Faculty of

Engineering

Signals Theory

Systems
Signals Theory
Dr. Ahmed Abdelhaleem
Fall 2022/23
 2

Dr. Ahmed M. Abd El-Haleem

Associate Professor in
Communication and Electronic Department
Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University

E-mail: [email protected]
 Introduction
3

 Any circuit perform a processing on its input is called a

system in communication engineering science.
 The input signals are excitations that drive the system,
and the output signals are the responses of the system to
those excitations.

 If the input and the output signals are modeled with

mathematical functions 𝒙(𝒕) and 𝒚(𝒕) respectively, where
ℋ{. } represent the action taking by the system.
 Introduction
4

 We can express the system relationship using the

notation
ℋ
𝑥 𝑡 𝑦(𝑡)
⟶
 If clear from the context, the operator ℋ is often
omitted, yielding the abbreviated notation
𝑥 𝑡 ⟶ 𝑦(𝑡)

 Note that the symbols “→” and “=” have very

different meanings.
 The symbol “→” should be read as “produces” (not as
“equals”).
 Fundamentals of Systems
5

 Discrete-Time System: Input and output signals are

discrete.
 System that transforms discrete-time inputs into
discrete-time output

 Continuous-Time System: Input and output signals

are continuous.
 A system in which continuous-time input signals are
applied and result in continuous-time output signals.
 Fundamentals of Systems
6

 A system is an interconnection of elements and /OR

devices that process its input signal to generate its
output signal (its response).
 Two basic ways in which systems can be interconnected
are:
 A series (or cascade) connection ties the output of
one system to the input of the other.
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝐻2 {𝐻1 𝑥 𝑡 }
 Fundamentals of Systems
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 A parallel connection ties the inputs of both

systems together and sums their outputs.

𝑦 𝑡 = 𝐻1 𝑥(𝑡) + 𝐻2 𝑥 𝑡
 Fundamentals of Systems
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 Example (1 ):
 If a system consists of an inductor of inductance
L in series with resistance R. If the input signal to
this system is a current source i(t) and its output
is the voltage drop across the inductor ,v(t).
 Since

d i (t )
v (t ) = L
dt
 Fundamentals of Systems
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 Example (1 ):
 So the actions (processes) taken by this system
are as follows:
◼ Differentiate the input signal i(t).
◼ Multiply the result by L to generate its response
v(t).

d i (t )
v (t ) = L
dt
 Fundamentals of Systems
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 Example (2):
 If a system consists of an inductor of inductance
L. If the input signal to this system is the voltage
drop across the inductor ,v(t) and its output is the
inductor current, i(t).
 Since

1
i (t ) =  v (t ) dt
L
 Fundamentals of Systems
11

 Example (2):
 So the actions (processes) taken by this system
are as follows:
◼ Integrate the input signal.
◼ Multiply the result by 1/L to generate its
response.

1
i (t ) =  v (t ) dt
L
 System Model
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 A System Model is an interconnection of blocks

represent the elementary operations done by the
system to its input to generate its output.
 Example: for the inductor system explained before,
its model is as follows

1
i (t ) =  v(t )dt
L
 System Model
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 Elementary operations Models:

 System Model
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 Elementary operations Models:

D
=T
 System Block diagram Model
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 Examples (3)

D
=1
 System Block diagram Model
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 Examples (4)
 Basic System properties
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1) Linear and Nonlinear systems.

2) Time invariant and time varying systems.
3) Stable and Non-stable systems.
4) Memory and Memoryless Systems.
5) Causal and Non-causal systems.
6) Invertible systems.
 Basic System properties
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1 ) Linear and Nonlinear systems

 A linear system, in continuous time or discrete
time, is a system that possesses the important
property of superposition:
 If an input consists of the weighted sum of
several signals, then the output is the
superposition-that is, the weighted sum-of the
responses of the system to each of those signals.
 Basic System properties
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1 ) Linear and Nonlinear systems

 Assumptions:
 Let for a system,y1(t) is the response to the input
x1(t) and y2(t) is the response to the input x2(t). i.e.

y1(t) = H{x1(t)}
&
y2(t) = H{x2(t)}
 Basic System properties
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1 ) Linear and Nonlinear systems

Linear system
▪ If x3(t) = x1(t) + x2(t)
▪ and x4(t) = kx1(t)
▪ Then the system is linear system if:

y(t) = H{x3(t)}=y 1 (t)+ y 2(t)

&

y(t) = H{x4(t)}= k y 1 (t)

 Basic System properties
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1 ) Linear and Nonlinear systems

Linear system

OR
▪ A system is linear system if

k1 y 1 (t)+ k2y 2(t) = H{k1 x1 (t)+ k2x2(t)}

 Basic System properties
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 The two properties defining a linear system can be

combined into a single statement:
 Continuos time: k1 x1(t) + k2 x2(t) → k1 y1(t) + k2 y2(t),
 Discrete time: k1 x1[n] + k2 x2[n] → k1 y1[n] + k2 y2[n].
 Basic System properties
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1 ) Linear and Nonlinear systems

Non- linear system
▪ A system is non-linear system if it doesn’t satisfy
the linearity condition
Example (5):
▪ Draw the block diagram and check the linearity of
the following systems:

y (t ) = 2 x (t ) −  x (t ) dt y(t) = 5x(t)+2
 Basic System properties
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1 ) Linear and Nonlinear systems

Example (5):

y(t) = 5 x(t) + 2
 isnon-linear system for existence the constant
term
Note:
 If one of the response terms are constant term
then the system will not satisfy the linearity
condition.
 Basic System properties
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Example (6):
 Check the linearity of the system with input output
relation.
𝑦[𝑛] = 2𝑥[𝑛] + 3
Solution
 Basic System properties
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2) Time invariant and Time varying systems

 Conceptually, a system is time invariant if the behavior
and characteristics of the system are fixed over time.
 For example, the RC circuit of
is time invariant if the
resistance and capacitance
values R and C are constant
over time: We would expect to
get the same results from an
experiment with this circuit
today as we would if we ran the
identical experiment tomorrow.
 Basic System properties
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2) Time invariant and Time varying systems

 Definition:
▪ Time invariant system is the system whose
parameters does not vary with time.
▪ For such a system, if the input is delayed by T
seconds, output will be delayed by T seconds
 Basic System properties
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2) Time invariant and Time varying systems

How to prove that a system is Time invariant:
▪ If y1(t) is the response of a system to the input x1(t)
and y(t) is the response to x1(t-T) then this system is
time invariant if:
H{x(t-T)} = y(t-T)

The prove in steps:

1- Find y(t)=H{x(t)} 2- Find y(t-T), by putting t = t-T
3- Check if H{x(t-T)} = y(t-T)
 Basic System properties
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 A DT systems is linear if:

𝐻 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑦[𝑛]
𝐻 𝑥 𝑛−𝑘 = 𝑦[𝑛 − 𝑘]
 Basic System properties
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2) Time invariant and Time varying systems

Time varying systems
▪ A system is time varying system if it is not
satisfying the time invariant condition.
Examples(7)
 Draw the block diagram and check the Time invariant
property of the following systems:

y (t ) = 2 x (t ) + x (t − 1) y(t) = t x(t)+2
 Basic System properties
31

Examples(8)
Check the discrete-time system for time invariance if its
response is of the form:
y[n] = R{x[n]} = 2n x[n]
Solution
The response to a delayed excitation is:
R{x[n − k]} = 2n x[n − k]
The delayed response is y[n − k] = 2[n − k] x[n − k]
Clearly, for any k  0:
R{x[n − k]}  y[n − k]
and, therefore, the system is time dependent or time
variant.
 Basic System properties
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2) Time invariant and Time varying systems

Examples(9)
y(t) = t x(t)
→ is time varying system (time varying coefficient)
y(t) = 5 x(2t)
→ is time varying system (scaled variable in time)
Note: If one of the response terms
 Has a coefficient which is function of time Or,

 Has scaled variable in time

Then this system will not satisfy the time invariant condition
 Basic System properties
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2) Time invariant and Time varying systems

Linear Time invariant (LTI) systems

❑ They are the systems that satisfy both the linearity
and time invariant conditions.

Note If one of the response terms

◼ Has a coefficient which is function of time Or,

◼ Has scaled variable in time Or,

◼ Is constant
Then this system is not LTI system.
 Basic System properties
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2) Time invariant and Time varying systems

Linear Time invariant (LTI) systems

Examples (1 0):

 y(t) = t x(t) → is not LTI system (time varying

coefficient)
 y(t) = 2 x(2t) → is not LTI system (scaled variable in
time)
 y(t) = x(t)+5 → is not LTI system (constant term)
 Basic System properties
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3) Stable and Non- stable systems

 Informally, a stable system is one in which small inputs
lead to responses that do not diverge.
 A system is bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO)
stable if for any bounded input x defined by
𝑥 < 𝑘1 < 
 The corresponding output y is also bounded defined by
𝑦 < 𝑘2 < ∞
 Where k1 and k2 are finite real constants .
 Basic System properties
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3) Stable and Non- stable systems

 To show that a system is BIBO stable, we must show
that every bounded input leads to a bounded output.
 To show that a system is not BIBO stable, we only need
to find a single bounded input that leads to an
unbounded output.
 In practical terms, a BIBO stable system is well
behaved in the sense that,
 as long as the system input remains finite for all time,
the output will also remain finite for all time.
 Basic System properties
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3) Stable and Non- stable systems

 Usually, a system that is not BIBO stable will have
serious safety issues.
 For example, an iPod with a battery input of 3.7 volts
and headset output of  volts would result in one
vaporized Apple customer and one big lawsuit.
 Basic System properties
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3) Stable and Non- stable systems

Examples (1 1 ):
Check the discrete LTI system stability described by the
following transfer functions:
a) 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑡 𝑥(𝑡)
b) 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑥(𝑡)
Solution
a) a constant input x(t) = 1 yields y(t) = t, which is
unbounded, since no matter what finite constant we
pick, |y(t)| will exceed that constant for some t. We
conclude that system is unstable.
 Basic System properties
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3) Stable and Non- stable systems

Examples (1 1 ): Solution
b) For 𝑥 < 𝐵
−𝐵 < 𝑥 < 𝐵
 for all t, then y(t) must satisfy
𝑒 −𝐵 < 𝑦 < 𝑒 𝐵
 We conclude that if any input is bounded by an
arbitrary positive number B, the corresponding output
is guaranteed to be bounded by 𝑒 𝐵 . Thus, System is
stable.
 Basic System properties
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4) Memoryless Systems (Systems without memory)

Definition:
▪ A system is memoryless if its output at each instant of
time is dependent only on the input signal at this
instant only.
▪ i. e. the output doesn’t depend on previous and future
inputs
Examples (1 2):
 y(t) =x(t)+2 x2(t) → is a memoryless system

 𝒚(𝒕) = 𝟐𝒙(𝒕) − න𝒙(𝒕) 𝒅𝒕 → is a memoryless system

 y(t) = x(t)+ x(t-2) → is system with memory

 y[n]= x[n+1] → is system with memory

 Basic System properties
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5) Causal and Non- causal Systems

Definition:
▪ A system is causal if the present value of the output
(response) depend only on the present and/or the past
values of the input signal.
▪ Thus, in a causal system, it is not possible to obtain an
output before an input is applied to the system.
OR
 A system is called noncausal if its output at the present
time depends on future values of the input.
 Basic System properties
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5) Causal and Non- causal Systems

 the present value of the output (response) doesn’t
depend on the future values of the input signal.
Examples (1 3):
 y(t) =x(t)- x(t-2)
is causal system ( y(0) =x(0) - x(-2))
 y(t) = x(t+2)
is non-causal system ( y(0) =x(2))
 y[n]= x[n+1]
is non-causal system ( y[0] =x[1])
 Basic System properties
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6) Invertible Systems
Definition:
▪ A system is invertible if distinct input lead to distinct
output.
▪ i.e. a system is invertible if we can find another system
(called inverse system) that leads the input if it is fed
by the output.
 Basic System properties
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6) Invertible Systems

 The system is invertible, if we can find the unique

x(t) for each y(t)
Examples (1 4):
 y(t) =2 x2(t) → is a noninvertible system
 y(t) =0 → is a noninvertible system
 Basic System properties
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6) Invertible Systems
Examples (1 5):
 Check if the accumulator is an invertible system.
𝑛

𝑦 𝑛 = ෍ 𝑥[𝑘]
𝑘=−∞
Solution
 For this system, the difference between two successive
values of the output is precisely the last input value.
Therefore, in this case, the inverse system is
𝑤 𝑛 =𝑦 𝑛 −𝑦 𝑛−1