‫التخصص‪………...

:‬‬ ‫القسن‪ :‬الهنذسة الكهربائية‬

‫العام الذراسي‪2022 /2021 :‬م – الفصل الذراسي الثاني‬
‫الوقرر‪ :‬دوائر التيار الوتردد‬ ‫الفرقة‪ :‬األولى (دبلىم)‬
‫‪Alternating Current Circuits‬‬
‫عنىاى الوحاضرة‪ Sinusoidal alternating current and voltage :‬رقن الوحاضرة‪2 :‬‬

‫إعذاد وتقذين‪ :‬أ‪ .‬هجاهذ التجاني علي‬

 Sinusoidal of alternating voltage and current
 If the waveform of alternating voltage is a sine wave, then it known as
“sinusoidal alternating voltage “. It is given by

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
where,
𝑣 is instantaneous value of alternating voltage
𝑣𝑚 is voltage amplitude (or) maximum value of alternating voltage
ω is angular frequency of alternating voltage

 When sinusoidal alternating voltage is applied to a closed circuit, the

resulting current also is sinusoidal in nature. It is given by the relation

𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
where,
𝑖 is instantaneous value of alternating current
𝑖𝑚 is current amplitude (or) maximum value of alternating current
2
ω is angular frequency of alternating current
Instantaneous value:
 The value of voltage at any point on the waveform is referred to as its
instantaneous value.

 The voltage has a peak value of 40 volts  at t = 0 ms, the voltage is zero.
 The cycle time of 6 ms.  at t=0.5 ms, the voltage is 20V.
Peak Value:
The peak value of a voltage or current is its maximum
value with respect to zero.

Peak-to-Peak Value:
It is measured between minimum and maximum peaks. 3
Different Forms of alternating voltage equation

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 ………………(1)
= 𝑣𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜋𝑓𝑡 …………….(2)
2𝜋
= 𝑣𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 t ……………..(3)
𝑇
For example:
 If the equation of an alternating voltage is given by 𝒗 = 50 sin 314t
then its maximum value of 50 V and its frequency is 𝑓 = 314/2π = 50 Hz.
 Similarly, if the equation is of the form 𝒊 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝛑 𝒕
then its maximum value is 𝑖𝑚 = 30𝐴 and the frequency is 120/2π or 60 Hz

CW (1)
If the angular frequency 𝜔 = 3000 /𝑠 in this figure
how long does it take to complete one cycle?
T=1.2 s
Root Mean Square (rms) value or effective value :
 Root Mean Square value of AC is defined as the square root of the mean
value of the squares of all current over one cycle

 It is also called “effective value of AC” Ieff 𝑜𝑟 I

 It can be shown that:

𝑖𝑚
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 0.707 𝑖𝑚
2
 Ieff and r.m.s values of AC = 70.7% of current amplitude
 Similarly
𝑣𝑚
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 0.707 𝑣𝑚
2
Power (P):
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜃
Where V and I are rms values 5
and θ is the phase difference between the voltage and current.
 Example (1)
The maximum values of the alternating voltage and current are 500 V and 30 A
respectively. What are the effective values (rms values) of voltage and current
Solution
𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 0.707𝑣𝑚 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 0.707𝑖𝑚
2 2
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 500 × 0.707 = 353.5 V 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 30 × 0.707 = 21.21 A

Example (2)
What is the peak value of a sinusoidal alternating current of 4.78 r.m.s. amperes?
Solution
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 0.707𝑖𝑚

𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 4.78
𝑖𝑚 = = = 6.76 𝐴
0.707 0.707
CW (2)
The voltage output of an AC source is given by 𝒗 = 200 sin𝝎𝒕. Find the rms current
in the circuit when this source is connected to a 100 Ω resistor. 1.414 A
 Phasor Difference
 Phase difference refers to the angular displacement between different waveforms
of the same frequency.
 CW (3)

Example (3)
Draw the phasor and waveform for current ( 𝑖 = 25 sin 𝜔𝑡) mA for
𝑓 = 100𝐻𝑧
Solution
The maximum current (𝑖𝑚 ) = 25 mA
and drawn its t=0 position
𝑓 = 100𝐻𝑧
Then the time period is

1 1
𝑇= = = 0.01s = 10 ms.
𝑓 100
Example (4)
What is the phase relationship between the sinusoidal waveform of the
following sets?

𝑣 = 10 sin ωt + 300
𝑖 = 5𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 700
Solution

𝑖 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑣 𝑏𝑦 400 or 𝑣 lags 𝑖 by 400 9

Example (5)
What is the phase relationship between the sinusoidal waveform of the
following sets?
𝑖 = 15𝑠𝑖𝑛 ωt + 600
𝑣 = 10𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 − 200
Solution

𝑖 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑣 𝑏𝑦 800 or 𝑣 lags 𝑖 by 800 10

Example (6)
The maximum values of the alternating voltage and current are 400 V and 20 A
respectively in a circuit connected to 50 Hz supply and these quantities are
sinusoidal. The instantaneous values of the voltage and current are 283 V and 10 A
respectively at t = 0 both increasing positively.
(i) Write down the expression for voltage and current at time t.
(ii) Determine the power consumed in the circuit.
Solution:
(i) In general, the expression for an AC voltage is

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + θ)
Now, 𝑣 = 283 V ; 𝑣𝑚 = 400 V. Substituting t = 0 in the above equation, we get
283 = 400 sin(𝜔 × 0 + θ)
283
sin θ = = 0.707 ∴ θ = 450 or 𝜋/4 radian
400

Hence, general expression for voltage is

𝑣 = 400 sin 2𝜋 × 50 × t + 𝜋/4
11
= 400 𝑠𝑖𝑛 100 𝜋 𝑡 + π/4
Similarly
𝑖 = 𝑖𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + θ
at t = 0,
10 = 20 sin 𝜔 × 0 + θ
∴ sin θ = 0.5 ∴ θ = 300 or 𝜋/6 radian
Hence, the general expression for the current is
𝑖 = 20 sin 100𝜋 𝑡 + 300 = 20 sin 100𝜋 𝑡 + 𝜋/6
(ii) P = VI cosθ
Where V and I are rms values
and θ is the phase difference between the voltage and current
𝑉 = 𝑣𝑚 / 2 = 400/ 2
I = 𝑣𝑚 / 2 = 20/ 2
𝜃 = 450 − 300 = 150
∴ 𝑃 = (400/ 2) × (20/ 2) × cos 150 = 3864 w 12
Example (7)
An alternating current of frequency 60 Hz has a maximum value of 120 A. Write
down the equation for its instantaneous value. Reckoning time from the instant the
current is zero and is becoming positive, find:
(a) the instantaneous value after 1/360 second and
(b) the time taken to reach 96 A for the first time.

Solution
The instantaneous current equation is

13
 CW

1. An alternating current has a periodic time of 0.03 second. What is its

frequency?
2. An alternating current is represented by 𝑖 = 70.7sin520𝑡. Determine:
(i) the frequency
(ii) the current 0.0015 second after passing through zero, increasing positively.

14
[1] 33.3 Hz [2] (i) 82.8 Hz (ii) 49.7 A
3. A sinusoidal alternating voltage has an r.m.s. value of 200 V and a frequency
of 50 Hz. It crosses the zero axis in a positive direction when t = 0.
Determine:
(i) The time when voltage first reaches the instantaneous value of 200 V
(ii) The time when voltage after passing through its maximum positive
value reaches the value of 141.4 V.

15
[3] (i) 0.0025 second (ii) 1/600 = 0.00167 second)