TARGET JEE (MAIN/ADVANCED)

PRACTICE CatalyseR
SHEET # 01 CHEMISTRY www.catalyser.in

CHAPTER: HYDROGEN
TOPIC:

1. Among the following, identify the compound which cannot act as both oxidising and reducing agents
(A) H2O2 (B) H2 (C) SO2 (D) Cl 2

2. Which of the following reaction produces hydrogen

(A) Mg  H2O (B) BaO2  HCl (C) H2S4O8  H2O (D) Na2O2  2HCl

3. Hydrogen resembles in many of its properties

(A) Halogen (B) Alkali metals (C) Both (A) and (B) (D) None of these
4. Ortho and para hydrogen differ in
(A) Proton spin (B) Electron spin
(C) Nuclear charge (D) Nuclear reaction
5. Action of water or dilute mineral acids on metals can give
(A) Monohydrogen (B) Tritium (C) Dihydrogen (D) Trihydrogen

6. Hydrogen from HCl can be prepared by

(A) Mg (B) Cu (C) P (D) Pt.
7. Which of the following can adsorb largest volume of hydrogen gas
(A) Finely divided platinum (B) Finely divided nickel
(C) Colloidal palladium (D) Colloidal platinum

8. The nuclei of tritium (H 3 ) atom would contain neutrons

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
9. The colour of hydrogen is
(A) Black (B) Yellow (C) Orange (D) Colourless
10. Ordinary hydrogen at room temperature is a mixture of
(A) 75% of o-Hydrogen + 25% of p-Hydrogen
(B) 25% of o-Hydrogen + 75% of p-Hydrogen
(C) 50% of o-Hydrogen + 50% of p-Hydrogen
(D) 1% of o-Hydrogen + 99% of p-Hydrogen
11. Hydrogen cannot reduce
(A) Hot CuO (B) Fe2O3 (C) Hot SnO2 (D) Hot Al 2O3

12. Hydrogen does not combine with

(A) Antimony (B) Sodium (C) Bismuth (D) Helium
13. The adsorption of hydrogen by metals is called
(A) Dehydrogenation (B) Hydrogenation (C) Occlusion (D) Adsorption
14. Which of the following produces hydrolith with dihydrogen
(A) Mg (B) Al (C) Cu (D) Ca

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15. The metal which displaces hydrogen from a boiling caustic soda solution is
(A) As (B) Zn (C) Mg (D) Fe
16. Metals like platinum and palladium can absorb large volumes of hydrogen under special conditions. Such
adsorbed hydrogen by the metal is known as
(A) Adsorbed hydrogen (B) Occluded hydrogen
(C) Reactive hydrogen (D) Atomic hydrogen
17. Which is poorest reducing agent
(A) Nascent hydrogen (B) Atomic hydrogen
(C) Dihydrogen (D) All have same reducing strength
18. The sum of protons, electrons and neutrons in the heaviest isotope of hydrogen is
(A) 6 (B) 5 (C) 4 (D) 3
19. Number of nucleons in D2 molecule is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
20. An ionic compound is dissolved simultaneously in heavy water and simple water. Its solubility is
(A) Larger in heavy water (B) Smaller in heavy water
(C) Solubility is same in both (D) Smaller in simple water
21. Ortho-hydrogen and para-hydrogen resembles in which of the following property
(A) Thermal conductivity (B) Magnetic properties
(C) Chemical properties (D) Heat capacity
22. The difference between heat of adsorption of ortho and para hydrogen is
–1 –1
(A) 0.4 kJ mol (B) 0.8 kJ mol (C) Zero (D) None of these

23. Hydrogen ion H is isoelectronic with
(A) Li (B) He (C) H (D) Li 
24. Hydrogen can be fused to form helium at
(A) High temperature and high pressure
(B) High temperature and low pressure
(C) Low temperature and high pressure
(D) Low temperature and low pressure
25. Hydrogen can be prepared by mixing steam, and water gas at 500°C in the presence of Fe3O4 and Cr2O3 .
This process is called
(A) Nelson process (B) Serpeck’s process (C) Bosch process (D) Parke’s process
26. Which of the following metal do not liberate hydrogen from dilute hydrochloric acid
(A) Zn (B) Mg (C) Fe (D) Au
27. An element reacts with hydrogen to form a compound A which on treatment with water liberates hydrogen gas.
The element can be
(A) Nitrogen (B) Chlorine (C) Selenium (D) Calcium

END OF PRACTICE SHEET

ANSWER KEY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B A C A C A C B D A
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
D D C D B B C C D B
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
C A B A C D D

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 TARGET JEE (MAIN/ADVANCED)

PRACTICE CatalyseR
SHEET # 02 CHEMISTRY www.catalyser.in

CHAPTER: HYDROGEN
TOPIC:

1. Synthetic detergents are more effective in hard water than soaps because
(A) They are highly soluble in water
(B) Their Ca  and Mg  salts are water soluble
(C) Their Ca  and Mg  salts are insoluble in water
(D) None of these

2. D2O is used more in

(A) Chemical industry (B) Nuclear reactor
(C) Pharmaceutical preparations (D) Insecticide preparation

3. Heavy water (D2O) is

(A) A product of oxygen and hydrogen
(B) Water of mineral springs
(C) Water obtained by repeated distillation and condensation
(D) Ordinary water containing dissolved salts heavy metals

4. Temporary hardness may be removed from water by adding

(A) CaCO3 (B) Ca(OH )2 (C) CaSO4 (D) HCl
5. Heavy water is
(A) Water containing Fe, Cr, Mn
(B) Water at 0°C
(C) D2O
(D) Water obtained after a number of distillations

6. Heavy water is compound of

(A) Oxygen and heavier isotopes of hydrogen
(B) Hydrogen and heavier isotopes of oxygen
(C) Heavier isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen
(D) None of these

7. Which of the following pair of ions makes the water hard

(A) Na , SO42 (B) K  , HCO3 (C) Ca2 , NO3 (D) NH4 , Cl 

8. Temporary hardness of water can be removed by

(A) Addition of potassium permagenate (B) Boiling
(C) Filtration (D) Addition of chlorine

9. When zeolite (Hydrated sodium aluminium silicate) is treated with hard water the sodium ions are exchanged
with
(A) OH  ions (B) SO42 ions (C) Ca2 ions (D) H  ions

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10. Which of the following statements do not define the characteristic property of water “Water is a universal
solvent”
(A) It can dissolve maximum number of compounds (B) It has very low dielectric constant
(C) It has high liquid range (D) None of these

11. The velocity of neutrons in nuclear reactor is slowed down by

(A) Heavy water (D2O) (B) Ordinary water (H2O)
(C) Zinc rod (D) Fused caustic soda
12. Temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of
(A) Magnesium bicarbonate (B) Calcium chloride
(C) Magnesium sulphate (D) Calcium carbonate
13. Which of the following is not true
(A) Hardness of water depends on its behaviour towards soap
(B) The temporary hardness is due to the presence of Ca and Mg bicarbonates
(C) Permanent hardness is due to the presence of soluble Ca and Mg sulphates, chlorides and nitrates
(D) Permanent hardness can be removed by boiling the water

14. The molarity of pure water at 4°C is

(A) 1M (B) 2.5 M (C) 5M (D) 55.5 M
15. Which of the following is not a hard water
(A) Water containing CaCl 2 (B) Water containing dil. HCl
(C) Water containing MgSO4 (D) None of these

16. Heavy water is used in atomic reactor as

(A) Coolant (B) Moderator
(C) Both moderator and coolant (D) Neither coolant nor moderator
17. Heavy water freezes at
(A) 0°C (B) 3.8°C (C) 38°C (D) – 0.38°C

18. The pH of D2O and H2O at 298 K is

(A) 7.0, 7.0 (B) 7.35, 7.0 (C) 7.0, 6.85 (D) 6.85, 7.35
19. Which of the following is not true
(A) Ordinary water is electrolysed more rapidly than D2O
(B) Reaction between H 2 and Cl 2 is much faster than D2 and Cl 2
(C) D2O freezes at lower temperature than H2O
(D) Bond dissociation energy for D2 is greater than H 2

20. Which of the following will determine whether the given colourless liquid is water or not
(A) Melting (B) Tasting
(C) Phosphthalein (D) Adding a pinch of anhydrous CuSO4

21. Lead pipes are not used for carrying drinking water because
(A They are covered with a coating of lead carbonate
(B) They are corroded by air and moisture
(C) Water containing dissolved air attacks lead forming soluble hydroxide
(D) None of these
22. Which one of the following removes temporary hardness of water
(A) Slaked lime (B) Plaster of Paris (C) Cuprous (D) Hydrolith
23. Which of the following will cause softening of hard water
(A) Passing it through cation exchange resin (B) Passing it through anion exchange resin
(C) Passing it through sand (D) Passing it through alumina

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24. Which of the following process permanent hardness of water can be removed, by adding
(A) Sodalime (B) Sodiumbicarbonate
(C) Washing soda (D) Sodium chloride
25. Permutit is technical name given to
(A) Aluminates of calcium and sodium (B) Silicates of calcium and sodium
(C) Hydrated silicates of aluminium and sodium (D) Silicates of calcium and magnesium

END OF PRACTICE SHEET

ANSWER KEY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B B C B C A B B C B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A A D D D C B B C D
21 22 23 24 25
C A A C C

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 TARGET JEE (MAIN/ADVANCED)

PRACTICE CatalyseR
SHEET # 03 CHEMISTRY www.catalyser.in

CHAPTER: HYDROGEN
TOPIC:

1. In which of the following reaction hydrogen peroxide is a reducing agent

(A) 2FeCl 2  2HCl  H2O2  2FeCl3  2H2O
(B) Cl 2  H2O2  2HCl  O2
(C) 2HI  H2O2  2H2O  I2
(D) H2SO3  H2O2  H2SO4  H2O

2. There is a sample of 10 volume of hydrogen peroxide solution. Calculate its strength

(A) 3.00% (B) 4.045% (C) 2.509% (D) 3.035%

3. In lab H2O2 is prepared by

(A) Cold H2SO4  BaO2 (B) HCl  BaO2 (C) Conc. H2SO4  Na2O2 (D) H2  O2

4. The structure of H2O2 is

H
H H H |
(A) OO (B) OO (C) H OO H (D) O O
H H

5. HCl is added to the following oxides which one would give H2O2
(A) MnO2 (B) PbO2 (C) BaO2 (D) None of these

6. The oxide that gives hydrogen peroxide (H2O2 ) on the treatment with a dilute acid (H2SO4 ) is
(A) MnO2 (B) PbO2 (C) Na2O2 (D) TiO2

7. Hydrogen peroxide is reduced by

(A) Ozone (B) Barium peroxide
(C) Acidic solution of KMnO4 (D) Lead sulphide suspension

8. The reaction of H2S  H2O2  S  2H2O manifests

(A) Acidic nature of H2O2 (B) Alkaline nature of H2O2
(C) Oxidising nature of H2O2 (D) Reducing action of H2O2

9. What is the product of the reaction of H2O2 with Cl 2

(A) O2  HOCl (B) HCl  O2 (C) H2O  HCl (D) HCl  H2

10. H2O2 will oxidise

(A) KMnO4 (B) PbS (C) MnO2 (D) H2S

11. Fenton’s reagent is

(A) FeSO4  H2O2 (B) Zn  HCl (C) Sn  HCl (D) None of these

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12. The structure of H2O2 is
(A) Planar (B) Linear (C) Spherical (D) Non-planar

13. The volume strength of 1.5 N H2O2 solution is

(A) 8.4 litres (B) 4.2 litres (C) 16.8 litres (D) 5.2 litres
14. The volume of oxygen liberated from 15 ml of 20 volume H2O2 is
(A) 250 ml (B) 300 ml (C) 150 ml (D) 200 ml
15. The strength in volumes of a solution containing 30.36 g/litre of H2O2 is
(A) 10 volume (B) 20 volume (C) 5 volume (D) None of these
16. Hydrogen peroxide is used as
(A) Oxidising agent (B) Reducing agent
(C) Both as oxidising and reducing agent (D) Drying agent
17. Equivalent weight of H2O2 is
(A) 17 (B) 34 (C) 68 (D) 18
18. 20 volume H2O2 solution has a strength of about
(A) 30% (B) 6% (C) 3% (D) 10%
19. H2O2 is manufactured these days
(A) By the action of H2O2 on BaO2 (B) By the action of H2SO4 on Na2O2
(C) By electrolysis of 50% H2SO4 (D) By burning hydrogen in excess of oxygen

20. Which one of the following is a true peroxide

(A) NO2 (B) MnO2 (C) BaO2 (D) SO2

21. 1 ml of H2O2 solution gives 10 ml of O2 at NTP. It is

(A) 10 vol. H2O2 (B) 20 vol. H2O2 (C) 30 vol. H2O2 (D) 40 vol. H2O2

22. Which substance does not speed up decomposition of H2O2

(A) Glycerol (B) Pt (C) Gold (D) MnO2

23. Which of the following cannot be oxidised by H2O2

(A) O3 (B) KI / HCl (C) PbS (D) Na2SO3

24. Which substance cannot be reduced by H2O2

(A) KMnO4 / H2SO4 (B) K2Cr2O7 / H2SO4 (C) Ag2O (D) Fe3 

25. Which of the following statements is incorrect

(A) H2O2 can act as an oxidising agent
(B) H2O2 can act as a reducing agent
(C) H2O2 has acidic properties
(D) H2O2 has basic properties

26. H2O2 is
(A) Poor polar solvent than water
(B) Better polar solvent than H2O
(C) Both have equal polarity
(D) Better polar solvent but its strong auto oxidising ability limits its use as such

27. H2O2 used in rockets has the concentration

(A) 50% (B) 70% (C) 30% (D) 90%

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28. H2O2 is a
(A) Weak acid (B) Weak base
(C) Neutral (D) None of these

29. Nitrates of all metals are

(A) Soluble in water (B) Insoluble
(C) Coloured (D) Unstable
30. Decomposition of H2O2 is prevented by
(A) NaOH (B) MnO2 (C) Acetanilide (D) Oxalic acid

END OF PRACTICE SHEET

ANSWER KEY
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B D A B C C D C B B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A D A B A C A B C C
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A A A D D D D A A C

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CHEMISTRY
CONTENT

HYDROGEN

Aimed at School Examinations

Question 9.1:
Justify the position of hydrogen in the periodic table on the basis of its electronic
configuration.
Answer
Hydrogen is the first element of the periodic table. Its electronic configuration is [1s1]. Due
to the presence of only one electron in its 1s shell, hydrogen exhibits a dual behaviour,
i.e., it resembles both alkali metals and halogens.
Resemblance with alkali metals:
1. Like alkali metals, hydrogen contains one valence electron in its valency shell.
H : 1s1

Li : [He] 2s1

Hence, it can lose one electron to form a unipositive ion.

2. Like alkali metals, hydrogen combines with electronegative elements to form oxides,
halides, and sulphides.
Resemblance with halogens:
1. Both hydrogen and halogens require one electron to complete their octets.
H : 1s1

F : 1s2 2s2 2p5

Cl : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

Hence, hydrogen can gain one electron to form a uninegative ion.

2. Like halogens, it forms a diatomic molecule and several covalent compounds. Though
hydrogen shows some similarity with both alkali metals and halogens, it differs from them
on some grounds. Unlike alkali metals, hydrogen does not possess metallic characteristics.
On the other hand, it possesses a high ionization enthalpy. Also, it is less reactive than
halogens.
Owing to these reasons, hydrogen cannot be placed with alkali metals (group I) or with
halogens (group VII). In addition, it was also established that H+ ions cannot exist freely
as they are extremely small. H+ ions are always associated with other atoms or molecules.
Hence, hydrogen is best placed separately in the periodic table.

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Question 9.2:
Write the names of isotopes of hydrogen. What is the mass ratio of these isotopes?
Answer
Hydrogen has three isotopes. They are:

1. Protium, ,

2. Deuterium, or D, and

3. Tritium, or T
The mass ratio of protium, deuterium and tritium is 1:2:3.

Question 9.5:
Describe the bulk preparation of dihydrogen by electrolytic method. What is the role of an
electrolyte in this process?
Answer
Dihydrogen is prepared by the electrolysis of acidified or alkaline water using platinum
electrodes. Generally, 15 – 20% of an acid (H2SO4) or a base (NaOH) is used.
Reduction of water occurs at the cathode as:

At the anode, oxidation of OH– ions takes place as:

Net reaction can be represented as:

Electrical conductivity of pure water is very low owing to the absence of ions in it.
Therefore, electrolysis of pure water also takes place at a low rate. If an electrolyte such
as an acid or a base is added to the process, the rate of electrolysis increases. The addition
of the electrolyte makes the ions available in the process for the conduction of electricity
and for electrolysis to take place.

Question 9.6:
Complete the following reactions:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

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(iv)

Answer

(i)

(iii)

Question 9.7:
Discuss the consequences of high enthalpy of H–H bond in terms of chemical reactivity of
dihydrogen.
Answer
The ionization enthalpy of H–H bond is very high (1312 kJ mol –1). This indicates that
hydrogen has a low tendency to form H+ ions. Its ionization enthalpy value is comparable
to that of halogens. Hence, it forms diatomic molecules (H2), hydrides with elements, and
a large number of covalent bonds.
Since ionization enthalpy is very high, hydrogen does not possess metallic characteristics
(lustre, ductility, etc.) like metals.

Question 9.8:
What do you understand by (i) electron-deficient, (ii) electron-precise, and (iii) electronrich
compounds of hydrogen? Provide justification with suitable examples.
Answer
Molecular hydrides are classified on the basis of the presence of the total number of
electrons and bonds in their Lewis structures as:
1. Electron-deficient hydrides
2. Electron-precise hydrides

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3. Electron-rich hydrides
An electron-deficient hydride has very few electrons, less than that required for
representing its conventional Lewis structure e.g. diborane (B2H6). In B2H6, there are six
bonds in all, out of which only four bonds are regular two centered-two electron bonds.
The remaining two bonds are three centered-two electron bonds i.e., two electrons are
shared by three atoms. Hence, its conventional Lewis structure cannot be drawn.
An electron-precise hydride has a sufficient number of electrons to be represented by its
conventional Lewis structure e.g. CH4. The Lewis structure can be written as:

Four regular bonds are formed where two electrons are shared by two atoms.
An electron-rich hydride contains excess electrons as lone pairs e.g. NH 3.

There are three regular bonds in all with a lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom.

Since these hydrides are electron-deficient, they have a tendency to accept electrons.
Hence, they act as Lewis acids.

Question 9.11:
What do you understand by the term “non-stoichiometric hydrides”? Do you expect this
type of the hydrides to be formed by alkali metals? Justify your answer.
Answer
Non-Stoichiometric hydrides are hydrogen-deficient compounds formed by the reaction of
dihydrogen with d-block and f-block elements. These hydrides do not follow the law of
constant composition. For example: LaH2.87, YbH2.55, TiH1.5 – 1.8 etc.
Alkali metals form stoichiometric hydrides. These hydrides are ionic in nature. Hydride ions
have comparable sizes (208 pm) with alkali metal ions. Hence, strong binding forces exist
between the constituting metal and hydride ion. As a result, stoichiometric hydrides are
formed.
Alkali metals will not form non-stoichiometric hydrides.

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Question 9.12:
How do you expect the metallic hydrides to be useful for hydrogen storage? Explain.
Answer
Metallic hydrides are hydrogen deficient, i.e., they do not hold the law of constant
composition. It has been established that in the hydrides of Ni, Pd, Ce, and Ac, hydrogen
occupies the interstitial position in lattices allowing further absorption of hydrogen on these
metals. Metals like Pd, Pt, etc. have the capacity to accommodate a large volume of
hydrogen. Therefore, they are used for the storage of hydrogen and serve as a source of
energy.

Question 9.13:
How does the atomic hydrogen or oxy-hydrogen torch function for cutting and welding
purposes? Explain.
Answer
Atomic hydrogen atoms are produced by the dissociation of dihydrogen with the help of
an electric arc. This releases a huge amount of energy (435.88 kJ mol –1). This energy can
be used to generate a temperature of 4000 K, which is ideal for welding and cutting metals.
Hence, atomic hydrogen or oxy-hydrogen torches are used for these purposes. For this
reason, atomic hydrogen is allowed to recombine on the surface to be welded to generate
the desired temperature.

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Question 9.14:
Among NH3, H2O and HF, which would you expect to have highest magnitude of hydrogen
bonding and why?
Answer
The extent of hydrogen bonding depends upon electronegativity and the number of
hydrogen atoms available for bonding. Among nitrogen, fluorine, and oxygen, the
increasing order of their electronegativities are N < O < F.
Hence, the expected order of the extent of hydrogen bonding is HF > H2O > NH3.
But, the actual order is H2O > HF > NH3.
Although fluorine is more electronegative than oxygen, the extent of hydrogen bonding is
higher in water. There is a shortage of hydrogens in HF, whereas there are exactly the
right numbers of hydrogens in water. As a result, only straight chain bonding takes place.
On the other hand, oxygen forms a huge ring-like structure through its high ability of
hydrogen bonding.
In case of ammonia, the extent of hydrogen bonding is limited because nitrogen has only
one lone pair. Therefore, it cannot satisfy all hydrogens.

Question 9.16:
Arrange the following
(i) CaH2, BeH2 and TiH2 in order of increasing electrical conductance.
(ii) LiH, NaH and CsH in order of increasing ionic character.
(iii) H–H, D–D and F–F in order of increasing bond dissociation enthalpy.
(iv) NaH, MgH2 and H2O in order of increasing reducing property.
Answer
(i) The electrical conductance of a molecule depends upon its ionic or covalent nature.
Ionic compounds conduct, whereas covalent compounds do not.
BeH2 is a covalent hydride. Hence, it does not conduct. CaH2 is an ionic hydride, which
conducts electricity in the molten state. Titanium hydride, TiH2 is metallic in nature and
conducts electricity at room temperature. Hence, the increasing order of electrical
conductance is as follows:
BeH2 < CaH2 < TiH2

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(ii) The ionic character of a bond is dependent on the electronegativities of the atoms
involved. The higher the difference between the electronegativities of atoms, the smaller
is the ionic character.
Electronegativity decreases down the group from Lithium to Caesium. Hence, the ionic
character of their hydrides will increase (as shown below).
LiH < NaH < CsH
(iii) Bond dissociation energy depends upon the bond strength of a molecule, which in
turn depends upon the attractive and repulsive forces present in a molecule.
The bond pair in D–D bond is more strongly attracted by the nucleus than the bond pair
in H–H bond. This is because of the higher nuclear mass of D 2. The stronger the attraction,
the greater will be the bond strength and the higher is the bond dissociation enthalpy.
Hence, the bond dissociation enthalpy of D–D is higher than H–H.
However, bond dissociation enthalpy is the minimum in the case of F–F. The bond pair
experiences strong repulsion from the lone pairs present on each F-centre.
Therefore, the increasing order of bond dissociation enthalpy is as follows:
F–F < H–H < D–D
(iv) Ionic hydrides are strong reducing agents. NaH can easily donate its electrons.
Hence, it is most reducing in nature.
Both, MgH2 and H2O are covalent hydrides. H2O is less reducing than MgH2 since the bond
dissociation energy of H2O is higher than MgH2.
Hence, the increasing order of the reducing property is H2O < MgH2 < NaH.

Question 9.17:
Compare the structures of H2O and H2O2.
Answer
In gaseous phase, water molecule has a bent form with a bond angle of 104.5°. The O–H
bond length is 95.7 pm. The structure can be shown as:

Hydrogen peroxide has a non-planar structure both in gas and solid phase. The dihedral
angle in gas and solid phase is 111.5° and 90.2° respectively.

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Question 9.19:
Consider the reaction of water with F2 and suggest, in terms of oxidation and reduction,
which species are oxidized/reduced.
Answer
The reaction between fluorine and water can be represented as:

This is an example of a redox reaction as water is getting oxidized to oxygen, while fluorine
is being reduced to fluoride ion.
The oxidation numbers of various species can be represented as:

Question 9.20:
Complete the following chemical reactions.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)
(iv)

(v)

Classify the above into (a) hydrolysis, (b) redox and (c) hydration reactions.
Answer

(i)
H2O2 is acting as an oxidizing agent in the reaction. Hence, it is a redox reaction.

(ii)

is acting as a reducing agent in the acidic medium, thereby oxidizing

.
Hence, the given reaction is a redox reaction.

(iii)
The reactions in which a compound reacts with water to produce other compounds are
called hydrolysis reactions. The given reaction is hydrolysis.

(iv)
The reactions in which a compound reacts with water to produce other compounds are
called hydrolysis reactions. The given reaction represents hydrolysis of AlCl 3.

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(v)
The reactions in which a compound reacts with water to produce other compounds are
called hydrolysis reactions. The given reaction represents hydrolysis of Ca 3N2.

Question 9.21:
Describe the structure of the common form of ice.
Answer
Ice is the crystalline form of water. It takes a hexagonal form if crystallized at atmospheric
pressure, but condenses to cubic form if the temperature is very low.
The three-dimensional structure of ice is represented as:

The structure is highly ordered and has hydrogen bonding. Each oxygen atom is
surrounded tetrahedrally by four other oxygen atoms at a distance of 276 pm. The
structure also contains wide holes that can hold molecules of appropriate sizes
interstitially.

Question 9.22:
What causes the temporary and permanent hardness of water?
Answer
Temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of soluble salts of magnesium and
calcium in the form of hydrogen carbonates (MHCO 3, where M = Mg, Ca) in water.
Permanent hardness of water is because of the presence of soluble salts of calcium and
magnesium in the form of chlorides in water.

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Question 9.23:
Discuss the principle and method of softening of hard water by synthetic ion-exchange
resins.
Answer
The process of treating permanent hardness of water using synthetic resins is based on
the exchange of cations (e.g., Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ etc) and anions (e.g., Cl–, SO42–, HCO3– etc)
present in water by H+ and OH– ions respectively.

Synthetic resins are of two types:

1) Cation exchange resins
2) Anion exchange resins
Cation exchange resins are large organic molecules that contain the –SO3H group. The
resin is firstly changed to RNa (from RSO 3H) by treating it with NaCl. This resin then
exchanges Na+ ions with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions, thereby making the water soft.

There are cation exchange resins in H+ form. The resins exchange H+ ions for Na+, Ca2+,

and Mg2+ ions.

Anion exchange resins exchange OH– ions for anions like Cl –, , and SO42– present in

water.

During the complete process, water first passes through the cation exchange process. The
water obtained after this process is free from mineral cations and is acidic in nature. This
acidic water is then passed through the anion exchange process where OH – ions neutralize
the H+ ions and de-ionize the water obtained.

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Question 9.25:
Write chemical reactions to justify that hydrogen peroxide can function as an oxidizing as
well as reducing agent.
Answer
Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 acts as an oxidizing as well as a reducing agent in both acidic
and alkaline media.
Reactions involving oxidizing actions are:

1)

2)

3)

4)
Reactions involving reduction actions are:

1)

2)
3)

4)

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