=

Class
IX Answer Key .

Part-B: Subject Specific Skills Artificial Intelligence

1. Introduction to AI
Task (Page 146)
1. Accept all relevant answers.
2. By 2030, AI will replace most number of jobs that are done by Human like for example most
of the cleaning jobs will be done by Robots. There will be Bots, AI enabled that will be dealing
with people with stress – CBT.
3. Computers can do tasks that are repetitive like large statistical calculations, better than
humans.

Task (Page 147)

Accept all relevant answers.

Reboot (Page 149)

a. Yes b. No c. No d. Yes e. Yes

Task (Page 151)

Accept all relevant answers.

Reboot (Page 158)

Google Image Search – Computer Vision
Akinator – Data
Face-Recognition System in Mobile – Computer Vision
Cortana – Natural Language Processing
Video Session (Page 159)
Accept all relevant answers.

Task (Page 159)

Mobile phones, smart watches, Alexa, smart TV, smart lights and all gadgets that are centrally
connected in a smart house. For example, your phone calendar, disables the security systems as soon
as you enter the house. It enables the security system when you proceed for vacations. All electronic
gadgets switch on their power saving mode.

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 Video Session (Page 161)
Accept all relevant answers.

Task (Page 162)

1. Device Name: AI Energy Mode, a power feature from Samsung's Smart Things Energy.
It is powered to bring the office in a power saving mode whenever it is not in use. Impressive
savings in energy and cost have been recorded across the board.
2. Attendance: Face scanner to mark the attendance
Name of Device/Software – Lystface.
Its a facial recognition attendance management solution that works in real time. It's an
android based facial attendance system.
Task (Page 163)
1. Attendance System: The RFID system card should be installed to track the students. The
advantage is that the efforts of the teachers can be reduced and the student can be tracked.
2. Jukebox-Music in Bathrooms: washroom jobs can be noise free if the music is playing.
3. Entries to labs with IRIS – entry system – No unauthorised student can use the facilities if
the timetable is not allocated.
4. Autonomous Timetable system: No delay in arrangement for the absent teachers can be
covered effectively.
Video Session (Page 164)
Accept all relevant answers.

Reboot (Page 167)

1. Climate Action 2. Partnership for the Goals 3. No Poverty
4. Quality Education 5. Sustainable Cities and Communities
6. Responsible Consumption and Production 7. Life on Land
8. Clean Water and Sanitation 9. Decent Work and Economic Growth

Task (Page 168)

1. Rainwater Harvesting.
2. Discarded water from RO water coolers are collected and distributed to the washrooms.
3. Solar Panels for lights.
4. No single use Plastic Zone.
5. Discharged water from AC is diverted to the plants.

Task (Page 179)

36, 49, 64, 81, 100

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 Reboot (Page 182)
1. Niramai Health Analytix 2. Haptik.ai 3. Kissan AI

Task (Page 182)

Our society is a combination of good and bad right and wrong, ethical and unethical, useful and
useless. How we want to use AI in our society and what precedence we want to set for our future
generations is what we need to decide today, as AI is expected to understand as more than what
we know about ourselves in the future.
1. Talks at the level of National heads will be done.
2. Online security team will be alerted.
3. Necessary tracking of data/call would be done.
4. Peace talks and exchange of data will be done at the level of country heads.

Task (Page 184)

Sr. No. App Name Ethical or Privacy Concern
1. Yono Bank: SBI Bank app No
2. Practo: Doc’s appointment app Yes
3. Country Delight: Milk product delivery app No
4. Instagram: Social Media Yes
5. Facebook: Social Media Yes
6. Google Maps: Maps Yes
7. Whatsapp: Communication Yes
8. Ola: Cab booking app Yes
9. AccuWeather: Weather Forecast Yes
10 Zoom: Online meeting No

Task (Page 186)

1. Parking Entry
2. Registration in Hospitals
3. Banks: Withdrawal and Deposit
4. Security checks
5. Restaurants: To take orders

Task (Page 187)

1. Do yourself
2. Job Advertisement
Post: Autonomous Car Mechanic

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 Requirements: B.Tech – Mechanics

Male/Female
Minimum 2 years’ experience
Maximum age: 45 years

Salary: $10,000 Bitcoins

Job Description:

1. Autonomous cars will drive themselves but they won’t repair themselves. Require
mechanics who will care for cars – will combine an old fashioned love of tinkering with a
cutting edge understanding of technology.
2. You will be responsible for managing of inventory and availability of parts all time.
3. You will manage the helpers and guide them about the usage of any new part that come

Exercise
Unsolved Questions
SECTION A (Objective Type Questions)
uiz
A. 1. a 2. d 3. d 4. c 5. d 6. b
7. d 8. a 9. b 10. c 11. b
12. (This question has been printed incorrectly in the book. Kindly update the question
your textbook.)
Match column A with Column B  [CBSE Sample Paper 2022]

Column A Column B
1. Expert System A.  imulate how a human would behave as a
S
conversational partner.
2. Chatbot B.  ses knowledge stored in a knowledge base
U
but requires the intervention of human expert.
3. Digital Assistant C. Autonomous vehicle
4. self-driving car D. Works on various mobile platforms

a. 1 B; 2 A; 3 D; 4 C b. 1 A; 2 B; 3 C; 4 D
c. 1 D; 2 A; 3 B; 4 C d. 1 C; 2 A; 3 D; 4 B
Ans. a

13. a

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B. 1. Precision 2. Affordable, skilled engineers 3. Hanson Robotics
4. Analysis, Prediction 5. Surveillance 6. Justice
7. Coding 8. Healthcare, Construction 9. Data Science
10. HDFC 11. Big Data 12. data
C. 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. True
7. False 8. False 9. True 10. False 11. False 12. True
SECTION B (Subjective Type Questions)
A. 1. 
Some applications of CV in AI are facial lock in smartphones, unusual behaviour detection,
object classification, etc.
2. Areas where AI has made a remarkable impact are:
a. Security surveillance b. Education c. Space exploration
3. The main focus of AI would be to replace humans in hazardous jobs. Fields like medicine,
industry, environment, defence, wherever humans are vulnerable, it will be replaced with
machines with human-like intelligence.
4. Data is a domain of AI that is related to input to the AI machine. AI requires large amounts
of data to find the latest trends and patterns. More the data, the better will be the analysis
and more accurate would be the prediction.
5. The main goal of smart cities is to optimise the economic growth of the city and improve
quality of life for people with the use of technology and data analysis.
6. Smart Homes are homes that use internet connected devices to empower remote monitoring
and management of appliances and devices such as for lighting and heating.
7. The goal of this SDG is to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture. It also aims to seek sustainable solutions to end hunger in all its
forms by 2030 and to achieve food security.
8. A Sustainable Smart City is a city that use technology to provide services and better citizen
welfare. It uses Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to communicate, deliver
welfare schemes, improve operational efficiency and better quality of government services.
The main goal of smart cities is to optimise the economic growth of the city and improve
the quality of life for people with the use of technology and data analysis
9. LaMDA is the latest breakthrough in natural language understanding. It's a language model
for dialogue applications and its open domain, which means its design to converse on any
open-end topic.
10. Astronomers used AI to sift through years of data obtained by the Kepler telescope to
identify a distant eight-planet solar system. AI is also being used for NASA's next mission
to Mars, the AEGIS— a Mars based AI robot, already on the planet is responsible to handle
autonomous targeting of cameras in order to perform investigations in Mars.

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 11. With rapid development of AI, the fear of unemployment is constant. Jobs in manufacturing,
agriculture, food service, retail, transportation and logistics, and hospitality are some of the
industries likely to be affected. The majority of the repetitive tasks would be taken over by AI.
12. One of the benefits of AI for business is that it handles repetitive tasks across an organization so
that employees can focus on creative solutions, complex problem solving, and impactful work.
13. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that simulates human intelligence
into machines, especially in computer systems, so that they can think and perform actions
similar to humans.
14. Accept all relevant answers.
B. 1. General AI: It is also termed as Strong AI. Machines with the following characteristics will
fall in this category. Machines that would perform a wider range of different tasks with the
intelligence like that of humans. It is a step ahead of Weak AI by including problem-solving,
learning and development.
Strong AI: At present, we have not developed any such machines.
Worldwide research is now focused on developing machines with strong AI. As these systems
are in their research stage, it may take a lot of time and effort to develop these.
An example of Strong AI could be a machine hearing "good morning" and deciding to turn
on the coffee maker.
Artificial Super AI-
Super AIs are in their hypothetical stage. Super AI systems would surpass the human
intelligence in performing any task will fall in the category of Super AI.
Super AI will be able to understand humans and will be able to evoke their own emotions
and desires as well. It can be considered as the next stage of Strong AI and developing such
machines will be a challenging task.
2. a. Big Data Engineer: The role of a Big Data Engineer is to create an ecosystem for the
business systems to interact efficiently. Their primary task is to build and effectively
administer big data of an organization. They also have to carry out the function of
obtaining outcomes from big data in a robust manner.
b. Machine Learning Engineer: Machine learning engineers are involved in building and
maintaining self-running software that facilitates machine learning initiatives. They are
in continuous demand by the companies and their position rarely remains vacant. They
work with huge chunks of data and possess extraordinary data management traits.
c. Robotics Scientist: A reduction in jobs will indeed take place due to the emergence
of robotics in the field of AI. Conversely, jobs will also rise as robotics scientists are in
incessant demands by major industries for programming their machines.
3. The following are some of the advantages of smart homes:
It's convenient to manage all the devices from a single application.

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 Smart devices can maximise house security. Home automation systems can be connected
to surveillance cameras, automated door locks, motion detectors for increased security.
With smart devices there's a flexibility of adding new devices with ease.
The applications give an insight to your home activities. You can keep a watch on the number
of hours you watch television, the hottest hour of the day, energy consumption, control of
heating and cooling, etc.
Remote control of household appliances can be a convenience on a busy day. You can switch
on the air conditioner before reaching home, check if the lights are switched off, control the
temperature of your oven, etc.
4. We use our vision to sense and identify objects around us. In the same way, AI machines
use Computer Vision domain to understand their surroundings. Computer Vision (CV) is the
domain of Artificial Intelligence that is used to train computers to read, process and analyse
visual data in the same way as humans do. The type of data in CV is images and videos.
The AI machine collects data from digital images and videos, and then process the data to
identify the objects in the image/video. For example, a self-driven car scans the live objects
like traffic signal, analyse the scanned image and then creates the 3D version of it. After that,
the car decides whether to run or stop. Some other applications of CV in AI are facial lock
in smartphones, unusual behaviour detection, object classification, home security systems,
office security systems and drone-based surveillance systems.
5. Smart Cities are cities that uses technology to provide services and better citizen welfare.
• It uses Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to communicate, deliver welfare
schemes, improve operational efficiency and better quality of government services.
• T
 he main goal of smart cities is to optimise the economic growth of the city and improve
the quality of life for people with the use of technology and data analysis.
• L ights that adapt to daylight make smart street lights. Parking sensors to intimate about
available parking lots, automated garbage collection are a few examples of a smart
city. *The main characteristic of smart cities is to create an inclusive and sustainable
environment that is centred around people’s wellbeing.
6. A smart school is a technology-based teaching-learning environment for both teachers and
students. ICT is used to achieve smart schools' educational objectives, prepare child friendly
curriculum, assessment and teaching-learning mechanism. Children are prepared to be part
of the Information Age:
• U
 se of digital devices like laptops, tablets instead of conventional books. No longer
students have to carry big bags for those books. All the subjects can be learned, stored,
sorted on a single device.
• E
 asy access to information on the internet is available not only to students but it is a
benefit for the teachers as well. They can learn beyond the books using smart boards.

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 * A teaching environment becomes very interactive with the use of technology. Means of
communication is better, one can connect to peers outside the classroom online. Even
the teacher-student bond has improved with technology as the time gap of request and
response is reduced.
7. Goal 14: Life Below Water
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.
It aims to reduce water pollution, protect and restore ecosystems, sustainable fishing, conserve
coastal and marine areas, reduce ocean acidification, end subsidies aiming to reduce overfishing
and increase the economic benefits from sustainable use of marine resources.
Goal 15: Life On Land

Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage
forests, and combat desertification. It aims to conserve ecosystems, end deforestation, protect
biodiversity and natural habitats, eliminating poaching and trafficking of endangered species.
8. The development of autonomous vehicles will revolutionaries the transportation system.
Waymo, after many test drives, launched their first public riding services. Waymo's AI software
crunches data from vehicles lidar, camera, GPS and cloud services to produce control signals
that operate the driver-less vehicle.
9. a. Healthcare for Assisting Doctors: For saving human lives the medical industry is
relying on AI on many fronts. Healthcare organisations are using IBM Watson for medical
diagnosis. Google's DeepMind has successfully developed a system that can analyse
retinal scans and spot symptoms of sight-threatening eye diseases.
b. AI in Education for Automated Grading System: AI in the assessment process provides
real-time learning feedback to teachers and students. Through Machine Learning and
data analysis using AI, human patterns of data are studied. This helps in a quick and fair
grading system without human interventions.
c. AI in Agriculture: The world will need to produce 50 percent more food by 2050 as we are
exhausting our resources. The only way this can be possible is when we are using it more
wisely. AI can help farmers to get more from the land, and use resources more sustainably.
10. Email Spam Filters: Email categorization and spam filters are one of the powering features
of AI that affect our inbox. Simple rule-based filters are used to mark spam or put email into
various categories as Primary, Social, Promotion or Important.
11. a. Manufacturing and pharmaceutical work
b. Doctors
c. Soldiers
12. Some of the sources of AI Bias are:
Data: AI systems are the result of the data that is fed into them. The data used to train
the AI system is the first step to check for biasness. The dataset for AI systems should be

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 realistic and need to be of a sufficient size. However, the largest data collected from the
real world may also reflect human subjectivity and underlying social biases. The Amazon AI
recruitment system is a good example. It was found that their recruitment system was not
selecting candidates in a gender neutral way. The machine learning algorithm was based on
the number of resumes submitted over a period of 10 years, that most of them were men,
so it favoured men over women.
Algorithms: The algorithms in itself do not add biasness to an AI model, but it amplifies

the biasness. Let's see an example of an image classifier model. Its trained on images in the
public domain— pictures of people's kitchens. It so happens that most of the images are of
women rather than men. AI algorithms are designed to maximise the accuracy. Therefore,
an AI algorithm may decide that the people in the kitchen are women despite the fact some
of the images are of men.
Developers: The last source of AI bias is developers. Those who design AI models focus on

achieving the desired goals. On that path at times, the biases of the developers are reflected
in their models. It's important to note here that the ethics and AI bias are not the problems
of the machine but the humans behind the machines.

C. Competency-based/Application-based questions:
1. Metadata collected from the user’s history and interactions.
2. Vikram can install an application that provides augmented reality (AR) features and various
filters to enhance and customize images are:
• PhotoDirector
• YouCam Perfect
• Pixlr
• PicsArt
• Snapseed
• Adobe Photoshop Camera
3. a. Disadvantages of AI are:
The disadvantages are things like costly implementation, potential human job loss, and
lack of emotion and creativity.
b. AI is now perfect in performing routine jobs so such non-creative jobs will inevitably
vanish soon. AI has the potential to increase productivity, create new jobs, and raise
living standards. However, by its very nature of performing “non-routine” tasks formerly
thought to be strictly the domain of humans, AI is likely to disrupt large swaths of jobs
and tasks.
c. These could include data detectives or scientists, prompt engineers, robotics engineers,
machine managers, and programmers, particularly those who can code in Python which
is key for AI development.

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 d. Although lives of people do not improve if they keep on being unskilled. Unskilled people
will have difficulties in growth and personal development.
e. No, AI should not replace laborious jobs completely as if it replaces laborious jobs
completely, then there will be no source of income for the daily wage workers due to
unemployment. So, industry owners can use some machines but more of manpower
keeping in mind the growing world population
4. d
5. a
In Life (Page 199)
Accept all relevant answers.
Deep Thinking (Page 200)
1. AI as evil:
• Too much Personal information captured and stored by the apps.
• Data leakage.
• No-Ethics of the machines
• Biasness of the technology
2. Letter to Future Self
Dear Amit,
It’s been so long that we heard from you that your life is healthy.
Last that we heard from you was the new harvest of organic vegetables that you grew in
your balcony. How’s your new lenses in your eyes now? Hoping that the need for spectacles
is not there. The pacemaker machine is serviced properly? What about your diabetes. I hope
the new clip inserted in your palm is able to give you exact dosage of insulin.
How`s your cleaner robot? How often do you need to get it serviced? Hope your VR-Pet
Drone is also doing well!
Look after yourself well. Update your medical details in the chip inserted.
Take care
With love
Self
3. People changing their career one AI takes over:
• Planners: Now building/offices can be designed using software.
• Reduced Bank employees.
• HR managers
• Telemarketing

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 • Book keeping clerks
• Computer Support specialists
• Advertising Sales people
• Receptionists
• Proofreaders
• Market Research Analysts

Ready ..........1
1. Yes, I agree that the development in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) may lead to ethical
issues. It's clear that while AI technology can bring many benefits, there are also concerns
about how it might be used and the impact it could have on society.
One ethical concern is related to the use of AI in decision-making. If AI systems make decisions
that affect people's lives, there's a risk of bias or unfairness in those decisions. Additionally,
issues such as privacy, job displacement, and the potential misuse of AI for harmful purposes
are also areas of ethical concern.
It's essential for developers, policymakers, and society as a whole to consider these ethical
implications and work towards creating AI systems that are fair, transparent, and respectful
of human values. This way, the positive aspects of AI can be harnessed while minimizing
potential ethical challenges.
2. The main objective of developing AI systems is not necessarily to make them unpredictable
and emotional like humans. While it's true that humans are unpredictable and emotional,
the goal of AI is often to perform tasks efficiently and accurately.
Making AI systems unpredictable and emotional might not be a good idea because it could
lead to challenges in understanding and controlling their behavior. Unpredictability and
emotions in AI could make it difficult for humans to trust and work with these systems.
Instead, the focus is on creating AI systems that can understand and respond to human
emotions or behaviors appropriately, but without necessarily replicating them.
The aim is to develop AI systems that are intelligent and helpful in specific tasks while
maintaining predictability and reliability.
3. Achieving the goal of Smart Cities may be more challenging without Smart Homes. Smart
Cities aim to use technology to improve the quality of life for people in urban areas. Smart
Homes, which are equipped with connected devices and technology, play a role in this goal.
Smart Homes can contribute to Smart Cities by providing data and information that helps in
managing resources more efficiently. For example, if homes are equipped with smart energy
systems, it can contribute to overall energy efficiency in the city. Additionally, interconnected
homes can enhance communication and coordination within a city, leading to better urban
planning and services.

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 Therefore, while it might be possible to make progress toward Smart Cities without Smart
Homes, the full potential of a Smart City may be better realized when homes are also
integrated into the technological ecosystem.
4. Yes, I agree that we should limit the use of smartphones because various apps can collect
and misuse our data. It's important to be cautious about how we use our smartphones
because some apps may gather personal information without our knowledge. This data can
be misused, and it's crucial to protect our privacy.
Limiting smartphone use helps us control the amount of information we share with apps. By
being mindful of the apps we download and granting permissions carefully, we can reduce
the risk of our data being collected and misused. It's important to prioritize our privacy and
take steps to ensure that our personal information is not exploited.
In conclusion, limiting smartphone use is a sensible approach to safeguarding our privacy
and preventing potential misuse of our data by various apps.

2. AI Project Cycle
Reboot (Page 212)
1. Problem Scoping 2. Data Acquisition 3. Data Exploration
4. Modelling 5. Evaluation

Task (Page 212)

1. List of people who have access to the flight, that is passenger maintenance and engineering
staff associated with the flight, crew members of flight, flight officials having access to the
flight.
2. Criminals who have explicitly shown interest in his escape on any media.
3. Background of the criminal, and who have been his associates in crime and have still not
been captured.
4. Background of the security team accompanying the criminal.
5. Flight stop-overs, and who all can have access to the flight at the time of stop-over and the
duration of the flight. List of components of your system to detect unauthorised access are
as follows:
a. face scanner like BioNIC F7
b. Database management system like to store images like MongoDB
c. Facial security cameras for entry places other than main door of the Aircraft
We test algorithms to find out which algorithm, out of our shortlisted ones, produces most
accurate results, when different combination of people are sent in front of the camera in
the aircraft for testing.

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 Task (Page 218)
Do yourself

Task (Page 220)

Data features needed
1. Names of the participating restaurants
2. Categories of food for study
3. Amount of average food wasted on daily basis under each category.
4. Average losses due to each food category.
• Features collected will let us know where to act in order to solve the problem.
• We can collect the data from the restaurants
• Data can be collected on weekly basis
• W
 ithout enough data we wont be able to make out correct analysis and wont be able to
find out solutions for reducing food wastage.
• It is required that a restaurant should know what material it should buy in lesser quantity
to reduce wastage.
• By deploying solutions for few weeks and monitoring improvement.
• Analysis provides aground for the solutions to be taken.

Reboot (Page 222)

1. Surveys 2. Web scraping 3. Sensors
4. Cameras 5. Observations

Task (Page 236)

1. Stream Selection

Aptitude Logical skills Analytical skills Reasoning

High low High low High low High low

Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No

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 Library
2.

Fiction Non-fiction

Scientific Mystery Classics Travel Diaries Autobiographies History Travel

Latest Old Classic New Old New National International Self Not self Food Festive

Animal: Elephant or not?

Large size Small size

Long Trunk Small Trunk No

Yes No

Task (Page 237)

Accept all relevant answers.
Video Session (Page 239)
Accept all relevant answers.

Exercise
Unsolved Questions
SECTION A (Objective Type Questions)
uiz
A. 1. b 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. a 6. a
7. c 8. b 9. d 10. a 11. d 12. b
13. c 14. d 15. b 16. d 17. a
B. 1. AI project cycle 2. Evaluation 3. Data Exploration 4. Solution
5. Testing data 6. elements, interconnections 7. Cameras
8. System maps 9. Data visualisation 10. Unstructured data
11. Pie 12. Decision tree 13. Rule-based 14. Accuracy 15. Pixel
C. 1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True 6. True

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 7. False 8. True 9. False 10. False 11. True 12. False
13. True 14. True 15. False
SECTION B (Subjective Type Questions)
A. 1. AI project cycle is the process of converting the real-life problem into an AI-based model.
The project cycle framework is designed to help project managers guide their projects
successfully from start to end. The purpose of the project life cycle is to create an easy-to-
follow framework to guide projects and leads us towards our goals.
2. Modelling or data modelling is defined as the process of designing decision-making
algorithms that has to be trained on a set of data (which was acquired at the data acquisition
stage for the problem you scoped in the problem scoping stage) and apply that learning to
recognize certain types of patterns.
3. AI Project Cycle has 5 stages:
a. Problem Scoping b. Data Acquisition c. Data Exploration
d. Modelling e. Evaluation
4. There are two types of data:

Training Data: It is data on which we train our AI project model. It is basically to fit the
parameters of the project for the model. In training data, the output is available to the model.

Testing Data: It is used to check the performance of an AI model. In testing data, the data
is not seen for which the predictions have to be made.
5. Data can be collected from various sensors like collecting environmental data and stored in
some data storage solutions. Sensors are connected through gateways which enable them
to collect live data in the offline mode.
6. There are times using the internet, we acquire unauthentic data from websites for our AI
project. Extracting private data can be an offence.

So, keeping this in mind we should ensure the data is collected from open-sourced websites
hosted by the government. They are one of the most reliable and authentic sources of
information.
7. (This question was printed incorrectly in the book, please correct it in your textbook.)
Question: What is root node in a decision tree?

Ans. A root node is the first node of a decision tree and it represents the entire set of data.

8. Data is the base for any AI project to be built. When the data is acquired, it's important to
check if it's from a reliable and authentic source for the accuracy of the project.
9. It is a data visualisation tool provided by Microsoft. It is freely available to download and
use.
10. It is a combination of a bubble chart, data visualization and a map. It is used to visualize
location and proportion using circles over geographical regions with the area of the circle
being proportional to its value in the dataset.

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 11. (This question was printed incorrectly in the book, please correct it in your textbook.)
Questions: What is child node?

Ans. A sub-node in a decision tree that falls under another node.

12. Pixel It is an example of a machine learning approach which is used in computer vision
applications. The graphics or images created in computers are pixel-based images. It shows
how the computer classifies the images and reads them.
13. Learning based approach refers to the model where the relationship or patterns in the data
are not defined by the developer. Random data is fed into the machine and the machine
develops its own pattern or trends based on data outputs.
14. (This question was printed incorrectly in the book, please correct it in your textbook.)
Questions: What is web scrapping?

Ans. Web scraping or Data scraping is the method of downloading information from the

World Wide Web (WWW) and storing it onto your computer for later reference.
15. Machine learning aims at making a machine that can learn through data and solve complex
problems. Deep learning aims at building neural network that can help in discovering patterns
or trends.
B. 1. AI project cycle is the process of converting the real-life problem into an AI based model.
The project cycle framework is designed to help project managers guide their projects
successfully from start to end. The purpose of the project life cycle is to create an easy-to-
follow framework to guide projects. The AI project cycle provides us with an appropriate
framework which can lead us towards our goal.
a. Problem Scoping: The first stage of an AI project cycle is problem scoping to identify
the problem and have a vision to solve it. Problem scoping means selecting a problem
and finding a solution for it using AI technology. The project identifies the area in which
AI can be used to provide a solution.
Many times we are unable to observe any problem in our surroundings. In that case, we
can take a look at the Sustainable Development Goals. 17 goals have been announced
by the United Nations which are termed as the Sustainable Development Goals. The aim
is to achieve these goals by the end of 2030.
b. Modelling: It is the design phase of the project cycle. In this, we select the best way to
reach the solution. It requires the process of selecting the right algorithm to develop a
working model for the project. In this step, the algorithm is converted into a model.
c. Data Acquisition: The term data acquisition means collecting raw data for the purpose of
reference or analysis for the project. The data can be in the form of text, numbers, images,
videos or audio. The data acquisition system allows us to obtain valuable information
about reality to improve the performance of the project.

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 2.
Our MIIT officials Who?
Have a problem of Conducting an examination What?
While No unfair means should be used in the Where?
examination or no unauthorized person should
enter the examination center
An ideal solution would A system which can check who all are entering Why?
the center, and the system should raise an alert
if it finds any unauthorized person entering so
that they have fair admission selection.

3. Our IT company Who?

Have a problem of Categorising support tickets What?
While In operations where they are not able to classify Where?
support tickets properly which leads to delay
in response
An ideal solution would A classification system which can categorise Why?
the support tickets correctly and in less time

4. A system map is a diagrammatic representation of a set of things working together. It focuses

on the components and boundaries of a system. System map helps us to find relationships
between different elements of the problem which we have scoped. It helps to find a solution
to achieve the goal of our project. We use system maps to understand the complex issues
that have inter connected factors affecting each other.
5. We use system maps to understand the complex issues that have inter connected factors
affecting each other. A system comprises of:
a. Elements: These are different, discrete elements within the system.
b. Interconnections: These are the relationships that connect the elements.
Rules for system maps are:
a. The circles represent elements.
b. Arrows are used to represent relationships/interconnections.
c. The '+' and '-' signs are indicators of the nature of a relationship. The arrowhead depicts
the direction of the effect and the sign (+ or -) shows their relationship.
d. If the arrow goes from X to Y with a + sign, it means that both are directly related to each
other. That means if X increases, Y also increases and vice versa.
e. If the arrow goes from X to Y with a -sign, it means that both the elements are inversely
related to each other. That means if X increases, Y would decrease and vice versa.

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 6. There are various sources to collect relevant data for our project:
a. Surveys: Data can be collected from online surveys, telephonic surveys or in person surveys
and collect responses. Surveys are a way of collecting data from a group of people in
order to gain information and insights into various topics of interest. The process involves
asking people for information through questionnaires which can be online or offline.
It can be considered as a data source.
b. Web Scraping: Data or information can also be extracted from a website.
Web scraping or Data scraping is the method of downloading information from the
World Wide Web (WWW) and storing it onto your computer for later reference. The data
collected in this way is an online data.
c. Sensors: Data can also be collected from various sensors like collecting environmental
data and stored in some data storage solutions. Sensors are connected through gateways
which enable them to collect live data in the offline mode.
d. Cameras: Data can be seen, written down or recorded onto the computer. Cameras are
used to collect data in the form of images. CCTV, web cameras, surveillance cameras are
big sources of visual data that can be acquired from various places.
e. Observations: It is a method of collecting data by watching facts as they occur. Using
the observation technique data can be analysed and used for testing the model.
f. Application Programming Interface (APIs): APIs are a set of functions and procedures
that allow one application to connect to another. So, one of the ways of collecting data
is through APIs that can be used to collect data from social media services for analysis.
7. Data exploration refers to the techniques and tools used to visualize data through complex
statistical methods. It is the process of analyzing a large data set.
Data exploration means to find the patterns and trends in the data. It is the third stage in
the AI project cycle and the initial step in data analysis. It is used to understand what is in a
dataset and the characteristics of the data.
Data exploration cleans the big data to provide an input to an AI project. Terabytes of data
sitting in the data centre unused is a burden, if correctly processed it can become digital
gold.
8. Here are 10 elements of good data visualization that can help you present information that
readers can process quickly and easily.
• Clear Headings and Keys.
• Obvious Trends.
• Simple Analysis.
• Relevant Comparisons.
• Lots of Data/Evidence.
• Summaries of Key Points.
• Add design elements.
• Consolidated Information.

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 9.
Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning
AI aims at making a machine Aims at making a machine that can
that mimics human intelligence. learn through data and solve complex
problems.
It is a subset of data science. It is a subset of AI.
It is the simulation of intelligence It is the training of machines to take
in machines. decisions with experience.

10. Following are some of the important points to consider while designing a decision tree:
• There can be a possibility of multiple decision trees which lead to correct prediction for

a single dataset. The simplest one should be chosen.
• The dataset might contain redundant data at times, which does not have any reference

while creating a decision tree. Therefore, it is necessary that only those parameters that
affect the output directly should be included.
• While making Decision Trees, one should take a look at the dataset given to them and

try to figure out what pattern does the output leaf follow. Try selecting any one output
and on its basis, find out the common links which all the similar outputs have.
11. Decision trees are tools that follow a rule based approach that uses a tree-like model of decisions
and their possible consequences. It is a kind of flow chart, where the flow starts at the root
node and ends with a decision made at the leaves. It is used to depict conditions and their
outcomes. It is one of the most widely used and practical methods for supervised learning.
The decision tree starts from the root node just like the structure of a tree with two different
ways or conditions: Yes or No. The forks or diversions are known as Branches of the tree. The
branches either lead to another decision/ question node or they lead to another condition
for decision, which is known as leaf node. If you look closely at the image, it looks like an
inverted tree with roots above and leaves below
12. Machine Learning: Machines need to learn the ways of humans by learning the techniques
and processes. So machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that uses statistical
methods that enable machines to improve with experiences. So machines learn from their
mistakes and take them into consideration in the next iteration, this way they keep improving
with experience. For example, Snapchat filters and Netflix recommendations.

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C. Competency-based/Application-based questions:
1.
Our prestigious Institute who
Has a problem that For years the ratio use to be 70% Boys and 30% what
Girls. The shift increased in both to 50% Boys and
50% Girls last year. This year all of a sudden the
ratio changed to 70% Girls and 30% Boys.
Now they have no more space to adjust these
many girls.
when /while For years the ratio used to be 70% Boys and 30% where
Girls. The increase in Girls was moving at a slow
pace and it took 5 years to reach 50% Boys and
50% Girls last year. Seeing the change in ratio, the
Institute has been creating more space for girls,
with girls passing out and who are joining in.
This year all of a sudden the ratio changed to 70%
Girls and 30% Boys. The girls hostel did not have
space to adjust this unprecedented number.
An ideal solution would An ideal solution to this problem would be why
be expanding the girls hostel so that the institute
can accommodate more girls. Accepting an equal
amount of girls and boys so as to maintain a ratio
and not face any problems when it comes to
accommodation.

Our Differently abled people and people who cannot who

2.
see but can hear and speak
Has a problem that differently abled and need assistance in ordering what
meals from the menu. There are people who
cannot see but can hear and speak, and they
should be able to order in a restaurant the meal
of their choice.
when /while Everyone loves to eat out once in a while. But when where
we talk about inclusiveness everyone doesn't get
the same freedom to order at the restaurant what
they want.
An ideal solution would For differently abled people, we can start by why
be having more inclusive menus. For people who
cant see, menus written in braille can be provided.
For people who can't hear or speak, hiring sign
language experts will help them order easily.

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 3. c 4. c 5. d 6. c
In Life (Page 250)
Accept all relevant answers.
Deep Thinking (Page 250)
1. • Testing for real life scenarios: Firstly, where it needs to be installed.
• H
 urdle: It will require lots of money and time to check for the efficiency in different
scenarios.
• Weather conditions will also play a key role.

Ready ..........2
1. Accept all relevant answers.
2. Decision trees are tools that follow a rule based approach that uses a tree-like model of
decisions and their possible consequences.
We can create decision trees with the help of these points:

i. 
There can be a possibility of multiple decision trees which lead to correct prediction for
a single dataset. The simplest one should be chosen.
ii. The dataset might contain redundant data at times, which does not have any reference
while creating a decision tree. Therefore, it is necessary that only those parameters that
affect the output directly should be included.
iii. While making Decision Trees, one should take a look at the dataset given to them and
try to figure out what pattern does the output leaf follow. Try selecting any one output
and on its basis, find out the common links which all the similar outputs have.
3. Problem scoping is critical in the AI project cycle because it entails identifying a problem
and then developing a strategy to solve it.
4. Accept all relevant answers.

3. Neural Networks
Reboot (Page 256)
1. a. Facial recognition
b. Forecasting
c. Music Composition
2. Neural networks are trained to understand the patterns and detect the possibility of rainfall
or rise in stock prices with high accuracy.

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 Task (Page 257)
1. It is a systematic grouping of observations in categories, something like categorising plants,
animals in different taxonomies by biologists. In classification, you teach the machine to
perform with labelled data. Testing data is then classified as one of the labels of the training
dataset.
2. The labelled data is used for easy and clear gouping of data for classification.
Video Session (Page 260)
Accept all relevant answers.

Exercise
Unsolved Questions
SECTION A (Objective Type Questions)
uiz

A. 1. b 2. c 3. b 4. a 5. b 6. b
B. 1. Deep learning 2. Sensory 3. Datasets 4. Neurons 5. Electrical
C. 1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True
D. 1. d 2. b
3. e (mapping function) (This is misprinted in your book, please correct it)
4. a 5. c
SECTION B (Subjective Type Questions)
A. 1. The three advantages of neural networks are:
• Parallel processing capability
• Data is stored on the entire network
• Capable of learning from non-linear and complex data
2. ANN is made up of three basic layers— Input, Hidden and Output. The input layer accepts
the inputs, the hidden layer processes the inputs, and the output layer produces the result
where each layer tries to learn from the computed weights.
3. Neural networks are made up of layers of neurons, just like the human brain that consists
of millions of neurons. These neurons are the core processing units of the network.
4. Neural network is the best tool for this type of AI model.
5. Facebook uses facial recognition powered by artificial neural networks to suggest to you
whom you should tag in the post.
6. A neural network determines and does not require to be reprogrammed.

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B. 1. 
Just like the human brain where all neurons are interconnected to one another, artificial neural
networks also have a large number of artificial neurons(nodes) that are interconnected to
one another in a sequence of layers of the networks.
Dendrites in the human brain receive the impulse and pass on to the cell body of the neuron.
From the cell body the impulse travels to the axon and passes to another neuron attached
through a joint called synapses. This process goes on through a complex network of neurons
to get the desired stimulus of the impulse.
Similarly, the artificial neurons(nodes) take input data and perform simple operations on the
data. The result of these operations is passed to other artificial neurons(nodes) which are
arranged in a sequence of layers.
2. There are three types of neurons in our body:
a. Sensory neuron: It carries the sensory signals from sensory organs to the brain. It gets
activated when you touch, smell, hear, see or feel something.
b. Motor Neuron: It carries the signal from the brain or spinal cord to the organs, glands
or muscles to carry out voluntary or involuntary movement.
c. Interneuron: They connect the sensory and motor neurons to help in the transmission
of signals and form a complex internal neuron network.
3. Following are the two AI models:
•  egression is an example of rule-based AI models. This is a type of Rule Based AI model.
R
In regression, the algorithm generates a mapping function from the given data, as shown
by the solid line in the given graph. The blue dots shown in the graph are the data values
and the solid line here represents the mapping done for them. With the help of this
mapping function, we can predict the future data. It works with continuous data.
•  lustering is a machine learning approach where the machine partitions the dataset into
C
different clusters or categories based on machine generated algorithms. The data fed to such
a model is usually unlabeled or random and thus the developer feeds in the data directly into
the machine and instructs it to build its own algorithm. The machine then forms a pattern
or cluster based on training data and groups those that follow the same pattern. The best
clustering is the one that minimizes the error. Clustering works on discrete dataset.
4. Classification is another rule-based AI model. It is a systematic grouping of observations in
categories, something like categorising plants, animals in different taxonomies by biologists.
In classification, you teach the machine to perform with labelled data. Testing data is then
classified as one of the labels of the training dataset.
5. i. An ANN in its training phase is capable of learning by recognising patterns in data which is
later used to generate the desired output.
ii. ANN is the foundation of AI and is used to solve complex problems that are difficult for
humans.

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C. Competency-based/Application-based questions:
1. Machine Learning
2. a
In Life (Page 269)
Accept all relevant answers.
Deep Thinking (Page 269)
1. Facial Recognition 2. Stock Market Prediction 3. Social Media
4. Aerospace 5. Defence
For Report accept all relevant answers

Ready ..........3
1. Accept all relevant answers.
2. (This question is printed incorrect in the text book. Correct this question in your text book.)
Question: What is the difference between Artificial neural network and biological neural

network?
Ans. Artificial neural network is artificially created efficient computing systems designed to
simulate the human brain. It includes machine learning as a part of artificial intelligence.
An ANN in its training phase is capable of learning by recognising patterns in data which
is later used to generate the desired output. ANN is made up of three basic layers—Input,
Hidden and Output, whereas Biological neural network is composed of a group of chemically
connected or functionally associated neurons. Neurons transmit electrical signals to other
neurons. These neurons are the building blocks of the complete central nervous system of
the living body. Brain is the control unit of this neural network.
3. The human brain is a "network" of 100 billion neurons, each of which is connected to
thousands of other neurons, making a total of millions of connections within the brain,
whereas one of the most common kind of neural network architecture is the simple three
layers structure of artificial neurons.
4. The most impressive aspect of neural networks is that once trained, they learn on their own
just like human brain.

4. Introduction to Python
Task (Page 281)
Step 1 Buy bread and Vegetables
Step 2 Grate cucumber, Carrot.

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Step 3 Mix Salt, Pepper to grated cucumber and carrot.
Step 4 Add Mayonnaise, Ketchup.
Step 5 Add mixture to the bread slices.
Step 6 Units the Sandwich.
Step 7 Eat

Task (Page 283)

START

INPUT PRINCIPAL, RATE

OF INTEREST,TIME

SI = P*R*T/100

DISPLAY AREA

STOP

Task (Page 285)

START

NUMBER=1

IF NUMBER%2==0
&& STOP
NUMBER<=20

DISPLAY NUMBER

STOP

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 Task (Page 295)
Accept all relevant answers.

Reboot (Page 303)

1. This operator is used to represent and calculate exponents.
2. Relational operators or comparison operators compare the values given on both the side of
the operators and returns the Boolean value either True or False.
3. X = 2
Y = 5
X**= Y
Output: 32

Task (Page 304)

1. 10 + 20 / 5 – 3 * 2
= 10 + 4 – 6
= 14 – 6
= 8
2. 5 * (10 + 5) + 10 – 5
= 5 * (15) + 10 – 5
= 75 + 10 – 5
= 85 – 5
= 80

Task (Page 309)

Accept all relevant answers.

Task (Page 309)

r = int(input("Enter the radius of the circle: "))
Area = 3.14*r*r
Perimeter = 2*3.14*r
print("The area of the circle is: ", Area)
print("The perimeter of the circle is:", Perimeter)

Task (Page 326)

1. ['N', 'I', 'A', 'U']
2. ['N']
3. ['E', 'D', 'U', 'C', 'A', 'T', 'I', 'O']

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 Exercise
Unsolved Questions
SECTION A (Objective Type Questions)
uiz
A. 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. d
B. 1. Algorithm 2. Algorithm, flowchart 3. Flowchart
4. Flowchart 5. Guido van Rossum, www.python.org
6. ==, += 7. ASCII 8. None 9. Python 10. condition
11. else 12. Traversing 13. Negative 14. Different 15. clear()
C. 1. True 2. False 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. False
7. True 8. True 9. True 10. False
D. 1. x=y=10
a=int(input("enter number"))
print("number entered is",a)
a+=5
b=10
a=a+10
print(a)
2. y=int(input("Enter y:"))
if y<10:
print("smaller")
else:
print(y)
3. M=int(input("Enter M: "))
while M<10:
if M==5:
print("Middle Value")
else:
print(M)
M=+1
4. str="book"
i=0
while i<=1:
print(str, sep="%")
i+=1

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E. 1. Program:
i = 1
while i < 5:
print(i)
i += 2
print("Python")
2. Program:
sum = 0
for j in range(20,10,-2):
sum += i
print(sum)
F. 1. 1022*1024*1026*1028*
2. 50
3. 0*2*4*
SECTION B (Subjective Type Questions)
A. 1. There are two coding programs:
CodeCombat: It is the company's original coding game recommended for parents, individuals,

educators and students.
Ozaria: It is an adventure game, fantasy story, and Computer Science program recommended

for educators and students.
2. Flowcharts are easier to understand than algorithms as they are represented in pictorial
forms. One can easily write the code by looking at the flowchart.
3. Many different algorithms might be acceptable for each problem. Due to the flexibility of
the English language, the same algorithm can often be expressed in more than one way. In
addition, there is almost always more than one way to solve a problem.
4. The selection control structure allows one set of statements to be executed if a condition is
true and another set of actions to be executed if a condition is false.
5. You will need to enclose it with a pair of Triple quotes, one at the start and second in the end.
Anything inside the enclosing Triple quotes will become part of one multiline string.
6. The print() function prints the specified message to the screen, or other standard output device.
7. Variables are used to store information to be referenced and manipulated in a computer
program. They also provide a way of labeling data with a descriptive name, so our programs
can be understood more clearly by the reader and ourselves.
8. Floor division divides the first number with the second number and returns the whole number
adjusted left to the number line whereas normal division just divides the two values.
9. You must follow the given rules while creating and naming the variables and constants?
• Names should be descriptive and meaningful. Avoid using short names or single letters,
unless the meaning is obvious. For example, "age" is a better name than "a".

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 • Variable names should be in lowercase, with words separated by underscores. For example,
"first_name" is a better name than "firstName".
• Constant names should be in uppercase, with words separated by underscores. For
example, "PI" is a better name than "pi".
• Avoid using reserved keywords as variable or constant names. Reserved keywords are
words that have special meaning in Python, such as "if", "else", "for", "while", "class", etc.
• Use camel case for class names, with the first letter of each word capitalized. For example,
"MyClass" is a better name than "myclass".
• Use descriptive names that reflect the purpose of the variable or constant. For example,
"total_cost" is a better name than "x".
10. A sequential programming is when the algorithm to be solved consists of operations one
after the other, where there are no sentences that are repeated or you do not have to do
alternative operations. For example: The alarm sounds. You wake up. You brush your teeth.
11. A nested if statement is an if statement placed inside another if statement. Nested if
statements are often used when you must test a combination of conditions before deciding
on the proper action.
12. Step value is the value by which the counter variable is incremented or decremented every
time the loop body is executed. It can be a positive or a negative value, but it cannot be
zero. In case it is zero, the while loop will run infinitely.
13. This loop is also called an entry-controlled loop as it checks for the condition in the beginning
only. If the condition is true then the body of the loop will be executed. If the condition is
false then control of the program will not be allowed to enter within the loop and it stops.
14. This function sorts the list in ascending or descending order. This is done "in the list itself"
and works for the list with values of the same data types.
15. Features of Python: Some features of Python are given the following:
High-Level Language: Python is a high-level and general-purpose programming language

which simplifies the process of developing a program. .
Easy to Learn and Use: Python has simple English-like statements which are easy to learn

and use. Anybody can easily get used to its syntax and can expertise in it.
Expressive Language: Python supports simple code that expresses itself in a few lines to

do big and complicated tasks.
Free and Open Source: Python code is developed under OSI-approved open-source license

which allows it to be downloaded free of cost from its official website https://www.python.org.
Cross Platform Language: Python supports multiple platforms like Windows, Linux, Mac,

Raspberry, Pi, etc.
16. The remove( ) function removes the first occurrence of the element with the specified value.
The pop( ) function removes an element from the list based on the index number specified
in the function and returns the deleted value.
17. False

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B. 1.
Algorithm Flowchart
It is a step-by-step textual approach to It is step-by-step visual/graphical
solve a problem. approach to solve a problem.
It is a Pseudocode (false code) of a program. It is a graphical representation of a
program.
Difficult to represent branching and Easily represents branching and looping
looping. through symbols.
Easy to find errors. Difficult to find errors.
Can be used for simple, complex or long Advisable to use only for simple processes.
processes.

2.
SYMBOL NAMES SYMBOLS PURPOSE

Used to start and stop a

Oval
flowchart.

Used to take input and display

Parallelogram
output.

Used to perform assignment,

Rectangle mathematical and processing
operations.

Used for decision making in

Diamond
case of branching or looping.

Used to show the direction

Arrow in any direction of flow of information in a
flowchart.

3. To solve this problem of writing a program we follow some steps as given below:
a. Understanding the Problem: This is a very important and difficult step where we need to
understand the main objective of a problem. Give more time to this step as the better
you understand the problem, the easier it will be to solve it.

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 b. Analyzing the Problem: In this step, we analyse what kind of data can be given as an
input, what formula or tool to use to do the processing and in which format the output
will be displayed.
4. There are three different types of control structures Sequential flow, Selection flow and
Repetition flow.
Sequential Flow

In sequential flow, the statements are placed one after the other and the flow of execution
occurs starting from line1, line2 and so on with a top-down approach. It is the default flow
followed in any programming language. For example, steps for calculating percentage of
any student are:
a. Input marks of English Hindi and Math
b. Total the marks
c. Calculate the percentage
d. Display the percentage
Selection Flow
Selection flow is also known as branching control as the flow of control branches based on
a condition. A condition evaluates to either TRUE or FALSE. In the case of TRUE, the flow of
control follows the set of instructions written for True. In case it is FALSE then it follows the
other route. For example, if we consider the above example where we have a condition-award
to be given if the percentage is more than 90 only.
a. Input marks of English Hindi and Math
b. Total the marks
c. Calculate the percentage
d. Display the percentage
If percentage is more than 90 then
Display "Award given"
Otherwise
Display "No award"
Repetition Flow

Repetition flow is also known as a loop as it repeats a set of instructions a number of times
based on a condition.
For example, if we wish to repeat the above steps of calculating percentage for 10 students
then we follow the concept of repetition.
a. Repeat for 10 people

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 • Input marks of English Hindi and Math
• Total the marks
• Calculate the percentage
• Display the percentage
• If percentage is more than 90 then
Display "Award given"
Otherwise
Display "No award"
b. Go up again till number of repeats is less than or equal to 10
5.
Name Symbol Purpose Example Output

2+4 6
Addition + Adds two values. 2.0 + 4 6.0
"hi" + "all" "hiall"
Subtracts second value form 6–2 3
Subtraction –
the first value. 6.0 – 2 4.0
2*3 6
Multiplication * Multiplies two values. 1.5 * 2 3.0
"Hi" * 3 HiHiHi
4/2 2.0
6.0 / 2 3.0
Division / Divides two values.
6 / 2.0 3.0
11 / 2 5.5
Returns the remainder of a 5%2 1
Remainder %
division. 16 % 11 5
Second number raised to the 5 ** 2 25
Exponential **
power of first number. 1.5 ** 2 2.25
Divides the first number with 11 // 2 5
the second number and returns –11 // 2 –6
Floor division //
the whole number adjusted 13 // 4 3
left to the number line. –13 // 4 –4
6. Comments are used to increase the readability of the code. We use them to give proper
understanding of the code in simple English statements. They are completely ignored by
the Python interpreter.

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 There are two different ways of writing comments in Python.

• Single Line Comment

• Multiple Line Comments

7. Following are some number types:

• Integer: Integers are whole numbers (+ve, -ve or 0) with no fractions or decimal value. Its
length is dependent on the available memory. For example, 10, 124, 4567, 7812568751.
• Float: It is a real number with floating point representation. For example, 15.5 and 12.0.
It can also be represented using the exponent notation E. For example, 1E5 is 100000.
• Complex: It is made up of a real number and an imaginary number. For example, 3+2i
where 3 is a real number and 2i is an imaginary number.
8. There are three kind of errors which a programmer encounters in Python— syntax error,
logical error and runtime error.
Syntax Error

Syntax means writing the code following the rules of Python language. Syntax error is occurred
when we violating the rules of Python language.
This is the most common type of an error made by a programmer. If there is typing error,
incorrect indentation, or incorrect arguments given in a function then Python will not be
able to interpret the instruction and will raise a syntax error.
Logical Error

This kind of error is difficult to find since the program will run correctly but the desired
output is not achieved. This happens if we give a wrong formula for the calculation to be
done, write wrong logic for the problem to be solved through the code.
Runtime Error

Runtime error occurs during the execution of a program like wrong input or output errors,
undefined object errors, division by zero errors. This type of error will halt the program
execution unexpectedly.
9. The three programming constructs are:
Sequential Statements

A step-by-step process of execution of code is called sequential flow of control. This is the
default flow of execution of a program. It means that the computer will run the code one
line at a time starting from line 1, followed by line 2 and so on till it reaches the last line of
the program.
Selection Statements

In Python, Selection flow of control is achieved through conditional statements. In the
conditional/selection statements, flow of control is changed based on a condition. We specify
the condition in the program which evaluates to either True or False.

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 If condition is True then the block of statement written for True will be executed and in case
the condition is False then the block of statements for False will be executed.
Iterative Statements

In Python, the process of repeating a set of instructions based on a condition is called loop.
There are two types of loops in Python— for loop and while loop.
10. Data Type Conversion: Data of one type can be converted into another type by using type
conversion built-in functions like int(), float(), str(), etc. The process of converting value of
one data type to another is called type conversion or type casting. For example,
>>> float(12)
12.0
>>> int(15.5)
15
>>> str(12)
‘12’
>>> int(True)
1
>>> bool(0)
False
11. The for Loop
The for loop is used to repeat a set of instructions for a fixed number of times. It means
the number of iterations are known/definite before we start with the execution of a loop.
Therefore, the for loop is also known as definite loop. Indentation of statements is must to
specify the block of statements to be repeated using the for loop.
The while loop

The while loop is used to repeat a set of instructions as long as the condition is true. It means
when the number of iterations are not fixed/indefinite before we start with the execution of
a loop. It is therefore known as indefinite loop. Indentation of statements is must to specify
the block of statements to be repeated using while loop.
12. Using the range() Function: The range( ) function is an inbuilt function that is used to generate
a set of values between the specified range.
for <Var> in range(<Start>, <End+1>, <Step>):
Statements
Where,
for, in and range are keywords.
Start, End and Step are parameters of range() function and will
always be integers.

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 Start is a starting value of loop and End is an ending value+1 of loop,
Step is the number of steps taken to reach the end value.
If only two parameters are used then Step value becomes 1 by default.
If only one parameter is used the Start becomes 0 and Step becomes 1
by default.
If Start > End then Step is a -ve integer should be given.
If Start < End then Step is a +ve integer.
If Start >= End and Step value is not specified then it assumes as +ve
which is an invalid condition to run a loop so the loop will not execute at all.
13. In Python, the process of repeating a set of instructions based on a condition is called loop.
There are two types of loops in Python— for loop and while loop.
The for Loop

The for loop is used to repeat a set of instructions for a fixed number of times. It means
the number of iterations are known/definite before we start with the execution of a loop.
Therefore, the for loop is also known as definite loop. Indentation of statements is must to
specify the block of statements to be repeated using the for loop.
The while loop

The while loop is used to repeat a set of instructions as long as the condition is true. It means
when the number of iterations are not fixed/indefinite before we start with the execution of
a loop. It is therefore known as indefinite loop. Indentation of statements is must to specify
the block of statements to be repeated using while loop.
14. The list has the following important features:
• It is mutable data type.
• It is an ordered sequence of values.
• Each element is separated by comma and enclosed in square brackets [ ].
• Each value/element is accessed by an index number.
• The values can be added, modified or deleted by the user throughout the program.
• It stores the values of different data types.
15. There are two different functions used to remove elements in an existing list remove( )
and pop( ).
The remove( ) Function

The remove( ) function removes the first occurrence of the element with the specified
value. It means only one value can be removed at a time even if there are duplicate values
in the list. If you wish to remove multiple values then this function can be used within a loop
where it repeats itself a specific number of times.
The pop( ) Function

The pop( ) function removes an element from the list based on the index number specified
in the function and returns the deleted value. In case no index number is given then by

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 default it removes the last element from the list. If we try to remove an index number which
does not exist then it gives an IndexError.
16. The * operator is used to replicate a list specific number of times. With * operator, one operand
has to be a list and the other should only be an integer, otherwise it will give an error.
17. The elements of a list can be accessed by using its index number starts with 0 (zero). There
are two different ways of using the index number:
Forward Indexing: The index number begins with 0 till length-1 and we refer the elements

from left to right.
Negative/Backward Indexing: The index number begins with -1 till -length and we refer

the elements from right to left.
C. 1. Program:
A=int(input("Enter the 1st angle= "))
B=int(input("Enter the 2nd angle= "))
C=int(input("Enter the 3rd angle= "))
S=A+B+C
if S==180:
print("The angles form a triangle")
else:
print("The angles do not form a triangle")
2. Program:

F = int(input("Enter the temperature in fahrenheit: "))
C = ((F / 5) * 5) - 32
print(F, "degree fahrenheit is equal to ", C, "celcius")
3. Program:

s=float(input("Enter the time in seconds: "))
m=s/60
print("The time in minutes is: ", m)
4. Program:
Radius = 5
area_of_the_circle = 22/7 * Radius * Radius
print ("Area: ", area_of_the_circle)
5. Program:
x = int(input("Enter the length: "))
y = int(input("Enter the breadth: "))
if(x==y):

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 print("It's a square")
else:
print("It's not a square")
6. Program:
weekday = int(input("Enter weekday day number (1-7) : "))
if weekday == 1 :
print("\nMonday");
elif weekday == 2 :
print("\nTuesday")
elif(weekday == 3) :
print("\nWednesday")
elif(weekday == 4) :
print("\nThursday")
elif(weekday == 5) :
print("\nFriday")
elif(weekday == 6) :
print("\nSaturday")
elif (weekday == 7) :
print("\nSunday")
else :
print("\nPlease enter weekday number between 1-7.")
7. Program:
bool_value = False
float_value = 15.6
result = bool_value and float_value
print(result)
8. Program:

Salary = int(input("Enter the salary of the employee: "))
Years_of_Service = int(input("Enter the number of service years: "))
Bonus = (Salary * 0.15)
Net_Salary = 0
if Years_of_Service > 5:
Net_Salary = Salary + Bonus
print(Net_Salary)

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 9. Program:
string_value = "Zero"
bool_value = True
result = bool(string_value) + bool_value
print(result)
10. Program:
Bill_Amount = int(input("Enter the billing amount: "))
Discount = Bill_Amount * 0.1
if Bill_Amount > 5000:
Net_Amount = Bill_Amount - Discount
print("The net billing amount is: ", Net_Amount)
else:
print("The net billing amount is: ", Bill_Amount)
11. Program:
Y = int(input("Enter the year: "))
if (Y % 4) ==0:
print("The year entered is a leap year")
else:
print("The year entered is not a leap year")
12. Program:
bool_value = True
string_value = "Hello"
result = str(bool_value) + string_value
print(result)

13. Program:
string_value = "Morning"
float_value = 90.4
result = float(string_value) + float_value
print(result)
Error: could not convert string to float: 'Morning'

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 Lab
1. Start
Input Basic, Allowances, Deductions
Net Salary = (Basic + Allowances - Deductions)
Display Net Salary
Stop
2. Start Start
Input marks1, marks 2
if marks1 > marks2 Input a, b

Display marks1 is larger

else No Yes
Is
Display marks 2 is larger a>b?

Stop
Print "B is greater" Print "A is greater"

Stop

3. a. Program:
C = int(input("Enter the temperature in celcius: "))
F = (C * 1.8) + 32
print(C, "degree celcius is equal to ", F, "fahrenheit")
b. Program:
list1=[]
for i in range (5):
name=input("enter the name")
list1.append(name)

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 for i in list1:
print (i, end=" ")
c. Program:
x = 22
y = 14
temp = x
x = y
y = temp
print('The value of x after swapping: ', x)
print('The value of y after swapping: ', y)
d. Program:
K = float(input("Enter the distance in kilometres: "))
M = K * 1000
print("The distance in metres is: ", M)
e. Program:
a = float(input("Enter the side of the square: "))
print("The area of the square is: ", a * a)
f. Program:
data = [10, 20, 30, 40]
print("List before swap:", data)
i = 0
while i < data.__len__() - 1:
t = data[i]
data[i] = data[i + 1]
data[i + 1] = t
i = i + 2
print("List after swap:", data)
g. Program:
L1 = ["Delhi", "Mumbai", "Kolkata", "Chennai", "Bangalore"]
City = input("Enter the city you wish to search: ")
if City in L1:
print("The city name you entered is in the list")
else:
print("The city name you entered is not in the list")

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 h Program:
marks = [40, 45, 50, 46, 42]
for i in range(5):
print((marks[i] / 50) * 100)
i. Program:

test_list = ['gfg', 1, 2, 'is', 'best']

print("The original list : " + str(test_list))
res_str = [ele for ele in test_list if isinstance(ele, str)]
res_int = [ele for ele in test_list if isinstance(ele, int)]

print("Integer list : " + str(res_int))

print("String list : " + str(res_str))
j. Program:
marks = [45, 75, 90, 50, 88]
for i in range(5):
if marks[i] > 50:
print(marks[i])
4. a. 15
b. ['G', 'R', 'A', 'M']
['M', 'R', 'O', 'P']
c. 2
1
d. [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
e. [10, 20, 25]
[10, 20, 25, 30, 40]

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