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Verb
A word that is used to show an action is called a verb. Verb is very important part of speech. It
has a direct relation with time. Verb changes its form with its time. It has four forms to describe
its time.
Present form Past form Past participle form Present participle
form
Cut Cut Cut Cutting
Read Read Read Reading
Break Broke Broken Breaking
Go Went Gone Going
Come Came Come Coming
Play Played Played Playing
Catch Caught Caught Catching

These forms of verb are usually known as first, second, third and fourth form of verb. If you
notice at the different verbs you will see that, some verb can be changed into their past and past
participle form by just adding a suffix of 'ed'. These verbs are called regular verbs. Other verbs
which change their forms in different ways are called irregular verbs. There are some kinds of
verb which are as follows.
1) Transitive verb.
We know that a verb is done by its subject and sometimes it is done on an
object. So the verb which has its impact over its object is called transitive verb. A
transitive verb has its object and its impact properly shown on its object.

Kamal set a chair next to the door.

Have you washed your hands?
Write your name here.
Tariq started the fire.
Ronaldo kicked the ball hard.

These examples shows some transitive verbs. We can see that all the verbs described in
these sentences have an impact over their objects.
A transitive verb is necessary to change the voice of any sentence.
2) Intransitive verb.
An Intransitive verb does not transfer its impact from its subject to its
object. An Intransitive verb is just opposite of transitive verb. Sometimes an Intransitive
verb does not have object.

The workmen have been painting for hours.

Tariq emigrated from Pakistan in 1998.
They laugh louder than ever before.
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The policemen are heading towards the city.

The boxer had won before I reached there.
You have noticed that all the verbs described in these sentences are not having any kind
of impact on the object intact most of them don’t have any object.
Voice of Intransitive verb cannot be changed.

3) Auxiliary verb/ helping verb.

These verbs help a main verb to show its tense, to make question or to
show negation. When we need to make questions according to a tense or make negative
sentences according to the tense.
Present tense have auxiliary verb as, do, does, has, have, has been, have been, is, am,
are.
Past tense use the auxiliary verb as, did, was, were, had, had been.
Future tense use the auxiliary verb as, will, shall, will be, shall be, will have, shall
have, will have been, shall have been.

4) Modal verb/ modals.

A Modal verb is a kind of auxiliary verb that is used to express: ability,
possibility, permission, certainty, obligation, past habit.
Can/ could/ be able to
May/ might
Shall/ should/ ought to
Will/ would/ need to
Must/ have to/ had to
Used to
These are the Modal verbs.

5) Phrasal verb.
Phrasal verbs are not a single word but they are a combination of words used as
verb. Phrasal verbs don’t give the actual meaning of the verb. After the making a
combination they totally change their meaning. A phrasal verb makes its combination
with an adverb or preposition.
Ella tore up the letter after she read it
What will he think up next?
Their car broke down two miles out of town.
Did the manager deal with that customer’s complaint?

These are some examples of phrasal verb. We can see that the meaning of main verb
totally changes after making combination with adverb or preposition.
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6) Gerund.
A Gerund is the present participle form of verb that gives the sense of a noun. A
present participle cannot be used without a helping verb so if we have it without a helping
verb and it is also giving a sense of noun, it is surely a Gerund.

The cows are familiar with new method of milking.

Smoking is injurious to health.
We are very much aware of painting.
People have been enjoying cooking in the park for last couple of years.
The cops will be waiting for the orders of shelling.

If you look at the sentence number 4 & 5, you will notice that “enjoying & waiting” are
also present participles but we didn’t highlight those. The reason is that they are used
after helping verbs. So they are either transitive or Intransitive verbs. Gerund must not
have any helping verb and it should give a sense of noun.

7) Participle.
A participle is a verb that gives a sense of an adjective. As we know that we
have present and past participle in forms of verb. We have two participles as well.
Present participle

The child, thinking all was safe, attempted to cross the road.
The children are watching a twinkling firefly.
The painter is painting the rising sun.

If you look at these words you will notice that they are also used without a helping verb
just like gerunds but these are different as these words are qualifying a noun present in
these sentences. Gerunds stand alone as a noun but participle need a noun to clear its
meaning.
Past participle.
A past participle is not as confusing as present participle is. If a past participle
form of verb is used without a helping verb it becomes participle.

Nobody likes a torn shirt.

My father gave me a tin of condensed milk.
People nowadays use frozen vegetables.
They have bought some minced meat.
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You have noticed that all the words are used without a helping verb and also these are
qualifying a noun.

8) Infinitive.
Infinitives are the verbs often used after 'to'. Infinitives also gives the sense of
noun. We can use these as subject or object of the verb.
To respect our parents is our duty.
Birds love to sing.
People wish to make money quickly.
The infinitives with 'to' are not used in any form of the verb except present (first) form.

Sometimes we do not use 'to' before an infinitive. These infinitives are called Bare
infinitives.

The doctor made the patient walk on his feet.

I saw him do it.
Bid him go there.
Bare infinitives could be in past or present forms of the verb.

Adverb
An adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of a verb. An adverb answers the when, where,
how etc about the verb. An adverb have some types according to the questions it answers about
the verb.
1) Adverb of time.
This kind of adverb tells that when a verb took place. This adverb tells about the
time of action.

We go out for Chinese food weekly.

Do you still work at the bank?
This I incident will never happen again.

2) Adverb of place.
This kind of adverb tells that where a verb took place. This adverb tells about
the place of action.

She sat down.

The people are gathering at the park.
It is raining in swat.

3) Adverb of manner.
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This kind of adverb tells that how a verb took place. This adverb tells about the
method of action.

The boys ran slowly.

He is writing well.
The baby slept soundly.

4) Adverb of frequency.
This adverb tells that how many times a verb took place. This adverb shows
the repetition of an action.

I usually shop for groceries on Saturday mornings.

We seldom see Akbar.
I have visited there once.

5) Adverb of degree.
This adverb tells that how much a verb took place. This adverb shows the
intensity of an action.

They were almost finished.

Our driveway is completely frozen.
This cake is absolutely delicious.

6) Adverb of affirmation or negation.

This adverb shows if the verb has taken place(affirmation) or
not(negation).

The Corona virus will surely be controlled.

I will take a tour to California.
It will not happen again.
No other word can replace it.

Conjunction
A conjunction is a word that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses or sentences.
Conjunctions only connect the items these do not affect the meaning of its conjoined items.
Conjunctions have following types.
Coordinating conjunctions.
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These conjunctions joins two or more sentences, main clauses or words of equal
meanings and importance.
Also, but, for, and, nor, or, yet, so are the examples of these conjunctions.
Subordinating conjunctions.
These conjunctions connect dependent clauses to independent clauses.
While, as, therefore, since, are the examples of these conjunctions.

Correlative conjunctions.
These conjunctions are used in pairs.
Either—or, neither—nor, both—and, not only—but also, whether—or, are the examples.

Interjection
Interjection are the words that show the sudden feelings of joy, sorrow, wonder, surprise,
approval etc. We put an exclamation mark after these words.
Joy: hurrah!, Yes!,
Sorrow/grief: alas!, Oh!
Wonder: wow!, Hmm!
Surprise: what!, Ha!
Approval: bravo!
Pain: ouch!