Study Guide in FSSE 103 Places and Landscape in a Changing World Module 3: CHAPTER 3: MIGRATION

WRITTEN REPORT

CHAPTER 9: Other Social Problems/Issues

TRENDS AND ISSUES IN SOCIAL STUDIES

OVERVIEW

This module presents the Geography of Migration, a topic of significant global

influence as our world continues to evolve. As Migration plays a pivotal role in shaping the
quality of life we experience today. However, it has a formidable challenge faced by
individuals who opt to relocate to their home country for various reasons.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Intended Learning Outcomes:

VES
At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to:
 A. Discuss migration push and pull factors;
 B. Explain the migration transition and how it relates to the
demographic transition;
 C. Discuss the issue of undocumented immigration and the
scope of refugee problem; and
 D. State some GAD concepts that are evident during
migration.

BODY

A. CONCEPT AND NATURE OF ECOLOGY

WHAT IS ECOLOGY?
-Ernst Haeckel, a German zoologist, coined the term ‘ecology’ (oekologie), which he used to describe the
“relation of the animal both to its organic as well as its inorganic environment.” It is derived from the Greek

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Study Guide in FSSE 103 Places and Landscape in a Changing World Module 3: CHAPTER 3: MIGRATION

word oikos, which means “home”, “household”, or “place to live”. Ecology thus focuses on the organism
and its surroundings.

-Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical
environment; it seeks to understand the vital connections between plants and animals and the world around
them. Ecology also provides information about the benefits of ecosystems and how we can use Earth’s
resources in ways that leave the environment healthy for future generations.

-An ecosystem is the structural and functional unit of ecology. It is a community of living organisms along
with the abiotic components interacting together through energy flows and nutrient cycles.Ecosystems, also
known as ecological systems, are formed through interactions between individuals, groups, and creatures
and their environments. It involves connections between individuals living in one population and those
living in different groups. Other living things and the physical environment are both included in the concept
of environment.

TWO BRANCHES OF ECOLOGY:

Autecology- It is the study of ecology at the level of species. It is the study of the interactions of an
individual life form or a single species with the living and nonliving components of its environment.

Synecology- It is the study of ecology at the level of communities. It is a study of the development,
distribution and structure of ecological communities.

BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS

-The main aim of ecology is to understand the distribution of biotic and abiotic factors of living things in the
environment. The biotic and abiotic factors include the living and non-living factors and their interaction
with the environment.

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Study Guide in FSSE 103 Places and Landscape in a Changing World Module 3: CHAPTER 3: MIGRATION

BIOTIC COMPONENTS
-Biotic components are living factors of an ecosystem. A few examples of biotic components include
bacteria, animals, birds, fungi, plants, etc.

ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
-Abiotic components are non-living chemical and physical factors of an ecosystem. These components
could be acquired from the atmosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. A few examples of abiotic
components include sunlight, soil, air, moisture minerals and more.
Living organisms are grouped into biotic components, whereas non-living components like sunlight, water,
topography are listed under abiotic components.

TYPES OF ECOLOGY
-Ecology can be classified into different types.
1. GLOBAL ECOLOGY
-It deals with interactions among earth’s ecosystems, land, atmosphere and oceans. It helps to understand
the large-scale interactions and their influence on the planet.
2. LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY
-It deals with the exchange of energy, materials, organisms and other products of ecosystems. Landscape
ecology throws light on the role of human impacts on the landscape structures and functions.
3. ECOSYSTEM ECOLOGY
-It deals with the entire ecosystem, including the study of living and non-living components and their
relationship with the environment. This science researches how ecosystems work, their interactions, etc.
4. COMMUNITY ECOLOGY
-It deals with how community structure is modified by interactions among living organisms. Ecology
community is made up of two or more populations of different species living in a particular geographic area.

5. POPULATION ECOLOGY
-It deals with factors that alter and impact the genetic composition and the size of the population of
organisms. Ecologists are interested in fluctuations in the size of a population, the growth of a population
and any other interactions with the population.
In biology, a population can be defined as a set of individuals of the same species living in a given place at a
given time. Births and immigration are the main factors that increase the population and death and
emigration are the main factors that decrease the population.
6. ORGANISMAL ECOLOGY
Organismal ecology is the study of an individual organism’s behaviour, morphology, physiology, etc. in
response to environmental challenges. It looks at how individual organisms interact with biotic and abiotic
components. Ecologists research how organisms are adapted to these non-living and living components of
their surroundings.
Individual species are related to various adaptations like physiological adaptation, morphological
adaptation, and behavioural adaptation.
7. MOLECULAR ECOLOGY
The study of ecology focuses on the production of proteins and how these proteins affect the organisms and
their environment. This happens at the molecular level.
DNA forms the proteins that interact with each other and the environment. These interactions give rise to
some complex organisms.

WHAT ARE THE 5 LEVELS OF ECOLOGY?

Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biosphere
There are five Levels of Organization, and all levels are listed according to their size in increasing order –
from small to large.

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Study Guide in FSSE 103 Places and Landscape in a Changing World Module 3: CHAPTER 3: MIGRATION

1. Organism
It is the lowest level of organization, which includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms. All the
living species in this level exhibit all the characteristics required for the existence of life.

2. Population
A population is a group of individuals of a single species living together within a particular geographic area.
They interbreed and compete with each other for resources.
3. Community
It refers to the several populations that interact and inhabit a common environment and are interdependent.
4. Ecosystem
It is a set of all living species and abiotic components existing and interacting in a given area. There is an
interaction with both living and nonliving components of the environment.
5. Biosphere
It is the highest level of organization. It is the global ecological system which consists of all the living
organisms and other factors which support life. The biosphere mainly refers to the part of the earth’s crust.

EXAMPLES OF ECOLOGY
1. HUMAN ECOLOGY
-It focuses on the relationship between humans and the environment. It emphasizes the impact human
beings have on the environment and gives knowledge on how we can improve ourselves for the betterment
of humans and the environment.
2. NICHE CONSTRUCTION
-It deals with the study of how organisms alter the environment for the benefit of themselves and other
living beings. For eg, termites create a 6 feet tall mound and at the same time feed and protect their entire
population.

IMPORTANCE OF ECOLOGY
1. CONSERVATION OF ENVIRONMENT
-Ecology helps us to understand how our actions affect the environment. It shows the individuals
the extent of damage we cause to the environment.
Lack of understanding of ecology has led to the degradation of land and the environment. It has
also led to the extinction and endangerment of certain species. For eg., dinosaurs, white shark,
mammoths, etc. Thus, the study of the environment and organisms helps us to protect them from
any damage and danger.
2. RESOURCE ALLOCATION

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Study Guide in FSSE 103 Places and Landscape in a Changing World Module 3: CHAPTER 3: MIGRATION

-With the knowledge of ecology, we are able to know which resources are necessary for the
survival of different organisms. Lack of ecological knowledge has led to scarcity and deprivation
of these resources, leading to competition.
3. ENERGY CONSERVATION
-All organisms require energy for their growth and development. Lack of ecological understanding
leads to the over-exploitation of energy resources such as light, nutrition and radiation, leading to
its depletion.
Proper knowledge of ecological requirements prevents the unnecessary wastage of energy
resources, thereby, conserving energy for future purposes.
4. ECO-FRIENDLINESS
-Ecology encourages harmonious living within the species and the adoption of a lifestyle that
protects the ecology of life.

B.MALNUTRITION

Malnutrition refers to deficiencies or excesses in nutrient

intake, imbalance of essential nutrients or impaired nutrient
utilization.

The American Academy of Pediatrics defines malnutrition

as “a state in which a deficiency (or excess) of energy,
protein, and other nutrition causes measurable adverse
effects on the body and on growth in children.”

What are the 4 Types of Malnutrition?

Food nutrition involves macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) and micronutrients (vitamins
and minerals).
Both components need to achieve a balance in order to maintain a healthy wellbeing. Sadly, malnutrition,
especially in children, indicates an imbalance of macronutrients and micronutrients.

4 types of malnutrition:
1.Macronutrient Undernutrition
Deficiency of macronutrients, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats
2.Micronutrient Undernutrition
Deficiency of micronutrients, namely vitamins and minerals. This also includes being mildly deficient in
certain vitamins and minerals due to a lack of variety in the diet
3.Macronutrient Overnutrition
Excess in protein, carbohydrate, and/or fat calorie intake
4.Micronutrient Overnutrition
Overdosing on vitamin and mineral supplements, which can have toxic effects when taken in large
quantities

FORMS OF MALNUTRITION
1. Overnutrition (Overweight and obesity)
2. Undernutrition ( Stunting, Wasting and underweught)
3.
1.Overnutrition (overweight and obesisty)
The World Health Organization has recently added recognized overnutrition to refer to the excessive intake
of nutrients, and how detrimental it can be to children.

The condition can lead to a variety of health issues, such as:

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Study Guide in FSSE 103 Places and Landscape in a Changing World Module 3: CHAPTER 3: MIGRATION

2.Undernutrition
When talking about malnutrition, people usually associate it with undernutrition, or a deficiency of
nutrients. This happens if one doesn’t follow an adequate diet, meaning that a person can be both
undernourished and overweight at the same time.
Undernutrition manifests in four broad forms:
1.Wasting
2.Stunting
3.Underweight
4.Micronutrient deficiencies.

1. Wasting - is defined as low weight-for-height. It often indicates recent and severe weight loss, although
it can also persist for a long time. It usually occurs when a person has not had food of adequate quality and
quantity and/or they have had frequent or prolonged illnesses.

2.Stunting- is defined as low height-for-age. It is the result of chronic or recurrent undernutrition, usually
associated with poverty, poor maternal health and nutrition, frequent illness and/or inappropriate feeding
and care in early life.

Underweight - is defined as low weight-for-age. A child who is underweight may be stunted, wasted or
both.

4.Micronutrient deficiencies - are a lack of vitamins and minerals that are essential for body functions such
as producing enzymes, hormones and other substances needed for growth and development.

Malnutrition in the Philippines

Undernutrition is one of the main problems in the Philippines where
stunted growth is quite common in children, specifically for those who
are experiencing poor living conditions.

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Study Guide in FSSE 103 Places and Landscape in a Changing World Module 3: CHAPTER 3: MIGRATION

There are various causes of malnutrition in children in the Philippines:

 Poverty and Food Scarcity
Families living in poverty may struggle to afford an adequate and nutritious diet for their children, leading
to malnutrition.
 Inadequate Diet
In line with the above mentioned cause, malnourishment occurs when poor families make do with what
affordable or free food they can find.
 Infections and Illnesses
Frequent infections, such as gastrointestinal infections or respiratory illnesses, can affect a child’s appetite,
nutrient absorption, and overall nutritional status.
 Lack of Access to Healthcare
The lack of access to healthcare services can significantly hinder the management of malnutrition in
children.
 Other Environmental Factors
Certain environmental factors, such as unsafe water and sanitation, can contribute to the risk of malnutrition
in children.

Government Programs to Minimize Poverty

Nutrition Assistance Programs: Programs like the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
provide food assistance to low-income families, improving access to nutritious foods.
Healthcare Support: Providing universal access to essential nutrition interventions and healthcare services.
Policy Action: Implementing policies to create sustainable food systems, improve nutrition governance, and
ensure social protection for vulnerable populations.
Global Initiatives: Collaborative efforts like the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition focus on
addressing malnutrition through sustainable development goals and global nutrition targets.

These programs and policies are crucial in combating malnutrition and poverty, aiming to improve health
outcomes, reduce disparities, and enhance overall well-being for individuals and communities.

How to Prevent Malnutrition in Children

Preventing malnutrition in children requires a comprehensive and multifaceted approach. Some of the
practical ways involve the following initiatives:
 Adequate and Nutritious Diet
Ensure children have access to a diverse and balanced diet. Provide nutrient-rich foods that would
strengthen the children’s health by meeting their nutritional needs.
 Nutrition Education
It’s important to educate everyone about proper nutrition, optimal feeding practices, and the importance of a
balanced diet.
 Access to Quality Healthcare
Finally, access to quality healthcare services is critical. Healthcare providers can also provide guidance on
appropriate feeding practices, nutrition counseling, and early detection of malnutrition in children.

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Study Guide in FSSE 103 Places and Landscape in a Changing World Module 3: CHAPTER 3: MIGRATION

REFERENCES

https://helpfulprofessor.com/pull-factor-examples/

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https://web(.)ung(.)edu/media/university-press/human-geography(.)pdf

Refugees | UNHCR

Andreas, Peter. "The Escalation of U.S. Immigration Control in the Post-1986 Era." Political
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Castles, Stephen, and Mark J. Miller. The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in
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Cornelius, Wayne A. "Controlling ‘Unwanted’ Immigration: Lessons from the United States, 1993–
2004." Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 31, no. 4, 2005, pp. 775–794

Immigration Policy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Hochschild, A. R. (2000). Global Care Chains and Emotional Surplus Value. In On the Edge: Living
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Zimmerman, C., Kiss, L., & Hossain, M. (2011). Migration and Health: A Framework for 21st
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Study Guide in FSSE 103 Places and Landscape in a Changing World Module 3: CHAPTER 3: MIGRATION

Prepared by:

Group/Group Members:

Group 3:

Ruth Mae M. Grecia

Laddylyn L. Quiambao

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