AISSMS College of Engineering

Department of Chemical Engineering

Unit wise Question Bank: Mass Transfer
T.E. (CHEMICAL

Unit 1: INTRODUCTION
1. The diffusivity of the gas pair O 2- CCl4 is determined by observing the steady state
evaporation of CCl4 (liquid) into a tube containing O 2. The entire system is held at
constant temperature and pressure. Both the gases are assumed to be ideal and O 2 is
stationary. The distance between the CCl 4 (liquid) level and top of the liquid level is
0.171m. The total pressure on the system is 100.658*10 3N/m2(755mm Hg)and
temperature is 273 K. The vapour pressure of CCl 4 is 4.399*103 N/m2 (33mmHg) at
that temperature. The cross sectional area of the tube is 0.082*10 -3 m2. After steady
state is attained, 0.0208*10-6 m3 of CCl4 (liquid) evaporated in a 36*103 second
period. What is the diffusivity of gas pair CCl 4- O2? Assume specific gravity of liquid
CCl4 as 1.59.

2. A sphere of naphthalene having a radius of 2.0 mm is suspended in a large volume of

still air at 318K and 1.013*105 Pa. The surface temperature of the naphthalene can be
assumed to be at 318K ñ its vapor pressure at 318K is 0.555mmHg. The D AB of
naphthalene in air at 318 K is 6.92*10 -6 m2/s. Calculate the rate of evaporation of
naphthalene from the surface.
3. Calculate the amount of diffusion of acetic acid (A) in 2 hours across a film on non
diffusing water (B) solution 1 mm thick at 17°C when the concentration on opposite
side of film are respectively 9 and 3 wt% acid. The diffusivity of acetic acid in
solution is 0.95*10-9m2/s.
Data: at 17°C
Density of 9% solution=1012kg/m3
Density of 3% solution=1003.2kg/ m3
Molecular weight of acetic acid =60.03
Molecular weight of water= 18.02
4. In an oxygen-nitrogen mixture at 10 atmosphere and 25°C, the concentrations of
oxygen at two places of 0.2 cm apart are 10 ñ 20 volume percent respectively.
Calculate the rate of diffusion of oxygen expressed as gm/cm 2 –hr for the case of
unicomponent diffusion. Data: value of diffusivity between oxygen-
nitrogen=0.181cm2/sec.
5. Ammonia gas is diffusing at constant rate through a layer of stagnant air 1mm thick.
Conditions are fixed so that gas contains 50% by volume of ammonia at one
boundary of the stagnant layer. The ammonia diffusing to the other boundary is
quickly absorbed ñ the concentration is negligible at that plane. The temperature is
298 K ñ 1 atm. pressure ñ under this condition the diffusivity of ammonia in air is
0.18*10-4 m2/s. Calculate the rate of diffusion of ammonia through the layer. Take
R=8.314kJ/kmoleK.
6. The O2 (A) is diffusing through CO (B) under standard conditions with CO non-
diffusing. The total pressure is 1*105 N/m2 ñ temperature is 0°C. The partial pressure
of O2 at two planes, 2mm apart is 13000 ñ 6500 N/m 2. The diffusivity of oxygen in
CO is DAB =1.87*10-5 m2/S. Calculate the rate of diffusion of O2 in kmol/m2sec.
7. CO2 is diffusing through a membrane (1.25mm) thick at 298K. The partial pressure of
CO2 on one side of the membrane is 5cm of Hg ñ other side is zero. The solubility
coefficient of CO2 at 298K is SA= 0.9 m3 gas (NTP)/ (m3 rubber). (atm.) The
diffusivity of CO2 in the rubber is 1.1*10-5 m2/sec. Determine the permeability of
membrane for CO2 at 298K ñ rate of diffusion through the membrane.
8. A polyethylene film 0.15 mm thick is being considered for use in packaging a
pharmaceutical product at 30 °C. If the partial pressure of O 2 outside is 0.21atm. ñ
inside the package it is 0.01atm., calculate the diffusion flux of O2 at steady state.
Data: PM=4.17*10-12 m3. Solute (STP) / (S. m 2.atm. /m.)
9. Calculate the diffusivity of dry hydrogen in air at 30°C and 1 atm. The molecular
volumes of air ñ hydrogen are 22.9 and 14.3 cc/gm mol.
10. A tube of small diameter was filled with acetone with a density of 0.79 gm/cc upto
1.10 cm fro top ñ maintained at a temperature of 20°C in a gentle current of air. After
5 hrs the level of liquid fell to 2.05 cm from the top. Calculate the diffusivity of
 acetone in air if the barometric pressure was 750 mmHg. Vapour pressure of acetone
at 20°C is 180 mmHg.
11. The air pressure in a tyre reduces from 2 atm to 1.99 atm in five days. The volume of
air in the tube=0.025m3, the surface area 0.5 m2 ñ wall thickness 0.01 m. The
solubility of air in rubber is 0.07m3/m3. Estimate the diffusivity of air in rubber.
12. Calculate the amount of oxygen (A) diffusing in 1 hour under steady state conditions
through a non diffusing gas mixture of methane (B) ñ hydrogen (C) in the volume
ratio of 2:1. The diffusivities are estimated to be:
DO2-H2 =6.99*10-5m2/s
DO2-CH4 =1.86*10-5 m2/s
The total pressure is 1*105 N/m2 ñ temperature is 0 °C. The partial pressure of oxygen at
two planes 2 mm apart are respectively 13000 ñ 6500 N/m2.
13. Calculate the rate of diffusion of NaCl across a film of water (non diffusing )
solution 1.5mm thick at 18°C, when the concentration on opposing sides of the film
are 24 ñ 4 % by wt NaCl respectively. The diffusivity of NaCl is 1.3*10 -5 cm2/s at
18°C, density of 24 and 4wt% of NaCl at 18°C are 1081 ñ 1027 kg/m3 respectively.
14. Liquid (A) evaporates ñ diffuses through a stagnant gas (B). Assume that process is
carried out isothermally at 25°C ñ total pressure 1 atm. Calculate the molar flux ñ
convective mass transfer coefficient when the level of liquid A is 0.05 m below the
top of the container. Assume that D AB=1*10-5 m2/s. The mole fraction of component
A at gas liquid interface is 0.2. At the top of the container, the mole fraction is 0.001.
15. Hydrogen gas at 2 std atm, 25°C flows through pipe made up of vulcanized nepprene
rubber, with ID ñ OD 25mm ñ 50mm respectively. Solubility of H 2 -0.053 m3stp/m3
atm, DH2 –Neo=1.8*10-6 cm2/s. Estimate loss of H2 by diffusion per meter of length.
16. The diffusion flux is to be detemined for the case of benzene toluene distillation.
Heat balance and latent heat dectates that equimolar counter current diffusion is
taking place. The film thickness is 0.01mm ñ diffusivity of benzene ñ toluene is 0.04
cm2/s ñ partial pressure of benzene is 0.3 and 0. 4 atm on two sides of film with total
pressure of 1 atm and temperature of 90°C.
17. A small tube was filled with acetone to 2.5 cm from the top ñ maintained a
temperature of 50°C in current of air, after 20 minutes, the liquid level was found
2.615 cms (0.115cms decrement). Calculate the diffusivity of acetone in air.
Data: Vapour pressure 170 mm Hg at 50°C, Barometric pressure 765.5 mmHg,
Mol. Wt of acetone 58
Density of acetone =0.798gm/cc
18. A volatile organic compound benzene costing Rs.45 per kg is stored in a tank 10m
diameter and open at the top. A stagnant air film 10mm thick is covering the surface
of the compound beyond which the compound is absent. If the atmospheric
temperature is 25°C. Vapour pressure of the compound is 150mmHg and its molar
diffusivity is 0.02m2/hr. Calculate the loss of benzene in Rs/Day.
19. The gas hydrogen at 25°C and 0.01 atm partial pressure is diffusing through a
membrane 0.1 mm thick. The other side of membrane has no hydrogen. The solubility
of hydrogen in the membrane is 1.03*10-10 m2/s. Find out diffusional flux.
20. A narrow tube is partially filled with a liquid ñ maintained at constant temperature. A
gentle steam of gas is passing across the open end of the tube. As the liquid
evaporates, the level drops slowly. At a given time t’ the level is Z from the top.
Derive an equation to calculate the value of diffusivity of the liquid vapour in the gas.
21. In an open circular tank 6 m in diameter, contains benzene at 25°C which is expressed
to be the atmosphere in such a way that the liquid is covered with a stagnant air film
having an estimated thickness of 5 mm. The concentration of benzene beyond the
stagnant film is negligible. The vapour pressure of benzene at 25°C is 100mmHg.If
benzene is worth one rupee a litre.What is the value of loss of benzene from this tank
in rupees per day.Molar diffusivity of benzene in air at 25°C and 1 atm is
277.7cm2/hr. Density of benzene at 25°C=0.88gm/ml

Unit 2: MASS THRANSFER COEFFICIENT AND INTERPHASE MASS

TRANSFER
1. A gas phase is being stripped from a water solution into air stream. At certain point in
the column, the concentration of component A in liquid is 4.8 kmol/m 3 and partial
pressure of component A in gas stream is 1 atm. The equilibrium relationship is P Ai=
 0.25CA, The overall liquid coefficient KL= 0.0144 Kmol A/ m3. Assume gas phase
offers 70% of total resistances calculate:
1. Convective mass transfer coefficient kL
2. Convective mass transfer coefficient kg
3. Overall mass transfer coefficient in gas phase KG
2. Air flow through cylindrical tube made of naphthalene at velocity of 5m/s. The
diameter of tube is 0.1m and temperature of air is 293K. Using correlation proposed by
Gilliand and Sherwood, calculate the mass transfer coefficient for transfer of naphthalene
to air. Data: Viscosity of air=1.8*10-5 kg/ms, Density of air= 1.2 kg/m3,
Diffusivity=4.24*10-6m2/s.
3. A stream of air at 100KPa pressure and 300K is flowing on the top surface of thin flat
sheet of solid naphthalene of length 0.2m with a velocity of 20 m/s. Data: Mass
diffusivity of naphthalene vapour in air=6*10-6m2/s ,Kinematic viscosity of air=1.5*10-5
m2/s , Concentration of naphthalene at the air-solid naphthalene interface=1*10 -5 kmol/m3
. Calculate the average mass transfer coefficient over the flat plate. The rate of loss of
naphthalene from the surface. For heat transfer over a flat plate convective heat transfer
coefficient for laminar flow can be calculated by the equation
Nu=0664Re1/2 Pr 1/3 .You may use heat and mass transfer analogy.
4. In a transfer operation operating at 1 atm the individual mass transfer coefficients in
liquid and gas phases have the following values respectively k x=22kmol/m2hr,ky=1.07
kmol/m2hr.The equilibrium composition of gaseous and liquid phases are characterized
by Henry’s law PA=0.08*106 xA
i) Determine the overall mass transfer coefficients
ii) Determine the resistance of liquid and gas phase
5. Solute A is being absorbed from gas into liquid in a wetted wall column. At a point in
the tower the mole fraction A in gas (y) is 0.37 ñ it’s mole fraction in liquid (x) is
0.13 ñ equilibrium composition at fix conditions of temperature ñ pressure are 0.2 ñ
0.285 resp. in gas ñ liquid phase. Determine individual mass transfer coefficient for
liquid ñ also determine overall mass transfer coeff. If local mass transfer coefficient
ky =1.47*10-3 Kmol/m2, sec also determine mass transfer flux for interphase.
x 0.07 0.21 0.285 0.33 0.385
 y 0.03 0.12 0.2 0.275 0.42

14.A gas phase is being stripped from a water solution into air stream. At certain pount in
the column, the concentration of component A in liquid is 4.8 kmol/m3 ñ partial pressure
of componenet A in gas stream is 1 atm. The equilibrium relationship is P Ai= 0.25CA ,
The overall liquid coefficient KL= 0.0144 Kmol A/ m3 . Assume gas phase offers 70% of
total resistances calculate:
1. Convective mass transfer coefficient kL
2. Convective mass transfer coefficient kg
3. Overall mass transfer coefficient in gas phase
15. In a mass transfer apparatus operating at1 std atm, the individual mass transfer
coefficient have the following values
KX=22kgmole/m2hr, Ky =1.07 kgmole/m2hr. The equilibrium compositions of the
gaseous ñ liquid phases are characterized by Henry’s law p*=0.08*10 6 mmHg. Determine
the overall mass transfer coefficient K X and find out how many times the diffusion
resistance of the liquid differs that of gaseous phase.
16. Ammonia is absorbed by water in wetted column operated at 25°C at 1 atm. The
overall mass transfer coefficient is 1 Kmole NH3/m2 std. atm. At one point in the column
the gas contains 10mole% ammonia and the liquid phase contains 0.155 mole
ammonia/m3. 95% of the total resistance lies in gas phase. (Henry’s law constant at 293
K is 4.25*10-3 std atm /mole NH3 /m3 solution). Calculate gas phase coefficient k g and
liquid phase coefficient kl.
17. NH3 is absorbed at 1 bar from an NH 3 air stream by passing it a vertical tube down
which dilute H2SO4 is flowing. The following laboratory test data are available:
Length of the tube= 825mm
Diameter of tube=15mm
Partial pressure of NH3 at inlet =7.5 kN/m2
Partial pressure of NH3 at outlet= 2kN/m2
The amount of NH3 absorbed at this condition is 1.12*10 -6 kmole /sec. Determine the
overall transfer coefficient kG based on gas phase.
 Unit3: GAS ABSORPTION

1. A mixture of ammonia and air is scrubbed in a plate column with free water. If the
ammonia concentration is reduced from 5% to 0.01% and the water and air rates are
respectively 0.65 and 0.40 kg/m2s. How many theoretical plates are required? The
equilibrium relationship can be written Y=X where X is the mole ratio in the liquid
phase.
2. Solute CS2 is to be absorbed from a dilute gas mixture of CS 2-N2 into a solvent at atm
pressure in counter current absorber. The mole fraction of CS 2 in inlet gas stream is 0.05
and the flow rate of gas stream G is 1500 kmole/hr. The equilibrium relationship is
y=0.5x where x= mole fraction of CS 2 in liquid stream. It is desired to reduce the mole
fraction of CS2 in exit gas stream to 0.005. Calculate minimum value of L/G where L
liquid flow rate in kmole/hr.
3. An ammonia air mixture containing 2% by volume ammonia is to be scrubbed with water
at 293K in a tower packed with 1.27cm Rasching. The water and gas rates are
1170kg/hrm2 each based on empty tower cross section. Estimate the height of tower
requied if 98% ammonia in the entering gas is to be absorbed. The tower operate at 1 atm
pressure. The equilibrium relationship is given by the following equation. Ye=0.746X
Where Ye=Mole fraction of ammonia in air
X= Mole fraction of ammonia in solution with water.
The height of transfer unit may be taken as equal to 2m.
4. A plate absorption column is used to reduce the concentration of solute A in the air
stream from 5.5% to 0.3% via counter current absorption column by using solvent
monoethanolamine , solvent enters at the top gas from bottom at flow rate 2.4 m 3/s at the
column conditions 293K and 1 atm pressure. Following equilibrium data is generated.
X 0 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.045
Y 0 0.002 0.005 0.015 0.032 0.053 0.065
X= Kmol of A /Kmol of solvent Y= kmol of A /kmol of air. Determine the minimum
flow rate needed for fresh solvent and if actual flow rate is 1.1 times the minimum,
estimate the number of plates needed.
5. A packed tower is designed to recover 98% CO 2 from a gas mixture containing 10%
CO2 ñ 90% air using water. A relation y=14x can be used for equilibrium conditions
 where y is kg CO2/kg dry air ñ x is kg CO2/ kg water. The water to gas rate is kept
30% more than the minimum value. Calculate the height of tower if (HTU)OG is 1m.
6. A paraffin hydrocarbon of molecular mass 114 kg/mol at a temperature 373K is to be
separated from a mixture with a non volatile organic compound of molecular mass
135kg/mol by stripping with stream. The liquid contains 8% of the paraffin by mass
and this is to be reduced to 0.08% using an upward flow of steam saturated at 373K.
If three times the minimum amount of steam is used, how many theoretical stages
will be required? The vapor pressure of the paraffin at 373K is 53 KN/m2, ñ the
process takes place at atmospheric pressure. It may be assumed that the system obeys
Raoult’s law.
7. It is desired to absorb 80% of acetone in a gad containing 1 mole % acetone in air in
counter current stage tower. The total inlet gas flow rate to the tower is 30 kmol/ hr
and total inlet water flow rate is 90 kmol H 2O/hr. The process is to be operated at
300K and total pressure of 101.3 KPa. The equilibrium relationship is Y A=2.53XA.
Determine no. of stages graphically ñ analytically for required separation.
8. A plant manufacturing dry ice will burn coke in air to produce flue gas containing
15% CO2 by volume. This will be passed into sieve tray to wet scrubber at 1 atm and
25°C to be scrubbed with monoetanolamine solution. The recycled scrubbing liquid
contains 0.058 mole CO2/ mole solution. The gas leaving the scrubber contains 2%
CO2 by volume assume isothermal operation. Determine minimum liquid gas ratio.
Determine number theoretical plates for 1.2 times (L/G) min. for 0.5 m 3/sec of
entering gas at 1.2 atm. and 25°C
Equilibrium data
Moles 0.058 0.060 0.062 0.064 0.066 0.066 0.0070
CO2
PCO2 5.6 12.8 29 56 98.7 155 232.0
(mmHg)

9. A counter current absorber is used for scrubbing of an air mixture containing 5%

solute A by volume. The scrubber is fed with water containing 0.02 mole of A per
mol of water. The scrubbing water flows at a rate of 1 mole water per mol of air. It is
 required to absorb 85% of solute A present in air by operating the column at 20°C.
K=0.80 mol of A /mol of H2O. Calculate the concentration of A in outgoing liquid ñ
estimate number of stages using Kresmer equation. The equilibrium relationship is
y= 0.80x.
10. A mixture of ammonia and air is scrubbed in a plate column with free water. If the
ammonia concentration is reduced from 5% to 0.01% and the water and air rates are
respectively 0.65 and 0.40 kg/m2s. How many theoretical plates are required? The
equilibrium relationship can be written Y=X where X is the mole ratio in the liquid
phase.(10 Marks)
18.A mixture of acetone vapor ñ air containing 5% by volume of acetone is to be freed of
its acetone content by scrubbing it with water in a packed bed absorber. The flow rate of
the gas mixture is 700m3 /hr. of acetone-free air measured at NTP ñ that of water is 1500
kg/hr. The absorber operates at an average temperature of 20 °C and a pressure of 101
kPa. The scrubber absorbs 98% acetone. The equilibrium relation for the acetone vapor-
water system is given by:
Y*=1.68 XWhere Y= kmole acetone/ kmole dry air
X= kmole acetone/ kmole water
Calculate: (a) Mean driving force for absorption, (b) Mass transfer area if the overall
mass transfer coefficient is kG= 0.4 kmole of acetone/ m2 hr. (kmole acetone/ kmole dry
air)

Unit4: HUMIDIFICATION AND DEHUMIDIFICATION

1) The DBT and WBT of air are found to be 30°C and 20°C respectively. By using
humidity chart, calculate absolute humidity, molar humidity, % relative humidity, %
saturation, humid volume.
2) Moist air at 310K has WBT of 300K. The latent heat of vaporization of water at 300K
is 2440KJ/kg , estimate the humidity of the air and percentage relative humidity. The
total pressure is 105Kpa and the vapour pressure of water vapour at 300K is 3.60Kpa at
310K. Psychrometric ratio (hG/kY)=1000 J/kg.K and latent heat of vaporization is
2440KJ/kg.
3) A humidifier is conditioning 15000 kg of air per hour at 49°C DBT and 32°C WBT by
heating outside air, passing it through an adiabatic spray chamber in which it reaches
 90% humidity ñ then reheating to the desired temperature. The outside air is at 4.5°C ñ is
foggy carrying 0.006 kg of liquid water per m 3. To what temperature must the air be
heated in the first heating operation? What is the temperature of air as it emerges from the
spray chamber before the final heating operation? Calculate the heat supplied in the first
ñ final heating. Show the complete process on humidity charts. Specific heats of water
vapors ñ dry air are 2.006 and 1.003kJ/ kgK respectively.
4) For an air-water mixture having a DBT of 65°C, calculate the wet bulb temperature
using the formula for wet bulb depression. Data:
Y’=0.0247 kg vap./kg dry air,
Y’w=0.0365 kg vap./kg dry air,
λw=2419.3kJ/kg
Psychrometric ratio= 950J/kg
13)A gas (B) -Benzene (A) mixture is saturated at 1 std atm 50°C, calculate absolute
humidity if B is
1. Nitrogen
2. Carbondioxide PA=275 mmHg or 0.362 std atm, molecular wt of C 6H6=78.05,
N2=28.02, CO2=44.01
14)For an air-water mixture having a DBT of 65°C, wet bulb temperature of 35°C, total
pressure was 1 std atm. Compute humidity of air based on the following available data:
At tw=35°C, λw=2419300J/kg,
Y’w=0.0365 kg water/kg dry air,
Psychrometric ratio (hG/ky) =950J/kg at tG=65°C
15)The temperature of air in a room is 40.2°C and total pressure 101.1 KPa. The air
contains the water vapour with partial pressure P A=3.74KPa.Calculate humidity and
saturation humidity, percentage humidity. Data: vapor pressure of water is P AS=7.415KPa
at 40°C.
16) Air at 1 atm is blown past the bulb of mercury thermometer the bulb is covered with a
wick. The wick is immersed in an organic liquid (mol.wt.58). Thermometer reading is
8.6°C, vapour pressure is 5 KPa. Find the air temperature, if ratio of heat transfer
coefficient to mass transfer coefficient is 2kJ/kgK and latent heat of vapourisation of
liquid is 360 kJ/kg. Assume air is free of organic vapour when blown. Assume suitable
data if necessary.
17)The DBT and WBT of air are found to be 30°C and 20°C respectively. By using
humidity chart, calculate absolute humidity, molar humidity, % relative humidity, %
saturation, humid volume.
18)Water is to be cooled from 43.3°C to 26.7°C in a forced draft cooling tower under
conditions such that the height of the transfer unit is 0.53m. Air enters the bottom of the
tower at 23.9°C and a wet bulb temperature of 21.1°C. Find the tower height if 1.33 times
the minimum air is used. Neglect the heat transfer resistance of liquid phase. The
enthalpy data is given as:
Temp. of 15.6 18.3 21.1 23.9 26.7 29.4 32.2 35 37.8 40.6 43.3
air °C
Enthalpy 14.7 16.7 18.9 21.5 24.3 27.5 31.1 35.2 39.9 45.2 51.3
of
moistair
Enthalpy is in Kcal/Kg dry air

Unit 5: EQUIPMENT FOR GAS LIQUID OPERATION

Unit 6: DRYING

1) A porous dry solid was dried under constant drying conditions in a batch
dryer. It took 6 hours to reduce the moisture from 30% to 10% on wet basis.
The critical moisture content is 16%, equilibrium moisture content is 2%. All
the moisture contents on dry basis. How long will it take to dry a sample of
the above solid to dry from 365% to6% under the same drying conditions.
 2) It is desired to dry a certain type of fiber board in sheets
0.131m*0.161*0.071m from 58% to 5% moisture (wet basis) content. Initially
from laboratory test data with this fibre board, the rate of drying at constant
rate period was found to be 8.9Kg/m 2.hr. The critical moisture content 24.9%
ñ the equilibrium moisture content was 1%. The fiber board is to be dried
from one side only ñ has a bone dry density of 210 kg/m3. Determine the time
required for drying. The following rate may be assumed linear.
ii) A wet solid is dried from 25 to 10 % moisture under constant drying conditions in
4.17 hours. If critical ñ equilibrium moisture contents are from 15% and 5% respectively,
how long will it take to dry solid from 30 to 8% moisture under same conditions? Take
all weight % on dry basis.
iii) A wet solid is dried from 20 to 10 % moisture (wet basis) under constant drying
conditions in 2 hours. If equilibrium moisture content is zero.How long will it take to dry
solid to 4% moisture under same conditions? Assume that no constant rate period is
encountered and falling rate period is linear.
iv) A batch of solid for which the following table of data applies is to be dried from 25%
to 6% moisture under conditions identical to those for which the data were tabulated. The
initial weight of the wet solid is 300kg ñ the drying surface is 1m 2 /8kg dry weight.
Determine the time for drying.
X 0.35 0.25 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.064
N 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.266 0.239 0.208 0.180 0.150 0.097 0.07 0.025
Where, X= kg moisture /kg dry solid
N= kg moisture evaporated/hrm2
10)1400 kg (bone dry) of granular solid is to be dried under constant drying conditions
from a moisture content of 0.2 kg/kg of dry solid to a final moisture content of 0.02kg/kg
of dry solid. The material has an effective area of 0.0615m 2/kg. Under the same
conditions of the following rates were previously known. Calculate the time required for
drying.

X, 0.3 0.20 0.14 0.096 0.056 0.046 0.026 0.016

kg/kg
 dry
solid.
Rate N 1.71 1.71 1.71 1.49 1.29 0.88 0.54 0.376
kg/hrm2
.