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OSMOSIS
Experiment #: 5 Date : March 10, 2024 Title : Osmosis Aim : To investigate the effects of osmosis on a potato tuber Apparatus : a potato, chopping board or tile (plate will do), 3 cups or glasses, Sharp knife, ruler, napkin, sugar solution (or salt), water Method : 1. A glass was half-filled with tap water and a second with the sugar solution. 2. The third glass was left empty. The glasses were labelled. 3. The potato was cut into three (3) strips of the same length and width. It was made sure no skin was left on the potato strip. 4. Each strip was blotted with the napkin to remove excess moisture and the initial length and width of each was measured. 5. One strip was placed into the glass with water, another into the sugar solution and the third into the empty glass. They were left for 30 minutes. 6. The strips was removed and they were gently blotted. The strips were re-measured. 7. Each strip was felt in turn to compare how flexible or stiff they are. The differences were noted. 8. The results were recorded in a table. Results : The Results Of Potato Strips In Different Solutions Tube Initial Initial Final Length Final Width Condition Length (cm) Width (cm) (cm) (cm) (flexible/stiff)
Water 6 1 6.5 1.2 Stiff
Salt 6 1 6.6 0.8 Flexible
Solution
Nothing 6 1 6 1 Flexible
Discussion: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable
membrane ,from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. In this experiment, a potato strip was used to observe osmosis. Potatoes are made of cells, and their cell walls act as semipermeable membranes. When place in different substances, osmosis influences the movement of water into or out of the potato cells, altering its physical properties. When a potato strip is placed in a hypotonic solution (distilled water) which is a lower solute concentration, therefore water moves into the cells, causing the potato to swell and become stiff. When a potato strip is left in a hypertonic solution (salt solution), which is of higher concentration, so water moves out of the cells, leading to plasmolysis, resulting in the potato to shrink. When a potato strip is left in a dry environment, it will undergo dehydration due to the loss of water through evaporation. Due to the potato strip containing water within its cell and without a liquid surrounding it to maintain hydration, water molecules will move from the cells to the drier environment (Petri dish). The result is shrinkage and flexibility due loss of water.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable
membrane. The relationship of water movement between osmosis and potato strip has caused the moving in or out of water through the cells. The relationship of plasmolysis has causes the contraction of the protoplast of the potato strip as a result of loss of water from the cells. The relationship between the hypertonic solution and the potato strip , there is a higher solute concentration inside of the hypertonic solution compared to the potato strip. The relationship between hypotonic solution and the potato strip, there is a lower solute concentration inside the hypotonic solution compared to the solute inside the potato strip. The relationship between a dry environment and the potato strip, there is no low or high solute concentration being compared, so dehydration occurs through evaporation leading to the water molecules to move out of the potato strip’s cells. The trend of solute concentration vs. potato strip mass , in hypotonic solutions, the concentration of water is lower in the solution than inside the potato cells, so the potato strip will gain mass, meanwhile in hypertonic solution, the potato strip will lose mass, in contrast to a drier environment , the potato strip will have constant mass. This is because water moves from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration through osmosis. The trend of solute concentration vs. potato strip size, in hypotonic solutions (exhibited in distilled water), the potato strip will increase in length and width. in hypertonic solutions (exhibited in salt solution), the potato strip will decrease in length and width, meanwhile in the drier environment, the potato strip will have the same length and width as before. The trend of solute concentration vs. potato strip firmness, in hypotonic solutions, the potato strip will be firm and stiff due to water moving inside of the cells, in hypertonic solutions, the potato strip will be flexible due to water moving out of the cells and in the drier environment, the potato will also be flexible due to water moving out of the cells.
Salt solution (hypertonic solution) exhibits shrinkage which leads to decrease in
length and width with a flexible composure. Distilled water (hypotonic solution) exhibits swelling which leads to increase in length and width with a stiffen composure. In a dry environment or no liquid, this exhibits shrinkage, limpness and flexibility due to dehydration. Trend: Hypotonic solutions- strips are swollen and stiffen Trend: Hypertonic solutions- strips are flexible and shrunk Trend: strips are flexible and remains constant size and mass This cause by the movement of water moving in or out of the cells altering its size and mass. Trend: Osmosis response behaviour- influences the appearance in response to the different solutions. The observed changes or results reprimand the principles of basic osmotic movement in cells.
Sources of Error : Measurement errors
Inconsistent sizes
Limitations : Variation of water in potato strip
Environmental factors ( Temperature)
Conclusion : In conclusion, the experiment showed that osmosis influences the
dimensions and rigidity of a potato strip. The strip contracted when in a high-solute solution due to water exiting the cells. Conversely, in a low-solute solution, the strip expanded as water was absorbed by the cells. In a dry environment, the strip remained the same, highlighting osmosis’ function in regulating water flow in cells. Reflection: Reflecting on the osmosis experiment, it's clear that balance is key in nature and our daily lives. Just as cells strive for balance in solute concentration, we too should aim for balance in our activities, work, and rest. This understanding can guide us to maintain a healthy lifestyle, much like cells maintaining their health through osmosis. It's a simple yet powerful lesson from a humble potato strip.
Chemistry Labs
Lab #: 5
Date: May 29, 2024
Topic: Preparation of an Insoluble Salt
Aim: To prepare an insoluble salt by reacting the solution of two soluble salts.
A salt is a substance formed when a metal or ammonium ions
replaced some or all H+ ions in an acid. Insoluble salts can be prepared by reacting two solutions, 1 containing the cations of the salt being prepared and the other containing the anions. This is known as ionic precipitation. In ionic precipitation reaction, the two soluble salts (Potassium iodide and Lead nitrate) to form an insoluble salt (Lead iodide) and a soluble salt (potassium nitrate). The salt resulting from the reaction, such as lead iodide (PbI2), is rinsed with distilled water to remove impurities and by-products from the precipitate. Distilled water, devoid of ions and contaminants, prevents the addition of more impurities. This rinsing procedure cleanses the salt by dissolving and eliminating any leftover soluble substances, like potassium nitrate K(NO3), ensuring the desired insoluble salt is obtained in its purest form.
Conclusion: In conclusion, the preparation of lead iodide (PbI2) using the
method of ionic precipitation successfully yielded a pure insoluble salt. By mixing potassium iodide (KNO3) and lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2 in an aqueous solution, lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) formed as a yellow precipitate. The subsequent washing of the precipitate with distilled water effectively remove soluble impurities, such as potassium nitrate (KNO3) ensuring the isolation of pure lead iodide.
Experiment#: 6
Date: June 05, 2024
Aim: To show the reactions of acid with metals, bases and carbonate/hydrogen carbonates.
Apparatus: 6 test tube, test tube rack, test tube holder , dropping pipette, splint, bunsen burner
hydrogen carbonate, lime water (calcium hydroxide)
Procedure: 1. The test tube was labelled 1-5; a small amount of the following chemicals was placed into the tubes.
Tube 1- magnesium turnings
Tube 2- copper oxide
Tube 3- sodium hydroxide
Tube 4- sodium carbonate
Tube 5- sodium hydrogen carbonate
2. Tube 1 was held in a test tube holder over the sink and 5 cm cube of dilute hydrochloric acid was carefully added. The gas given off was tested (effervescence) by
i) A lighted splint was held to the mouth of the test tube
ii) A dropping pipette was used for removing and bubbled into a test tube containing lime water. Observed
3) 5 cm cube of hydrochloric acid was added to cube 2.
4) Warmed gently in a water bath for 1 minute Do Not Allow To Boil! The test tube was left in the rack and observed.
5) 5 cm³ of hydrochloric acid was added to tube 3. The tube was shaked carefully for about 1 minute and the tube was felt. The tube was left in the test tube rack and observed.
6) Tube 4 was held by test tube holder over sink and 5 cm cube of hydrochloric acid was carefully added. The gas given off (effervescence) was tested by:
i) A dropping pipette was used for removing and bubbled into a test tube containing lime water. The lime water was observed.
ii) A lighted splint was held in the mouth of the tube while effervescence was seen.
7) Repeat step 6 using test tube 5.
Observation:
Test Tube Observation
Tube 1 Pops when splint was placed
into the tube
Bubbles in lime juice
Magnesium turnings dissolve
Tube 2 It changes from black to
translucent green
A residue of copper oxide is
left at the bottom of the test tube
Tube 3 At 1st it was white
After 1 minute it was colorless
Sodium hydroxide dissolve
The test tube became hot
Tube 4 No sound when splint used
Lime water turn foggy white
and bubbles
Splint causes remains of
sodium carbonate to form on top of hydrochloric acid.
Tube 5 No sound when splint used
Lime water turns foggy
whites and bubbles
Splint causes remains of
sodium hydrogen carbonate to form on top of hydrochloric acid
Discussion: Tube 1 - Magnesium turnings (Mg):
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
The gas given off is Hydrogen (H₂). It can be detected by bringing a lit splint near the mouth of the test tube, which will cause a ‘pop’ sound due to the combustion of hydrogen.
The gas given off is Carbon dioxide (CO₂). It can be detected by bubbling the gas through limewater (a solution of calcium hydroxide), which turns the limewater milky due to the formation of calcium carbonate. Tube 5 - Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃):
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
The gas given off is also Carbon dioxide (CO₂), and it can be detected in the same way as in Tube 4.
Conclusion: To put it simply, acids react in specific ways with metals, bases, carbonates, and hydrogen carbonates. An acid reacting with a metal usually makes a salt and lets out hydrogen gas. An acid and a base react to make a salt and water, which is called neutralization. An acid reacts with a carbonate or a hydrogen carbonate to make a salt, water, and carbon dioxide gas. These reactions are key to many chemical processes and show how reactive acids are. Knowing these reactions helps us understand how acids behave in different situations, from industry to nature.
