EXP 1

DESIGN OF SIMPLE AUDIO AMPLIFIERS (CE AMPLIFIER)

Date:

OBJECTIVE:
To study the frequency response of Common Emitter amplifier and to calculate their
Bandwidth.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name Quantity

1. Transistor (BC107) 1

2. Resistors (100K , 10K , 1K ,) Each 1

3. Resistors (2.2 K ) 2

4. Capacitors (10µF) 2

5. Capacitors (100µF) 1

6. Bread board 1

7. Dual DC Regulated Power supply (0 – 30 V) 1

8. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) (0-20MHz) 1

9. Function Generator (0-1MHz) 1

10. Connecting wires (Single Strand)

THEORY:
The common emitter configuration is widely used as a basic amplifier as it has both voltage
and current amplification.

Resistors R1 and R2 form a voltage divider across the base of the transistor. The function of
this network is to provide necessary bias condition and ensure that emitter-base junction is
operating in the proper region.
In order to operate transistor as an amplifier, biasing is done in such a way that the operating
point is in the active region. For an amplifier the Q-point is placed so that the load line is
bisected. Therefore, in practical design VCE is always set to VCC/2. This will confirm that the Q-
point always swings within the active region. This limitation can be explained by maximum
signal handling capacity. For the maximum input signal, output is produced without any
distortion and clipping.

The Bypass Capacitor:

The emitter resistor RE is required to obtain the DC quiescent point stability. However the
inclusion of RE in the circuit causes a decrease in amplification at higher frequencies. In order
to avoid such a condition, it is bypassed by a capacitor so that it acts as a short circuit for AC
and contributes stability for DC quiescent condition. Hence capacitor is connected in parallel
with emitter resistance.

The Input/ Output Coupling (or Blocking) Capacitor: An amplifier amplifies the given AC
signal. In order to have noiseless transmission of a signal (without DC), it is necessary to block
DC i.e. the direct current should not enter the amplifier or load. This is usually accomplished
by inserting a coupling capacitor between two stages.

XCC << ( Ri hie )

CC - Output Coupling Capacitor

CB - Input Coupling Capacitor

Frequency response of Common Emitter Amplifier:

Emitter bypass capacitors are used to short circuit the emitter resistor and thus increases the
gain at high frequency. The coupling and bypass capacitors cause the fall of the signal in the
low frequency response of the amplifier because their impedance becomes large at low
frequencies. The stray capacitances are effectively open circuits.

In the mid frequency range large capacitors are effectively short circuits and the stray capacitors
are open circuits, so that no capacitance appears in the mid frequency range. Hence the mid
band frequency gain is maximum.
At the high frequencies, the bypass and coupling capacitors are replaced by short circuits. The
stray capacitors and the transistor determine the response.

Characteristics of CE Amplifier:

1. Large current gain.

2. Large voltage gain.
3. Large power gain.
4. Current and voltage phase shift of 1800.
5. Moderated output resistance.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN:
MODEL GRAPH:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Set input voltage in the signal generator. Keeping input voltage constant, vary the
frequency from 1Hz to 1MHz in regular steps.
3. Note down the corresponding output voltage.
4. Plot the graph: Gain in dB Vs Frequency in Hz.
5. Calculate the Bandwidth from the Frequency response graph

To plot the frequency response

1. The frequency response curve is plotted on a semi-log scale.

2. The mid frequency voltage gain is divided by √2 and these points are marked in the
frequency response curve.
3. The high frequency point is called the upper 3dB point.
4. The lower frequency point is called the lower 3dB point.
5. The difference between the upper 3dB point and the lower 3dB point in the frequency
scale gives the bandwidth of the amplifier.
6. From the plotted graph the bandwidth is obtained. (i.e) Bandwidth = fH - fL
TABULATION:
Vs =

S. No Frequency (Hz) 𝐕𝟎 (V) Gain =𝐕𝟎⁄𝐕 Gain = 20 log (𝐕𝟎⁄𝐕 ) dB

𝐒 𝐒

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

RESULT:
Thus the frequency response of Common Emitter Amplifier was plotted, studied and its
Bandwidth was calculated.

Parameters CE
Maximum Gain dB
3-dB Gain dB
3-dB Lower cut-off frequency, fL Hz
3-dB Upper cut-off frequency, fH Hz
3-dB Bandwidth ( fH - fL ) Hz
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. What is the equation for voltage gain?

V
Gain = 0⁄
VS
2. What is cut off frequency? What is lower 3dB and upper 3dB cut off frequency?
In electronics, cutoff frequency or corner frequency is the frequency either above or
below which the power output of a circuit, such as a line, amplifier, or electronic filter
has fallen to a given proportion of the power in the pass band. Most frequently this
proportion is one half the pass band power, also referred to as the 3 dB point since a
fall of 3 dB corresponds approximately to half power. As a voltage ratio this is a fall
to of the pass band voltage.
3. What are the applications of CE amplifier?
Low frequency voltage amplifier, radio frequency circuits and low-noise amplifiers
4. What is Bandwidth of an amplifier?
Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous
set of frequencies. It is typically measured in hertz, and may sometimes refer to
passband bandwidth, sometimes to baseband bandwidth, depending on context.
Passband bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies
of, for example, a bandpass filter, a communication channel, or a signal spectrum. In
case of a low-pass filter or baseband signal, the bandwidth is equal to its upper cutoff
frequency.
5. What is the importance of emitter by pass capacitor?
Emitter bypass capacitor provide a low reactance path to the amplified ac signal, if it
is not connected in parallel with RE , the aplified ac signal passing through RE will
cause more voltage drop across it.
6. What type of feedback is used in CE amplifier?
Negative feedback is used in CE amplifier.
 EXP 2 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CLASS B POWER
Date: AMPLIFIER

OBJECTIVE:
To observe the crossover distortion and to obtain the frequency response of Class B
(Complementary Symmetry) power amplifier.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name Quantity

1. Transistor (2N3904,2N3906) Each 1

2. Diode (IN4001) 2

3. Resistors (1K ) 3

4. Capacitors (1µF) 3

5. Bread board 1

6. Dual DC Regulated Power supply (0 – 30 V) 1

7. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) (0-20MHz) 1

8. Function Generator (0-1MHz) 1

9. Connecting wires (Single Strand)

THEORY:
Class-B Amplifiers use two or more transistors biased in such a way so that each
transistor only conducts during one half cycle of the input waveform. To improve the full power
efficiency of the previous Class A amplifier by reducing the wasted power in the form of heat,
it is possible to design the power amplifier circuit with two transistors in its output stage. This
creates what is commonly termed as a Class B Amplifier, also known as a push-pull amplifier
configuration.
Push-pull amplifiers use two “complementary” or matching transistors, one being an
NPN-type and the other being a PNP-type with both power transistors receiving the same input
signal together that is equal in magnitude, but in opposite phase to each other. This results in
one transistor only amplifying one half or 180o of the input waveform cycle while the other
transistor amplifies the other half or remaining 180o of the input waveform cycle with the
resulting “two-halves” being put back together again at the output terminal. Then the
conduction angle for this type of amplifier circuit is only 180o or 50% of the input signal. This
pushing and pulling effect of the alternating half cycles by the transistors gives this type of
circuit its amusing “push-pull” name.
The biasing of the transistor in class B operation is in such a way that at zero signal
condition, there will be no collector current. The operating point is selected to be at collector
cut off voltage. So, when the signal is applied, only the positive half cycle is amplified at the
output.
The figure below shows the input and output waveforms during class B operation.

When the signal is applied, the circuit is forward biased for the positive half cycle of
the input and hence the collector current flows. But during the negative half cycle of the input,
the circuit is reverse biased and the collector current will be absent. Hence only the positive
half cycle is amplified at the output.
As the negative half cycle is completely absent, the signal distortion will be high. Also,
when the applied signal increases, the power dissipation will be more. But when compared to
class A power amplifier, the output efficiency is increased.
Well, in order to minimize the disadvantages and achieve low distortion, high efficiency
and high output power, the push-pull configuration is used in this class B amplifier.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

Figure. 1 Input Waveform.

Figure. 2 Output Waveform.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. Set input voltage in the signal generator and observe the output wave with cross-over
distortion in CRO.
3. Note down the voltage, time period and frequency of input and output signal.

TABULATION:

Voltage(v) Time Period(s) Frequency (Hz)

Input signal

Voltage(v) Time Period(s) Frequency (Hz)

Output signal

Cross-over distortion
period
RESULT:
Thus the Class B amplifier circuit was designed and implemented, and the readings of the
output waveform along with distortion period was measured.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Class B amplifier Produces output even if the input is zero. True or false?
False. When input provided to the class B amplifier is zero, no output will be achieved,
because it is excellent against noise.
2. What happens when class B amplifier is in a quiescent state?
When the transistor is in a quiescent state, no input is applied across the base terminal of
the transistor and hence no current flows through the transistor.
3. Which is the main disadvantage of class B amplifiers?
Since class B amplifier uses a balanced centre-tapped transformer in its design, making it
expensive to construct.
4. What kind of design is used to avoid transformer usage?
To avoid transformer usage in Class B amplifier, pair of transistor is connected together
in complemented manner.
5. How to avoid cross over distortion?
By using two more voltage sources and thus by shifting the Q point slightly above the cut
off, we can remove noise over distortion.
 EXP 3 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CURRENT SERIES
Date: FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER

OBJECTIVE:

To observe the frequency response and to calculate the bandwidth of current-series feedback
amplifier, with and without feedback.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name Quantity

1. Transistor BC107 1

2. Resistors (4.7K , 2.2 K , 680 ) Each 1

3. Resistors (10K ) 2

4. Capacitors (1µF) 2

5. Capacitors (22µF) 1

6. Bread board 1

7. Dual DC Regulated Power supply (0 – 30 V) 1

8. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) (0-20MHz) 1

9. Function Generator (0-1MHz) 1

10. Connecting wires (Single Strand)

THEORY:

An amplifiers impedance value is particularly important for analysis especially when cascading
individual amplifier stages together one after another to minimise distortion of the signal.

The input impedance of an amplifier is the input impedance “seen” by the source driving the
input of the amplifier. If it is too low, it can have an adverse loading effect on the previous
stage and possibly affecting the frequency response and output signal level of that stage. But
in most applications, common emitter and common collector amplifier circuits generally have
high input impedances.
Output and Input Impedance Model

Where, VS is the signal voltage, RS is the internal resistance of the signal source, and RLis the
load resistance connected across the output. We can expand this idea further by looking at how the
amplifier is connected to the source and load.

When an amplifier is connected to a signal source, the source “sees” the input impedance, Zin
of the amplifier as a load. Likewise, the input voltage, Vin is what the amplifier sees across the
input impedance, Zin. Then the amplifiers input can be modelled as a simple voltage divider
circuit as shown.

Amplifier Input Circuit Model

The same idea applies for the output impedance of the amplifier. When a load resistance, RL
is connected to the output of the amplifier, the amplifier becomes the source feeding the load.
Therefore, the output voltage and impedance automatically becomes the source voltage and
source impedance for the load as shown.

Amplifier Output Circuit Model

Then we can see that the input and output characteristics of an amplifier can both be modelled
as a simple voltage divider network. The amplifier itself can be connected inCommon Emitter
(emitter grounded), Common Collector (emitter follower) or in Common Base configurations.

Current series feedback amplifier is also called as series fed amplifier or transconductance
amplifier. In this circuit, current sampling and series are mixers used. When the part of the
output current is sampled and given to the feedback circuit, where the fraction of current is
converted into a proportional voltage and then given as input signal. By this technique, the
input resistance and bandwidth increase but the output gain decrease.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Without Feedback Vcc = +12V

R1=47K RC=2.2K
Cout=1uF
C
Cin=1uF

RL=10K
B BC107
CRO
E
Vin=50mV
f=(1-3M)Hz R2=10K RE=680
CE=22uF

With Feedback Vcc = +12V

R1 =47K RC=2.2K

Cout =1uF

C
Cin =1uF

RL=10K
B BC107
CRO
E
Vin=50mV
f=(1-3M)Hz R2 =10K RE=680

0
DESIGN:
MODEL GRAPH:
Gain in dB

Without feedback

Frequency in Hz

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit (without feedback) as per the circuit diagram.
2. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 50Hz to 3MHz in regular
steps and note down the corresponding output voltage.
3. Plot the graph: Gain (dB) Vs Frequency
4. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.
5. Remove Emitter Capacitance, and follow the same procedures (1 to 4) .

To plot the frequency response

1. The frequency response curve is plotted on a semi-log scale.

2. The mid frequency voltage gain is divided by √2 and these points are marked in the
frequency response curve.
3. The high frequency point is called the upper 3dB point.
4. The lower frequency point is called the lower 3dB point.
5. The difference between the upper 3dB point and the lower 3dB point in the frequency
scale gives the bandwidth of the amplifier.
6. From the plotted graph the bandwidth is obtained. (i.e) Bandwidth = fH - fL
TABULATION:
i) Without feedback

Vin=

𝐕 𝐕
S. No Frequency (Hz) 𝐕𝟎 (V) Gain = 𝟎⁄𝐕 Gain = 20 log ( 𝟎⁄𝐕 ) dB
𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

ii) With Feedback

Vin =

𝐕 𝐕
S. No Frequency (Hz) 𝐕𝟎 (V) Gain = 𝟎⁄𝐕 Gain = 20 log ( 𝟎⁄𝐕 ) dB
𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐧

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
 6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

RESULT:

Thus the frequency response of Current Series Feedback amplifier was studied and its
Bandwidth was calculated.
Parameters Without Feedback With Feedback
Maximum Gain dB dB
3-dB Gain dB dB
3-dB Lower cut-off frequency, fL Hz Hz
3-dB Upper cut-off frequency, fH Hz Hz
3-dB Bandwidth ( fH - fL ) Hz Hz
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is current series feedback amplifier?
The current-feedback operational amplifier (CFOA or CFA)
is a type of electronic amplifier whose inverting input is
sensitive to current, rather than to voltage as in a
conventional voltage-feedback operational amplifier (VFA).
2. What is the relationship between the transfer gain with
feedback Af and that withoutfeedback A.
Af =A /(1+Aβ)
3. Define negative feedback.
The amout of feedback applied is subtracted from the input to get
negative feedback.
4. What are the advantages of negative feedback.
High BW,less noise,less distortion,gain stability
5. How is the i/p impedance and o/p impedance of a current shunt
feedback amplifier
Rif = Ri/(1+Aβ), Rof =Ro(1+Aβ)
EXP 4 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF RADIO FREQUENCY
Date: OSCILLATOR

OBJECTIVE:

To construct and to find the frequency of the given radio frequency oscillator (Colpitts).

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No. Name Quantity

1. Transistor BC107 1

2. Resistors (4.7K , 2.2 K , 680 ) Each 1

3. Resistors (10K ) 2

4. Capacitors (1µF, 0.1µF) Each 2

5. Capacitors (22µF,0.01 µF) Each 1

6. Inductor (1mH) 2

7. Bread board 1

8. Dual DC Regulated Power supply (0 – 30 V) 1

9. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) (0-20MHz) 1

10. Function Generator (0-1MHz) 1

11. Connecting wires (Single Strand)

THEORY:

A Colpitts oscillator is the electrical dual of a Hartley oscillator, where the feedback
signal is taken from an "inductive" voltage divider consisting of two coils in series (or a tapped
coil). Fig. 1 shows the common-base Colpitts circuit. L and the series combination of C1 and
C2 form the parallel resonant tank circuit which determines the frequency of the oscillator. The
voltage across C2 is applied to the base emitter junction of the transistor, as
feedback to create oscillations. In the Fig shown the voltage across C1 provides feedback. The
frequency of oscillation is approximately the resonant frequency of the LC circuit, which is the
series combination of the two capacitors in parallel with the inductor

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DESIGN:
 PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (sine wave).
3. Note down the practical frequency and compare with its theoretical frequency.

TABULATION:

Output Signal Amplitude (V) Time Period (Sec) Frequency (Hz)

Sine Wave

Parameter Theoretical Practical

Hartley Oscillator
Colpitts Oscillator

Frequency

RESULT:
Thus radio frequency oscillator was constructed and its frequency was calculated as:
i. Colpitts Oscillator Hz.
VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. The frequency of Colpitts oscillator is expressed as?

The frequency of colpitts oscillator is expressed as 1/(2ᴨ√LC) where L is the inductance and
C is effective capacitance.
2. Colpitts oscillator uses which type of feedback?
Colpitts oscillator uses positive feedback for oscillation. The feedback is provided through a
capacitor voltage divider tank circuit to the amplifying element.
3. The improvement of Colpitts oscillator over Hartley oscillator is?
Colpitts oscillator shows better frequency stability in high frequencies than Hartley oscillator.
4. Recommended frequency range of Harley oscillator is ?
Recommended frequency range of the Hartley oscillator is 30KHz-30MHz. Frequencies
higher or lower than this range will cause distortion.
5. Which type of feedback is used by Hartley oscillator?
The feedback used in Hartley oscillator is Voltage series feedback.
 EXP 5
INVERTING AND NON-INVERTING OP-AMP
Date:

OBJECTIVE:
To design and find the characteristics of operational amplifier circuits
i) Inverting Amplifier
ii) Non-inverting Amplifier

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. No: Apparatus Name Range Qty.

1 Operational Amplifier IC 741 1

2 Resistors 1 KΩ 2

3 Bread Board 1

4 Regulated Power Supply + 12V, Dual 1

5 Function Generator (1Hz – 1MHz.) 1

6 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20 / 40MHz, Dual Trace 1

7 Connecting Wires & CRO Probes

THEORY:
Inverting Amplifier:

If the signal is applied to the inverting input terminal and the circuit is
shown in fig. This is most widely used of all the Op-amp circuits. The output voltage (V o) is
fed back to the inverting input terminal through the R f - R1 network where R f is feedback
resistor. Input signal (V i) is applied to the inverting input terminal through R 1 and the non-
inverting input terminal is grounded.

The gain of the inverting amplifier is

Gain (Av) = Vo / Vi = - Rf / R1
Negative Sign indicates a phase shift of 180 between Vi and Vo.

Therefore Vo is equal to

Vo = -(Rf / R1 )Vi

Non-inverting Amplifier:

If the signal is applied to the Non-inverting input terminal and the feedback is given shown in
fig. The circuit amplifies without inverting the input signal. Such a circuit is called Non-
inverting amplifier. It is also called as negative feedback system as output is being fed back to
the inverting terminal. The gain of the inverting amplifier is

Gain Av = Vo / Vi = 1 + (Rf / R1 )

The gain can be adjusted to unity or more, by proper selection of resistors R f and R1. Therefore
Vo is equal to

Vo = [1 + (Rf / R1)] Vi
Compared to the inverting amplifier, the input resistance of the Non-inverting
amplifier is high as the op-amp draws negligible current from the signal source.

Zin = infinitive. (Realistically, the differential input impedance of the op-amp itself, 1 MΩ to
1 TΩ)

In voltage follower, the output voltage is equal to input voltage both in magnitude
and phase. It is also defined as that the output voltage follows the input voltage exactly. It is
also referred as unity gain amplifier. If Rf = 0 and R1 =  in the non inverting amplifier, we get the
modified circuit of voltage follower. It is used as buffer for impedance matching.

PIN DIAGRAM:

Offset Null 1 8 No Connection

Inv. Input 2 7 +Vcc

LM 741
Non Inv. Input 3 6 Output

-Vcc 4 5 Offset Null

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

INVERTING AMPLIFIER

Rf =

+12V

Ri = 1K

LM741 Output

FG, 1KHz
1V (p-p) RO
Sine I/P
-12V

NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
Rf =

+12V

Ri = 1K
Output
LM741
3 +

FG, 1KHz CRO

1V (p-p)
Sine I/P -12V
MODEL GRAPH:

PROCEDURE:
1. Inverting Amplifier:
i) Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
ii) Set sine wave input voltage at any fixed voltage and fixed frequency say,
1V (p-p) and 1 KHz respectively.
 iii) Observe the input and output waveform simultaneously using Dual
Trace CRO.
iv) Tabulate the readings and verify it using theoretical calculations.
v) Draw the input and output waveforms in Graph sheet.
2. Non-inverting Amplifier:
i) Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
ii) Set sine wave input voltage at any fixed voltage and fixed frequency say,
1V (p-p) and 1 KHz respectively.
iii) Observe the input and output waveform simultaneously using Dual
Trace CRO.
iv) Tabulate the readings and verify it using theoretical calculations.
v) Draw the input and output waveforms in Graph sheet.

TABULATION:

Rf = R in =

S.no Input voltages(V) Inverting Mode Non Inverting Mode

Vin ( V) Vout (V) Gain Vout (V) Gain

(No Unit) (No Unit)

Vo/Vin -(Rf/Rin) Vo/Vin (1 + Rf/Rin)

RESULT:
Thus the circuits for inverting and non-inverting amplifier were designed and executed using
IC741 opamp
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define an operational amplifier
An operational amplifier is a direct-coupled, high gain amplifier consisting of one or
more differential amplifier. By properly selecting the external components, it can be
used to perform a variety of mathematical operations.
2. Mention the characteristics of an ideal op-amp.
 Open loop voltage gain is infinity.
 Input impedance is infinity.
 Output impedance is zero.
 Bandwidth is infinity.
 Zero offset.
3. What happens when the common terminal of V+ and V- sources is not
grounded?
If the common point of the two supplies is not grounded, twice the supply voltage will
get applied and it may damage the op-amp.
4. State the reasons for the offset currents at the input
of the op-amp.
The difference between the bias currents at the input terminals of the op-amp is called
as input offset current. The input terminals conduct a small value of dc current to bias
the input transistors. Since the input transistors cannot be made identical,there exists a
difference in bias currents.
5. Why IC 741 is not used for high frequency applications?

IC741 has a low slew rate because of the predominance of capacitance present in the
circuit at higher frequencies. As frequency increases the output gets distorted due to
limited slew rate.
 EXP 6 APPLICATIONS OF OP-AMP - ADDER, SUBTRACTOR,
Date: ADDER-SUBTRACTOR

OBJECTIVE:
To realize the following applications of op-amp, namely, adder, subtractor and
adder-subtractor by using 741 Op-Amp.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

Sl. No: Apparatus Name Range Qty.

1 Operational Amplifier IC 741 1

2 Resistors 3.3 KΩ 1
each

10KΩ 4

3 Bread Board 1

4 Regulated Power Supply + 12V, Dual 1

5 Function Generator (1Hz – 1MHz.) 1

6 Cathode Ray Oscilloscope 20 / 40MHz, Dual Trace 1

7 Connecting Wires & CRO Probes

THEORY:
1. Inverting Adder:

Op amp may be used to design a circuit whose output is the sum of several input signals.
Sucha circuit is called a summing amplifier or a summer. If V1, V 2 are two input signals given
to the inverting terminal, then

If R1 = R2 = Rf = R, then

V0 = - (V1 + V2)
2. Subtractor:

The function of a subtractor is to provide an output, which is equal to the difference of

two input signals (or) proportional to the difference of two input signals. If V 1 and V 2
are the input voltages at inverting and non – inverting terminals, then

If Rf = R 1 = R2 = R, then V0 = V2 - V1

3. Adder-subtractor:

The Op-amp capable of performing Addition and Subtraction Simultaneously is known as

Adder-Subtractor Amplifier.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1. Adder:

2. Subtractor:

3. Adder-subtractor:
PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are given as per the circuit diagram

2. Apply the input voltage, Vi to the input terminal
3. Observe the output waveform at the output terminal of OP AMP Using CRO and measure
its parameters.
TABULATION:

Adder

S.no Input voltages(V) Theoretical output Practical output

V1 (v) V2(v) - (V1 + V2) (V) V0 (V)

Subtractor

S.no Input voltages(V) Theoretical output Practical output

V1 (v) V2(v) V1-V2 (V) V0 (V)

Adder- Subtractor

S.no Input voltages(V) Theoretical output Practical output

V2 V3 V4 (v) (V)
V1 (v)
(v) (v) (v)
RESULT:
Thus the applications of operational amplifier adders, subtactor, adder/subtractor were
designed and executed using IC741 opamp.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Mention some of the linear applications of op - amps :

Adder, subtracter, voltage -to- current converter, current -to- voltage converters,
instrumentation amplifier, analog computation, power amplifier, etc are some of the linear
op-amp circuits.
2. Mention some of the non - linear applications of op-amps:-

Rectifier, peak detector, clipper, clamper, sample and hold circuit, log amplifier, anti -
log amplifier, multiplier are some of the non - linear op-amp circuits.
3. What is the need for an op amp adder circuit ?

An op-amp based adder produces an output equal to the sum of the input voltages applied at its
inverting terminal. It is also called as a summing amplifier, since the output is an amplified one. In the
above circuit, the non-inverting input terminal of the op-amp is connected to ground.
4. What is the need for an op amp subtractor circuit?

The Subtractor also called a differential amplifier, uses both the inverting and non-inverting inputs to
produce an output signal which is the difference between the two input voltages V1 and V2 allowing
one signal to be subtracted from another. More inputs can be added to be subtracted if required

5. Write down the applications of summing amplifier.

It allows audio experts to combine signals from various channels and reproduce them into a
single track. Every single audio input can be configured independently without affecting the
output. Another common application of the summing amplifier is the digital to analog
converter.