Python – Numbers
Number data types store numeric values.
They are immutable data types, means that changing the value of a number data type results in
a newly allocated object.
Number objects are created when you assign a value to them.
Example:
var1=1
var2=10
You can also delete the reference to a number object by using the del statement.
Syntax:
del var1[,var2[,var3[………….,varN]]]]
You can delete a single object or multiple objects by using the del statement.
Example:
del var
del var a,var b
Python supports four different numerical types ,
int (signed integers) − They are often called just integers or ints, are positive or
negative whole numbers with no decimal point.
float (floating point real values) − Also called floats, they represent real numbers and
are written with a decimal point dividing the integer and fractional parts. Floats may
also be in scientific notation, with E or e indicating the power of 10 (2.5e2 = 2.5 x 10 2 =
250).
complex (complex numbers) − are of the form a + bJ, where a and b are floats and J (or
j) represents the square root of -1 (which is an imaginary number). The real part of the
number is a, and the imaginary part is b. Complex numbers are not used much in
Python programming.
Example:
int float complex
10 0.0 3.14j
100 15.20 45.j
-786 -21.9 9.322e-36j
080 32.3+e18 .876j
-049- -90. -.6545+0J
-0x260 -32.54e100 3e+26J
0x69 70.2-E12 4.53e-7j
A complex number consists of an ordered pair of real floating point numbers denoted by a + bj,
where a is the real part and b is the imaginary part of the complex number.
Number Type Conversion
Python converts numbers internally in an expression containing mixed types to a common type for
evaluation. But sometimes, you need to coerce a number explicitly from one type to another to satisfy
the requirements of an operator or function parameter.
Type int(x) to convert x to a plain integer.
Type float(x) to convert x to a floating-point number.
Type complex(x) to convert x to a complex number with real part x and imaginary part
zero.
Type complex(x, y) to convert x and y to a complex number with real part x and
imaginary part y. x and y are numeric expressions
Mathematical Functions
Python includes following functions that perform mathematical calculations.
Sr.No. Function & Returns ( description )
1 abs(x)
The absolute value of x: the (positive) distance between x and zero.
2 fabs(x)
The absolute value of x.
3 exp(x)
The exponential of x: ex
5 ceil(x)
The ceiling of x: the smallest integer not less than x
6 floor(x)
The floor of x: the largest integer not greater than x
7 log(x)
The natural logarithm of x, for x> 0
8 log10(x)
The base-10 logarithm of x for x> 0.
9 max(x1, x2,...)
The largest of its arguments: the value closest to positive infinity
10 min(x1, x2,...)
The smallest of its arguments: the value closest to negative infinity
11 modf(x)
The fractional and integer parts of x in a two-item tuple. Both parts have the same sign
as x. The integer part is returned as a float.
12 pow(x, y)
The value of x**y.
13 round(x [,n])
x rounded to n digits from the decimal point. Python rounds away from zero as a tie-
breaker: round(0.5) is 1.0 and round(-0.5) is -1.0.
14 sqrt(x)
The square root of x for x > 0
Random Number Functions
Random numbers are used for games, simulations, testing, security, and privacy applications. Python
includes following functions that are commonly used.
Sr.No. Function & Description
1 choice(seq)
A random item from a list, tuple, or string.
2 randrange ([start,] stop [,step])
A randomly selected element from range(start, stop, step)
3 random()
A random float r, such that 0 is less than or equal to r and r is less than 1
4 shuffle(lst)
Randomizes the items of a list in place. Returns None.
5 uniform(x, y)
A random float r, such that x is less than or equal to r and r is less than y
Trigonometric Functions
Python includes following functions that perform trigonometric calculations.
Sr.No. Function & Description
1 acos(x)
Return the arc cosine of x, in radians.
2 asin(x)
Return the arc sine of x, in radians.
3 atan(x)
Return the arc tangent of x, in radians.
4 atan2(y, x)
Return atan(y / x), in radians.
5 cos(x)
Return the cosine of x radians.
6 hypot(x, y)
Return the Euclidean norm, sqrt(x*x + y*y).
7 sin(x)
Return the sine of x radians.
8 tan(x)
Return the tangent of x radians.
9 degrees(x)
Converts angle x from radians to degrees.
10 radians(x)
Converts angle x from degrees to radians.
Mathematical Constants
The module also defines two mathematical constants −
Sr.No. Constants & Description
1
pi
The mathematical constant pi.
2
e
The mathematical constant e.
