, b) R(e, f)
So, R is transitive.
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
Equivalence class [(2, 5)] = {(1, 4), (2, 5),(3, 6),(4, 7),(5, 8),(6, 9)}.
2 One-one function:
Let x1, x2 ∈ A = R – {23} such that f(x1) = f(x2).
Then, 4x1+3/6x1−4=4x2+3/6x2−4
⇒ (4x1 + 3) /(6x2 – 4) = (4x2 + 3) /(6x2 – 4)
⇒ 24x1x2 – 16x1 + 18x2 – 12 = 24x1x2 – 16x2 + 18x1 – 12
⇒ – 34x1 = – 34x2
⇒ x1 = x2
So, f is one-one function.

Onto function:
Let y be an arbitrary element of A (co domain).
Then, f(x) = y
⇒ 4x+3/6x−4 = y
⇒ 4x + 3 = 6xy – 4y
⇒ 4x – 6xy = -4y – 3
⇒x(4 – 6 y) = -(4y + 3)
⇒ x = −(4y+3)/4−6y
⇒ x = (4y+3)/6y−4

Hence, f is onto function.

3 Given, R = {(x, y) : x ∈ N, y ∈ N and 2x + y = 24}
∴ y = 24 – 2x
Domain of R= {1, 2, 3, …, 11}
 Range of R = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22}
R = {(1, 22), (2, 20), (3, 18), (4, 16), (5, 14), (6, 12), (7, 10), (8, 8), (9, 6), (10, 4),
(11, 2)}
Reflexive:
Since, for 1 ∈ domain of R,(1, 1) ∉ R.
So, R is not reflexive.
Symmetric:
We observe that (1, 22) ∉ R but (22, 1) ∈ R. So, R is not symmetric.
Transitive:
We observe that (7, 10) ∈ Rand (10, 4) ∈ R hut (7, 4) ∉ R. So, R is not transitive.
Thus, R is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
So, R is not an equivalence relation.
4 One-one function:
Let x1, x2 ∈ W be any two numbers such that f(x1) = f(x2)
Case I:
When x1, and x2 are odd.
Then, f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ x1 – I = x2 – I
⇒ x1 = x2
Case II:
When x1, and x2 are even.
Then, f(x1) = f(x2)
⇒ x1 + I = x2 + I
⇒ x1 = x2
Thus, in both cases,
f(x1) = f(x2) ⇒ x1 = x2

Case III:
When x1, is odd and x2 is even.
Then, x1 ≠ x2
Also, f(x1) is even and f(x2) is odd.
So, f(x1) ≠ f(x2)
Thus, x1 ≠ x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≠ f(x2)
Case IV:
When x1 is even and x2 is odd.
Then, x1 ≠ x2
Also, f(x1) is odd and f(x2) is even.
So, f(x1) ≠ f(x2)
Thus, x1 ≠ x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≠ f(x2)
Hence, from cases I, II, III and IV we can observe that f(x) is a one-one function.
Onto function:
Let y ∈ N (co domain) be any arbitrary number.
If y is odd, then there exists an even number y + 1 ∈ N (domain) such that
f(y + 1) = (y + 1) – 1 = y
If y is even, then there exists an odd number y – 1 ∈ N (domain) such that
f(y – 1) = (y – 1) + 1 = y
Thus, every element in N (co domain) has a pre-image in N (domain).
 Therefore, f(x) is an onto function.
Hence, the function f(x) is bijective.
5 Reflexive:
As for any x ∈ Z, we have x – x = 0, which is divisible by 5.
⇒ (x – x) is divisible by 5.
⇒ (x, x) ∈ R, V x ∈ Z Therefore, R is reflexive.
Symmetric:
Let (x, y) ∈ R, where x, y ∈ Z.
⇒ (x – y) is divisible by 5. [by definition of R]
⇒ x – y = 5A for some A ∈ Z.
⇒ y – x = 5(-A)
⇒ (y – x) is also divisible by 5.
⇒ (y, x) ∈ R
Therefore, R is symmetric.
Transitive:
Let (x, y) ∈ R, where x, y ∈ Z.
⇒ (x – y) is divisible by 5.
⇒ x – y = 5Afor some A ∈ Z Again, let (y, z) ∈ R, where y, z ∈ Z.
⇒ (y – 1) is divisible by 5.
⇒ y – z = 5B for some B ∈ Z.
Now, (x – y) + (y – 2) = 5A + 5B
⇒ x – z = 5(A + B)
⇒ (x – z) is divisible by 5 for some (A + B) ∈ Z
⇒ (x, z) ∈ R
Therefore, R is transitive.
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence, it is an equivalence relation.
6 Here, the result is disproved by using some specific examples.
Given relation is
S = {(a, b) : a, b ∈ R and a ≤ b3}
Reflexive:
As 1/2≤(1/2)3, where 1/2 ∈ R, is not true
Symmetric:
If (1,2) ∈ R then 1≤ 8 ,is true
But ( 2,1) is not true
S is not symmetric
Transitive:
As 3 ≤ (3/2)3 and 3/2≤(4/3)3 where 3, 3/2,4/3 ∈ S are true but 3 ≤ (4/3)3
i.e (3, 3/2) ∈ S and (3/2,4/3) ∈ S but (3, 4/3) ∉ S
Therefore, S is not transitive
Hence, S is neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
7 One-one function:
Let x1, x2 ∈ R+ such that
f(x1) = f(x2)
Then, 9x12 + 6x1 – 5 = 9x2 + 6x2 – 5
⇒ 9(x12 – x22) + 6(x1 – x2) = 0
⇒ 9(x1 + x2)(x1 – x2) + 6(x1 – x2) = 0
 ⇒ (x1 – x2)[9(x1 + x2) + 6] = 0
⇒ x1 – x2 = 0 [∵ x1, x2 ∈ R+ ∴ 9(x1 + x2 + 6 ≠ 0)
⇒ x1 = x2, ∀ x1, x2 ∈ R+
Therefore, f(x) is one-one function.
Onto function:
Let y be any arbitrary element of
Then, y = f(x)
y = 9x2 + 6x – 5
y = (3x + 1)2 – 1 – 5= (3x + 1)2 – 6
(3x + 1)2 = y + 6
3x + 1 = y/y + 6, as y ≥ -5 ⇒ y + 6 ≥ 0
√𝑦+6 −1
x=𝑥= Therefore, f is onto, thereby range f = [- 5, ∞)
3
8 We have, tan-1 (√3) – cot-1 (-√3)
= tan-1 (√3) – {π – cot-1 (√3)} [∵ cot-1 (- x) = π – cot-1 x; x ∈ R]
= tan-1 √3 – π + cot-1 √3
= (tan-1 √3 + cot-1 √3) – π
= π/2 – π = – π/2 [∵ tan-1x + cot-1x = π/2; x ∈ R]
Which is the required principal value.
9
10

11
12

From (1) and (2), (AB)’ = B’A’

13
14
15

16
17

18 we have sin2 y + cos xy = k

On differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get
19 On taking log both sides, we get
log (cos x)y = log (cos y)x
⇒ y log (cos x) = x log(cos y)

20

21 we have, y = etan-1x
on differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
22 Given x = a cos θ + b sin θ, ……. (i)
and y = a sin θ – b cos θ …….. (ii)
On differentiating both sides of Eqs. (i) and (ii) w.r.t. θ, we get
23 On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
f ‘(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 10x + 24
= (x – 2) (x2 – x – 12)
= (x – 2) (x2 – 4x + 3x – 12)
= (x – 2) (x(x – 4) + 3(x – 4)
= (x – 2) (x – 4) (x + 3)
Now, put f'(x) = 0, which gives x = 2, 4 and -3
The points x = -3 x = 2 and x = 4 divides the whole real line into four disjoint
intervals namely, (-∞,-3), (-3, 2), (2, 4), (4, ∞)
Note that,
for x ∈ (-∞, – 3), f'(x) < 0 for x ∈ (-3, 2), f(x) > 0
for x ∈ (2, 4), f'(x) < 0 and for x ∈ (4, ∞), f'(x) > 0
∴ f(x) is strictly increasing in the intervals (-3, 2) and (4, ∞), and strictly decreasing
in the intervals (-∞, -3) and (2, 4).
24 Let AC be the ladder, BC = x and height of the wall, AB = y.

As the ladder is pulled along the ground away

from the wall at the rate of 2 m/s.
So, dy/dx = 2m/s
To find ,when x = 4.
In right angled MBC, by Pythagoras theorem, we get
(4)2 + (BC)2 =(AC)2
x2 + y2 = 25
(4)2 + y2 = 25
16 + y2 = 25
y2 = 9
y = √9 [taking positive square root]
∴y=3
On differentiating both sides of Eq. (i) w.r.t. t, we get
25 Given Function is 𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑥) – (2𝑥/2 + 𝑥)
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

Now, x2, (2 + x)2 are always positive, also 1 + x > 0 for x > -1
From Eq. (i), 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 > 0 for x > – 1
Hence, function increases for x > -1.
26 Let V be the volume of cone, h be the height and r be the radius of base of the
cone.
Given, 𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑡 = 12 cm3/s ……(i)
Also, height of cone = 16 × (radius of base of cone)
1
∴ h = 6r or r = 6h ………..(ii)
We know that, volume of cone is given by
1
𝑉 = 3 𝜋r2ℎ …(iii)
On putting r = 6h from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (iii), we get

Hence, the height of sand cone is increasing at the rate of 1/48π cm/s.
27 Given function is f(x) = sin x – cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get f'(x) = cos x + sin x
On putting f'(x) = 0, we get

Now, we find the intervals in which f(x) is strictly increasing or strictly decreasing.

We know that, a function f(x) is said to be strictly increasing in an interval when

f’(x) > 0 and it is said to be strictly decreasing when f’(x) < 0.
So, the given function f(x) is strictly increasing in intervals (o, 3π/4) and (7π/4), and
it is strictly decreasing in the interval (3π/4,7π/4)
28
29
30
31

32
33
34
35 Given, equation of sides arey = 2x + 1, y = 3x + 1 and x = 4
On drawing the graph of these equations, we get the following triangular region

By solving these equations we get the vertices of triangle as A(0, 1), B(4, 13) and
C(4, 9).
∴ Required area = Area (OABDO) – area (OACDO)
36 Given the circle x2 + y2 = 32 ….. (i)
having centre (0, 0) and radius 4√2 and the line y = x ….. (ii)
Let us find the point of intersection of Eqs. (i) and (ii).

On substituting y = x in Eq. (i), we get

x2 + x2 = 32
⇒ 2x2 = 32
⇒ x2 = 16
⇒x=±4
Thus, the points of intersection are (4, 4) and (-4, -4). [∵ y = x]
Clearly, the required area= Area of shaded region OABO
37 Given region is{(x, y): 0 ≤ 2y ≤ x2, 0 ≤ y ≤ x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3} which can be represent
graphically as shown below.

Now, let us find the point of intersection of y = x and y = x^2 / 2.

For this consider,x = x2/2⇒ x2 – 2x = 0⇒x(x – 2) = 0⇒ x = 0 or 2
Clearly, when x = 0, then y = 0 and when x = 2, then y = 2
Thus, the points of intersection are (0, 0) and (2, 2).
38 Given curves are

Eq. (ii) represents the line parallel to Y-axis and passes through the point (- 3, 0).
Eq. (iii) represents the line parallel to Y-axis and passes through the point (3, 0).
Eq. (iv) represent X-axis.
Now, Eqs. (i), (ii) (iii) and (iv) can be represented in graph as shown below:

Clearly, required area

Hence, the required area is 16 sq units.

39 Given curves are
x2 = 4y ……… (i)
and x = 4y – 2 …….. (ii).
On substituting x = 4y – 2 in Eq. (i), we get
(4y – 2)2 = 4y
⇒ 16y2 + 4 – 16y = 4y
⇒ 16y2 – 20y + 4 = o
⇒ 4y2 – 5y + 1 = 0
⇒ (4y – 1) (y – 1) = 0
⇒ y = 1, 14
On putting the values of y in Eq. (ii), we get x = 2, – 1
So, the points of intersection of the given parabola and the line are (2, 1) and (- 1,
1/4).
 The region whose area is to be found out is shaded in figure.
∴ Required area, A is given by

40 Given, the vertices of ∆ABC are A(2, 5), B(4, 7) and C(6, 2).

By plotting these points on the graph, we find the required region.

Equation of the line AB is given by
Now, required area = (Area under line segment AB) + (Area under line segment
BC) – (Area under line segment AC)
41 Given differential equation is
42

43 Given differential equation is

xdy/dx + y = x cos x + sin x dx
dy y
+ = (cos x + sinx)x [dividing both sides by x ]
dx x
which is a linear differential equation of the form
dy/dx + Py = Q, here P = 1x and Q = cos x + sinxx
∴ IF = e∫ Pdx = e∫ 1xdx = e|log x| = x
The general solution is given byy × IF = ∫ (Q × IF)dx + C
⇒ yx = ∫ (cos x + sinxx) xdx + C
⇒ yx = ∫ (x cosx + sinx) dx + C
⇒ xy = ∫ x cosx dx + ∫ sinx dx + C
⇒ xy = x∫ cos x dx – ∫ (x) ∫ cos x + ∫ sinx dx + C [using integration by parts]
⇒ xy = x sin x – ∫ 1 . sin x dx – cos x + C
⇒ xy = x sinx + cosx – cosx + C
⇒ xy = x sinx + C
⇒ y = sinx + C 1x … (i)
Also, given that at x = π2; y = 1
On putting x = π/2 and y = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
1 = 1 + C. 2π ⇒ C = 0
On putting the value of C in Eq. (i), we get
y = sinx
44 Given differential equation is
(x2 – yx2)dy + (y2 + x2y2) dx = 0
⇒ x2 (1 – y) dy + y2 (1 + x2)dx = 0
⇒ – x2 (1 – y)dy = y2 (1 + x2)dx
⇒ x2 (y – 1) dy = y2 (1 + x2)dx

Also, given that y = 1, when x = 1

On putting y = 1 and x = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
log |1| + 1 = -1 + 1+ C
⇒C=1
On putting the value of C in Eq.(i), we get
log|y| + 1/y = −1/x + x + 1
which is the required solution.
45

46
47 let c⃗ = a⃗ + b⃗ . Then, according to given condition c⃗ is a unit vector, i.e. |c⃗ | = 1.

48
49
50 Let ABCD be the given parallelogram with
51 Here, n(S) = 6 × 6 = 36
Let A = Event of getting a sum of 7 in pair of dice = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (6, 1), (5,
2), (4, 3)}
⇒ n(A) = 6
and B = Event of getting a sum of 10 in pair of dice = {(4, 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)} ⇒ n(B) =
3

Now, the probability that if A start the game, then B wins

P(B wins) = P(Ā ∩ B) + P (Ā ∩ B̄ ∩ Ā ∩ B) + P(Ā ∩ B̄ ∩ Ā ∩ B̄ ∩ Ā ∩ B) + …
= P(Ā) P(B) + P(Ā)P(B̄)P(Ā)P(B) + P(Ā)P(B̄)P(Ā)P(B̄)P(Ā) P(B) + ….. (1)
[∵ events are independent]
52 Given, A and B are two independent events with
P(Ā ∩ B) = 2/15 and P(A ∩ B) = 1/6.
We know that, if A and B are independent, then Ā, B and A, B̄ are independent
events.
53 It is given that out of 15 bulbs, 5 are defective.
∴ Number of non-defective bulbs = 15 – 5 = 10
Let X be the random variable which denotes the defective bulbs. So, X may take
values 0, 1, 2
P(X = 0) = P (No defective bulb)
= 1015×914=90210=921
[∵ bulb is drawn without replacement]
P(X = 1) = P (One defective bulb and one non defective bulb)

54 We know that, when a pair of dice is thrown, then total number of outcomes = 36
Also, probability of getting a doublet in one throw = 636 = 16
[∵ doublets in pair of dice are (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5) and(6, 6)]
∴ Probability of not getting a doublet
= 1 – 1/6 = 5/6
Let X = Number of doublets in three tosses of pair of dice
So, X can take values 0, 1, 2 and 3.
Now, P(X = 0) = P (not getting a doublet)
= 5/6×5/6×5/6=125/216
P(X = 1) = P (getting a doublet once only)
= (getting a doublet in 1st throw) + P (getting a doublet in 2nd throw) + P (getting a
doublet in 3rd throw)
= (1/6×5/6×5/6)+(5/6×1/6×5/6)+(5/6×5/6×1/6)
= 25/216+25/216+25/216=75/216
P(X = 2) = P (getting a doublet two times)
= P (doublet in 1st and 2nd throw) + P (doublet in 2nd and 3rd throw) + P (doublet
in 1st and 3rd throw)
55 minimize
Z = 5x + 10y … (i)
Subject to constraints
x + 2y ≤ 120 …(ii)
x + y ≥ 60 …(iii)
x – 2y ≥ 0 … (iv)
and x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0
Table for line x + 2y = 120 is

Put (0, 0) in the inequality x + 2y ≤ 120, we get0 + 2x ≤ 120

⇒ 0 ≤ 120 (which is true)
So, the half plane is towards the origin. Secondly, draw the graph of the line x + y =
60

On putting (0, 0) in the inequality x + y ≥ 60, we get0 + 0 ≥ 60 ⇒ 0 ≥ 60 (which is

false)
So, the half plane is away from the origin.
Thirdly, draw the graph of the line x – 2y = 0.

On putting (5, 0) in the inequality x – 2y ≥ 0, we get5 – 2 × 0 ≥ 0 ⇒ 5 ≥ 0 (which is

true)
Thus, the half plane is towards the X-axis. Since, x, y ≥ 0
∴ The feasible region lies in the first quadrant.

Clearly, feasible region is ABCDA.

On solving equations x – 2y = 0 and x + y = 60,
we get D(40,20) and on solving equations
x -2y = 0 and x + 2y = 120, we get C (60, 30). The corner points of the feasible
region are A (60, 0), B (120, 0), C (60, 30) and D (40, 20). The values of Z at these
points are as follows
Corner Min Z
points
A(60,0) 300 (min)
B(120,0) 600
C(60,30) 600
D(40,20) 400
56 Our problem is to minimise and maximise
Z = x + 2y ……(i)
Subject to constraints,
x + 2y ≥ 100 ………..(ii)
2x – y ≤ 0 ………..(iii)
2x + y ≤ 200 ……..(iv)
and x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 ……….(v) The line x + 2y = 100 is passing through the points (0,
50) and (100, 0).
On putting (0, 0) in the inequality x + 2y ≥ 100, we get
0 + 2 × 0 ≥ 100
⇒ 0 ≥ 100 (which is false)
So, the half plane is away from the origin. The line 2x – y = 0 is passing through
the points (0, 0) and (10, 20).
On putting (5, 0) in the inequality 2x – y ≤ 0, we get
2×5–0≤0
⇒ 10 ≤ 0 (which is false)
So, the half plane is towards Y-axis. The line 2x + y = 200 is passing through the
points (0, 200) and (100, 0).
On putting (0, 0) in the inequality 2x + y ≤ 200, we get
2 × 0 + 0 ≤ 200
⇒ 0 ≤ 200 (which is true)
So, the half plane is towards the origin.
Also, x, y ≥ 0.

Clearly, feasible region is ABCDA.

On solving equations 2x – y = 0 and x + 2y = 100, we get B(20, 40).
Again, solving the equations 2x – y = 0 and 2x + y = 200, we get C(50, 100).
The comer points of the feasible region are
A(0, 50), B(20, 40), C(50, 100) and D(0, 200).The maximum value of Z is 400 at
0(0, 200) and the minimum value of Z is 100 at all the points on the line segment
joining A(0, 50) and B(20, 40)
57

58
59

FIVE MARKS :

1. We have, a relation R on N × N defined by (a, b)R(c, d), if ad(b + c) = bc(a + d).

Reflexive:
Let (a, b) ∈ N × N be any arbitrary element. We have to show {a, b) R {a, b),
i.e. to show ab(b + a) = ba(a + b) which is trivially true as natural numbers are
commutative under usual multiplication and addition.
Since, (a, b) ∈ N × N was arbitrary, therefore R is reflexive.
Symmetric:
Let (a, b), (c, d) ∈ N × N such that (a, b) R (c, d), i.e. ad(b + c) = bc(a + d) …(i)
To show, (c, d) R (a, b), i.e. to show cb(d + a) = da(c + b)
From Eq.(i), we have
ad(b + c) = bc(a + d)
⇒ da(c + b) = cb(d + a) [∵ natural numbers are commutative under usual
addition and multiplication]
⇒cb(d + a) = da(c + b)
⇒ (c, d) R (a, b)
Thus, R is symmetric.
Transitive:
Let (a, b), (c, d) and (e, f) ∈ N × N such that (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f).
Now, (a, b) R (c, d) ⇒ ad(b + c) = bc(a + d)
 ⇒af(e + b) = be(f + a)
⇒af(b + e) = be(a + f)
⇒ (a, b) R (e, f)
⇒ R is transitive.
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, hence R is an equivalence
relation.
2. Here, function f: R+ → [-5, ∞) given by f(x) = 9x2 + 6x – 5
One-one function:
Let x1, x2 ∈ R+ such that
f(x1) = f(x2)
Then, 9x12 + 6x1 – 5 = 9x2 + 6x2 – 5
⇒ 9(x12 – x22) + 6(x1 – x2) = 0
⇒ 9(x1 + x2)(x1 – x2) + 6(x1 – x2) = 0
⇒ (x1 – x2)[9(x1 + x2) + 6] = 0
⇒ x1 – x2 = 0 [∵ x1, x2 ∈ R+ ∴ 9(x1 + x2 + 6 ≠ 0)
⇒ x1 = x2, ∀ x1, x2 ∈ R+
Therefore, f(x) is one-one function.

Onto function:
Let y be any arbitrary element of
Then, y = f(x)
y = 9x2 + 6x – 5
y = (3x + 1)2 – 1 – 5= (3x + 1)2 – 6
(3x + 1)2 = y + 6
3x + 1 = y/y + 6, as y ≥ -5 ⇒ y + 6 ≥ 0
x = y+6√−13
Therefore, f is onto, thereby range f = [- 5, ∞
3. Here, |A| = 11 ≠ 0
Thus, A is invertible.
Clearly, the system has a unique solution given by
X = A-1B.
Now, the cofactors of |A| are
A11 = -1, A12 = 8, A13= -3
A21 = 1, A22 = -19, A23 = 14
A31 = 2, A32 = 6, A33 = -5
 The given equations are

x + 3y + 4z = 8 …….(i)

2x + y + 2z = 5 ………(ii)
and 5x + y + z = 7 ………..(iii)
which can be written in matrix form as AX = B,

4.
First, find the product of given matrices and then find the inverse of coefficient
matrix by using the obtained product and then by using concept of matrix
method, find the values of x, y and z.
⇒ BA = 8I
⇒ BA(A-1) = 8I.RA-1 [post-multiplying both sides by A’]
⇒ B(AA-1) = 8I A-1
⇒ B = 8A-1 [∵ AA-1 = I]

On comparing corresponding elements, we get

x = 3, y = – 2 and z = -1
5. Let 1/x = u, 1/y = v and 1/z = w, then system of x y z equations can be written
as
2u + 3v + 10w = 4
4u – 6v + 5w = 1
and 6u + 9v – 20w = 2 …………(i)

Above system of Eqs. (i) can be written in matrix form as AX = B, where

Its solution is given by

X = A-1B …(ii)
Here, |A| = 2 (120 – 45) – 3 (-80 – 30) + 10(36+ 36)
= 2 (75) – 3 (-110) + 10 (72)
= 150 + 330 + 720 = 1200
⇒ |A| = 1200
Since, |A| ≠ 0, so A is non-singular and its inverse exists.
Now, cofactors of elements of |A| are
6. Let x be the length of a side of square base and y be the length of vertical side.
Also, let V be the given quantity of water.

Then, V = x2y …(i)[∵ volume of cuboid = L × B × H]

Clearly, the surface area, S = 4xy + x2
= 4x.(V/x2 ) + x2 [using Eq. (i)]
⇒ S(x) = 4Vx + x2
Now, on differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

Thus, the cost of material will be least when depth of the tank is half of its
width.

7. Let 2x be the length and y be the width of the window.

Then, radius of semicircular opening = x m

Since, perimeter of the window is 10 m.

∴ 2x + y + y + 2πx/2 = 10
 ⇒ 2x + 2y + πx = 10
⇒x(π + 2) + 2y = 10
⇒ y = 10−[x(π+2)/2] ……(i)
Note that, to admit maximum light, area of window should be maximum.
Here, area of window
A = area of rectangle + area of semicircular region
= 2x × y + 12πx2
⇒ A = 2x(10−x(π+2)2) + 12 πx2 [from Eq. (i)]
⇒ A = 10x – x2(π + 2) + 12 πx2
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get dA
Da/dx = 10 – 2x (π + 2) + πx
= 10- 2x π – 4x + πx
= 10 – πx – 4x ……(iii)
For maximum, Put dAdx = 0
⇒ 10 = πx + 4x
⇒ x = 10π+4
Again, on differentiating both sides of Eq. (ii), we get

Thus, area is maximum when x = 10π+4

Now, on substituting the value of x in Eq. (i), we get

Hence, length of window = 20/(π+4)m and width of windows = 10π+4m, to

admit maximum light through the whole opening.

8.
Let r be the radius of the sphere and dimensions of cuboid are x, 2x and x3.
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get
Hence, V is minimum when x is equal to three times the radius of the sphere.
Hence proved.
Now, on putting r = x3 in Eq. (ii), we get
9.

10.Given, equation of sides are

y = 2x + 1, y = 3x + 1 and x = 4
On drawing the graph of these equations, we get the following triangular region
 By solving these equations we get the vertices of triangle as A(0, 1), B(4, 13)
and C(4, 9).
∴ Required area = Area (OABDO) – area (OACDO)

11.

On substituting y = x in Eq. (i), we get

x2 + x2 = 32
⇒ 2x2 = 32
⇒ x2 = 16
⇒x=±4
Thus, the points of intersection are (4, 4) and (-4, -4). [∵ y = x]
 Clearly, the required area= Area of shaded region OABO

12.
Given curves are
x – y + 2 = 0 ….. (i)
and x = √y ….. (ii)
Consider x = √y ⇒ x2 = y, which represents the parabola whose vertex is (0, 0)
and axis is Y-axis.
Now, the point of intersection of Eqs.(i) and (ii)
is given by x = x+2−−−−√
⇒ x2 = x + 2
⇒ x2 – x – 2 = 0
⇒ (x – 2) (x + 1) = 0
⇒ x = – 1, 2
But x = – 1 does not satisfy the Eq. (ii).
∴x=2
Now, putting x = 2 in Eq. (ii), we get
2 = √y ⇒ y = 4
Hence, the point of intersection is (2, 4).
But actual equation of given parabola is x = √y, it means a semi-parabola which
is on right side of Y – axis.
 The graph of given curves are shown below:

13.Answer:
Given curves are

Eq. (ii) represents the line parallel to Y-axis and passes through the point (- 3,
0).
Eq. (iii) represents the line parallel to Y-axis and passes through the point (3,
0).
Eq. (iv) represent X-axis.
Now, Eqs. (i), (ii) (iii) and (iv) can be represented in graph as shown below:
 Clearly, required area

14.
Given lines are
2x + y = 4 ……… (i)
3x – 2y = 6 ……… (ii)
and x – 3y = – 5 ……… (iii)
Clearly, the line 2x + y = 4 passes through the points (2, 0) and (0, 4), the line
3x – 2y = 6 passes through the points (2, 0) and (0, – 3) and the line x – 3y = –
5 passes through the points (-5, 0) and (0, 53).
Now, the region bounded by these lines is shown below:

On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii),

we get x = 2 and y = 0
So, lines 2x + y = 4 and 3x – 2y = 6 meet at the point C(2,0).
Again, solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
x = 4 and y = 3
So, lines 3x – 2y = 6 and x – 3y = – 5 meet at the point B(4, 3).
On solving Eqs. (iii) and (i), we get
x = 1 and y = 2
So, lines 2x + y = 4 and x – 3y = – 5 meet at the point A (1, 2).
Now, required area of ∆ABC
 = Area of region ABNMA – (Area of ∆AMC + Area of ∆BCN)

15.

Also, other curve is y = 5−x2−−−−−√

On squaring both sides, we get
y2 = 5 – x2
⇒ x2 + y2 = 5
which represents equation of circle with centre (0, 0) and radius, r = √5.
But the actual equation of curve is y = V5- x2 which represents a semi-circle
whose centre is (0, 0) and radius r = √5.
On drawing the rough sketch, we get the following graph:

,
The two curves intersect at (-1, 2) and (2, 1)
Now, required area
16.Clearly, the equation of a line joining the points B (0, – 1, 3) and C (2, – 3, – 1)
is
r⃗ = (0î – ĵ + 3k̂) + λ[(2 – 0)î + (- 3 + 1)ĵ + (- 1 – 3)k̂]
⇒ r⃗ = (- ĵ + 3k̂) + λ(2î – 2ĵ – 4k̂)
⇒ r⃗ = (2λ)î + (- 2λ – 1)ĵ + (- 4λ + 3)k̂
So. any point on line BC is to the form
(2λ, – 2λ – 1, – 4λ + 3)
Let foot of the perpendicular drawn from point A to the line BC be T(2λ, – 2λ –
1, – 4λ + 3).

Now, DR’s of line AT is (2λ + 1, – 2λ – 1 – 8, – 4λ + 3 – 4) or (2λ + 1, 2λ – 9, –

4λ – 1).
Since, AT is perpendicular to BC.
∴ 2 × (2λ + 1) + (- 2) × (- 2λ – 9) + (- 4) (- 4λ – 1) = 0
[∵ a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0]
⇒ 4λ + 2 + 4λ + 18 + 16λ + 4 = 0
⇒ 24λ + 24 = 0
∴ Coordinates of foot of perpendicular is
T (2 × (- 1)), – 2 × (- 1) – 1, – 4 × (- 1) + 3) or T(- 2, 1, 7)

Let P(x, y, z) be the image of a point A with respect to the line BC. So, point T
is the mid-point of AP.
∴ Coordinates of T = Coordinates of mid-point of AP
⇒ (- 2, 1, 7) = (x−1/2,y+8/2,z+4/2)

On equating the corresponding coordinates, we get

– 2 = x−1/2, 1 = y+8/2 and 7 = z+4/2
⇒ x = -3, y = – 6 and z = 10

17.Given lines can be rewritten as

r⃗ = (3λ + 1)î + (1 – λ)ĵ – k̂
and r⃗ = (4 + 2µ)î + 0ĵ + (3µ – 1)k̂ ……(ii)

Clearly, any point on line (j) is of the form P (3λ + 1, 1 – λ, – 1)and any point on
tine (ii) is of the form Q (4 + 2µ, 0, 3µ – 1
)
If lines (i) and (ii) intersect, then these points must coincide for some λ and µ.
Consider, 3λ + 1 = 4 + 2µ
⇒ 3λ – 2µ = 3 …….. (iii)
1 – λ = 0 ……. (iv)

and 3µ – 1 = – 1 ………. (v)

From Eq. (iv), we get λ = 1 and put the value of λ in Eq. (iii), we get
3(1) – 2µ = 3
⇒ – 2µ = 3 – 3 ⇒ µ = 0
On putting the value of µ in Eq. (V), we get
3(0) – 1 = – 1 ⇒ 0 – 1 = – 1
⇒ – 1 = – 1,
which is true

Hence, both lines intersect each other.

The point of intersection of both lines can be obtained by putting λ = 1 in
coordinates of P. So, the point of intersection is (3 + 1, 1 – 1, – 1). i.e. (4, 0, –
1).
18.
19.
20.The vector equation of line AB is

Clearly, any point on the line (i) is of the form

P(9λ – 2, – 3λ + 3, – 6λ + 5)
and any point on the line (ii) is of the form

Q(6µ – 3, 6µ – 2, 12µ – 5)
If lines (i) and (ii) intersect, then these points must coincide for some λ and µ.
Consider, 9λ – 2= 6µ – 3, – 3λ + 3 = 6µ – 2
and – 6λ + 5 = 12µ – 5
9λ – 6µ = – 1 ….. (iii)
3λ + 6µ = 5 ….. (iv)
and 6λ + 12µ = 10 ……. (v)

On adding Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get

12λ = 4
⇒ λ = 13
On substituting λ = 13 in Eq. (iv), we get
 6µ = 5 – 1

21.We know that, equation of line passing through the points (x1, y1, z1) and (x2,
y2, z2) is given by
x−x1x2−x1=y−y1y2−y1=z−z1z2−z1 ……. (i)
Here, A(x1, y1, z1) = (0, 6,- 9)
and B(x2, y2, z2) = (- 3, – 6, 3)

Next, we have to find coordinates of foot of perpendicular D.

Now, let = x−1=y−6−4=z+94 = λ (say)
⇒ x = – λ,
y – 6 = – 4λ and z + 9 = 4λ
x = – λ, y =- 4λ + 6 and z = 4λ – 9
Let coordinates of
D = (- λ, – 4λ + 6, 4λ – 9) ….. (ii)
 Now, DR’s of line CD are
(- λ – 7, – 4λ + 6 – 4, 4λ – 9 + 1)
⇒ (- λ – 7, – 4λ + 2, 4λ – 8)
Now, CD ⊥ AB
∴ a 1 a 2 + b 1 b 2 + c1 c 2 = 0
where, a1 = – λ – 7, b1 = – 4λ + 2,
c1 = 4λ – 8 [DR’s of line CDI
and a2 = – 1, b2 = – 4, c2 = 4
[DR’s of line AB]
⇒ (- λ – 7)(- 1) + (- 4λ + 2)(- 4) + (4λ – 8)4=0
⇒ λ + 7 + 16λ – 8 + 16λ – 32 = 0
⇒ 33λ – 33 = 0
⇒ 33λ = 33
∴λ=1
On putting λ = 1 in Eq. (ii). we get required foot of perpendicular,
D = (- 1, 2, – 5)
Also, we have to find equation of line CD, where
C(7, 4, – 1) and D(- 1, 2, – 5)
∴ Required equation of line is

CASE STUDY :
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