I

UNIVERSITY OF BUEA REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON

J
P.O. Box 63, Peace – Work - Fatherland
Buea, South West Region
CAMEROON
Tel: (237) 3332 21 34/3332 26 90
Fax: (237) 3332 22 72

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

INTERNSHIP REPORT TITLED:

DESIGN OF A SOLAR-POWERED SMART STREETLIGHT

SYSTEM FOR LAW BROTHERS COMPANY LTD AND ITS
ENVIRONS

Internship Report Submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering and Technology, University of Buea, in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Award of the Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) Degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

Internship offered by: Law Brothers Company Ltd.

Duration: September 1st, 2023 to December 30th, 2023

Presented by: SHITI-ABONG FAITH ALUSOHMBOM

Matriculation Number: FE20A209
Option: POWER SYSTEMS

Industrial Supervisor Academic supervisor

NDEH BENARD Dr. FENDJI MARIE DANIELLE

J ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023/2024

I
 i

DECLARATION

I, SHITI-ABONG FAITH ALUSOHMBOM, affirm that the internship report entitled "
DESIGN OF A SOLAR-POWERED SMART STREETLIGHT SYSTEM FOR LAW
BROTHERS COMPANY LTD AND ITS ENVIRONS " reflects the genuine project work I
conducted following a three-month internship at LAW BROTHERS COMPANY LTD., Limbe.

To add, I confirm that this report has not been previously submitted, either partially or entirely, for
the attainment of any other degree or diploma within this institution or any other academic
institution. Proper acknowledgment and references have been included where external sources were
utilized, adhering to the requirements of the University of Buea.

Signature: _______________ Signature: _______________

SHITI-ABONG FAITH ALUSOHMBOM Dr. FENDJI MARIE DANIELLE

FE20A209 Academic Supervisor

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION....................................................................................................................... i

DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................ vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT....................................................................................................... vii

LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................. viii

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. ix

LIST OF PICTURES ................................................................................................................ x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................... xi

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... xii

GENERAL INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... xiii

CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY ....................................................... 1

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1

1.2 Company Information ................................................................................................. 2

1.2.1 Location of enterprise........................................................................................... 2

1.2.2 Company Address ................................................................................................ 2

1.2.3 Branches .............................................................................................................. 2

1.3 Mission....................................................................................................................... 3

1.4 Vision ......................................................................................................................... 3

1.5 Core Values and Guiding Principles ............................................................................ 3

1.6 Quality Assurance ....................................................................................................... 4

1.7 Organization And Management of Law Brothers Company Ltd. ................................... 5

1.8 Field of Specialization ................................................................................................. 6

1.9 Reference projects and Services furnished by the Company.......................................... 6

CHAPTER TWO: INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES AND OVERALL EXPERIENCE .................... 7

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2.1 Joining the Company .................................................................................................. 7

2.2 Department of Work assigned to.................................................................................. 8

2.3 Tasks Performed ......................................................................................................... 8

2.3.1 Request and Acquisition of Equipment and Devices .............................................. 8

2.3.2 Installation of transformers ................................................................................... 8

2.3.3 Construction of MT lines...................................................................................... 9

2.3.4 Construction of BT lines .................................................................................... 11

2.3.5 Installation of Medium Voltage Air-switches ...................................................... 12

2.3.6 Installation of Meters and Distribution Boxes...................................................... 12

2.3.7 Displacement of MT Lines ................................................................................. 13

2.3.8 Replacement of electric poles ............................................................................. 14

2.3.9 Reinforcement of Low voltage distribution lines ................................................. 14

2.3.10 Neutral Grounding and Earth Resistance Measurements ...................................... 15

2.3.11 Street lighting .................................................................................................... 16

2.4 Extracurricular activities ........................................................................................... 17

2.5 Procedure Used When Performing Tasks ................................................................... 17

2.6 Performance When Accomplishing Tasks .................................................................. 17

2.7 Challenges faced ....................................................................................................... 17

2.8 Measures taken to tackle these challenges .................................................................. 18

CHAPTER 3: DESIGN OF A SOLAR-POWERED SMART STREETLIGHT SYSTEM FOR

LAW BROTHERS COMPANY LTD. AND ITS ENVIRONS ................................................. 19

3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 19

3.1.1 Project background ............................................................................................ 19

3.1.2 Project Scope ..................................................................................................... 20

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3.2 Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 20

3.2.1 Overview of Solar-powered Street Lighting Systems ........................................... 20

3.2.2 Automatic Control and Monitoring in Street Lighting.......................................... 24

3.3 Problem Statement and Objectives............................................................................. 24

3.3.1 Problem statement .............................................................................................. 24

3.3.2 Objectives .......................................................................................................... 25

3.4 Methodology ............................................................................................................ 26

3.5 System Analysis and Design...................................................................................... 26

3.5.1 Lighting and Illumination Calculations (Lumen Method)..................................... 27

3.5.2 Energy Calculations and Component Sizing ........................................................ 29

3.5.3 Pole Layout and Conductor Size Calculations ..................................................... 30

3.5.4 Schematic Design of the Control System ............................................................ 32

3.5.5 Programming the microcontroller ....................................................................... 34

3.5.6 PCB design ........................................................................................................ 34

3.5.7 Conceptual Diagram of the streetlight system...................................................... 37

3.5.8 System Operation ............................................................................................... 38

3.6 Simulation ................................................................................................................ 38

3.7 Financial Analysis..................................................................................................... 40

3.7.1 Cost of PCB and Components ............................................................................ 40

3.7.2 Cost of Solar PV System Installation .................................................................. 41

3.7.3 Cost of Pole and Streetlamp Installation .............................................................. 41

3.7.4 Total Cost .......................................................................................................... 42

3.8 Project Benefits......................................................................................................... 42

3.9 Project Limitations .................................................................................................... 43

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3.10 Partial Conclusion ................................................................................................. 43

CHAPTER 4: OVERALL BENEFITS OF INTERNSHIP ....................................................... 44

4.1 Enhancing hands-on abilities ..................................................................................... 44

4.2 Enhancing Communication Abilities.......................................................................... 44

4.3 Enhancement of Collaborative Abilities ..................................................................... 44

4.4 Enhancing leadership abilities. .................................................................................. 44

4.5 Ethical Work Practices .............................................................................................. 44

4.6 Improving Theoretical Understanding ........................................................................ 45

4.7 Opening Networking Opportunities ........................................................................... 45

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATIONS ................................................. 46

5.1 Conclusion................................................................................................................ 46

5.2 Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 46

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 47
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DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to my mum Mrs. FLORENCE SHITI-ABONG and to my lovely siblings.
They have been supportive throughout and at every level. I am grateful to them
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I wish to extend my heartfelt appreciation to Dr. DIEUDONNE AGBOR, the Dean of the
Faculty of Engineering and Technology at the University of Buea, for granting me the opportunity
to undergo my engineering training.

My profound gratitude also goes out to all my lecturers within the Faculty of Engineering and
Technology at the University of Buea. Their exceptional teaching has enabled me to easily
comprehend the practical knowledge gained during my internship. I am truly grateful for the impact
they have had on me throughout my four years of study.

I am thankful to Mr. JONEY LAWRENCE, the Managing Director of Law Brothers Company
Ltd., for accepting me as an intern.

I am equally appreciative of Mr. NKENG PETER, the manager of Law Brothers Company Ltd.,
for providing me with the opportunity to carry out my internship and for overseeing my activities
diligently.

Special recognition is due to my academic and industrial supervisors, Dr. FENDJI MARIE
DANIELLE and Mr. NDEH BENARD, for their unwavering guidance and support during my
internship.

I am also grateful to the dedicated technical staff of Law Brothers Company Ltd., particularly Mr.
YENSI, Mr. GWEI FRANKLINE, and Mr. JEAN G., for their assistance and willingness to
address my queries.

I extend my gratitude to all my mentors, friends, and colleagues who have supported me in various
ways.

Finally, I acknowledge the Almighty GOD for His divine intervention and blessings, without which
none of this would have been possible.
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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Load energy usage..................................................................................................... 29

Table 2:Cost of micro-circuit components ............................................................................... 40

Table 3:Cost of Solar Kit installation ....................................................................................... 41

Table 4: Cost of Pole and Streetlamp Installation ..................................................................... 41

Table 5:Total installation Cost................................................................................................. 42

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:Geographical location of the enterprise ........................................................................ 2

Figure 2:Organizational chart of Law Brothers Company Ltd..................................................... 5

Figure 3:Solar panel types ....................................................................................................... 21

Figure 4:Solar battery types..................................................................................................... 22

Figure 5:Charge controller types ............................................................................................. 23

Figure 6: LED streetlight luminary .......................................................................................... 23

Figure 7: Steel poles ............................................................................................................... 24

Figure 8:Methodology flow diagram ....................................................................................... 26

Figure 9: Schematic of control system designed on Proteus ...................................................... 33

Figure 10:Schematic for PCB .................................................................................................. 35

Figure 11:PCB top view with components ............................................................................... 36

Figure 12:PCB top view without components .......................................................................... 36

Figure 13: PCB view from bottom ........................................................................................... 36

Figure 14:Conceptual diagram of the system setup ................................................................... 37

Figure 15: Simulation - LDR in dark and PIR sensor OFF state ................................................ 38

Figure 16: Simulation - LDR in dark and PIR sensor ON state ................................................. 39

Figure 17: Simulation - LDR exposed to light and PIR sensor in ON state ................................ 39
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LIST OF PICTURES

Picture 1:Transformers at the ENEO store, Ombe ...................................................................... 8

Picture 2: Transformer installation at Manawo Bay, Limbe ........................................................ 9

Picture 3: Transformer wiring ................................................................................................... 9

Picture 4: Working on MT lines in Buea .................................................................................. 10

Picture 5: Tension Clamps ...................................................................................................... 11

Picture 6: A connector............................................................................................................. 11

Picture 7: Works on low voltage lines in Mile 2 Limbe ............................................................ 11

Picture 8: Air-disconnect switch installation ............................................................................ 12

Picture 9: Interior of a mounted distribution box ...................................................................... 13

Picture 10: Three phase energy meter installation..................................................................... 13

Picture 11: Reading the voltage at the distribution box ............................................................. 14

Picture 12: Passing copper wire through conduit on pole for transformer grounding .................. 15

Picture 13: Grounding Process ................................................................................................ 15

Picture 14:Earth resistance measurement using the earth meter................................................. 16

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Acronym Meaning

AASR Aluminium Alloy Steel Reinforced

BT Base Tension (Low Tension)

CPE Collective Protective Equipment

CT Chargeur des Travaux

DOD Depth of Discharge

ENEO Energy of Cameroon S.A

EP Energie Primaire (Primary Energy)

HID High Intensity Discharge (Lamps)

HPS High Pressure sodium (Lamps)

HSE Health, Safety and Environment

LDR Light Dependent Resistor

LED Light Emitting Diode Passive InfraRed

Ltd. Limited

MT Moyenne Tension (Medium Tension)

PIR Passive Infrared

PPE Personal Protective Equipment

PV Photovoltaic

UV Ultraviolet
 xii

ABSTRACT

This report covers the overall internship experience at Law Brothers Company Ltd., Limbe, from
the 1st of September 2023 to the 30th of December 2023, as a partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng) Degree in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering. The main internship activities involved electrical works such as construction,
maintenance and reinforcement of medium voltage transmission lines and low voltage distribution
lines, energy meter and distribution box installation for residences and also street lighting. Talking
of street lighting, the vicinity of Law Brothers Company Ltd. has two streetlights made up of High-
Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps reliant exclusively on the grid power. Upon research, I realized this
lighting system is energy costly, not only due to the high energy consumption of the HPS lamps
but also because the lights are on at full intensity throughout, whether or not there is activity in the
area. Also, the fact that the streetlights are supplied by grid electricity means the company premises
are not lit when there are power outages. There definitely is need for a solution to these problems.
Hence, this document addresses the issue by proposing a Solar-powered Smart Streetlight System,
that utilizes photovoltaic panels to capture solar energy, store it in batteries and power energy-
efficient LED streetlights. A microcontroller will be used to adjust the lighting levels with inputs
received from sensors based on ambient conditions and motion detection. Implementing this Solar-
powered Smart Streetlight System has the potential to reduce energy consumption, lower costs, and
enhance visibility and safety around the company.

Keywords: Streetlights, Solar PV, Lighting, Sensors, Microcontroller

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GENERAL INTRODUCTION

An internship is a temporary work opportunity provided by an organization to students to gain

practical work experience in a specific field or industry. It serves as a bridge between theoretical
knowledge and practical application, providing students with valuable professional experience in
their chosen field of study or career path (in this case, Electrical Engineering). It allows students to
acquire new skills, develop professionally, and explore innovative ideas. Employers benefit from
the fresh perspectives and energy that interns bring to the workplace. Engaging in an internship is
essential for engineering students seeking to enhance their professional growth, with the primary
objectives being to learn practical skills, gain experience, clarify career goals, enhance their
resumes, and earn academic credits.

At the outset of an internship, a formal orientation session is conducted to familiarize interns with
the company's mission, vision, structure, culture, and their role within the organization. An
experienced supervisor is then assigned to oversee the intern's work, ensuring they have the
necessary resources and guidance to fulfil their responsibilities.

Internships offer numerous benefits for student interns which include:

• Exposure to job opportunities

• Diverse work environments
• Skill development and networking opportunities with industry professionals.
• Internships provide a less stressful environment for interns to test their skills and build
confidence

Employers also derive significant benefits from internship programs. These include:

• Access to promising talent

• Low or no labour costs
• Fresh ideas
• Increased labour force
• Opportunity to evaluate potential future employees.
 xiv

This document as earlier said gives a detailed report on the activities and project carried out during
my internship in five chapters. The first chapter provides detailed information about the company
where the internship was undertaken. The second describes all activities carried out during the
internship timeframe. In the third chapter, a comprehensive overview of the project topic is
presented, including the necessary requirements and sizing to meet the project's objectives. A
partial conclusion is drawn at the end of the project topic. In the fourth chapter we discuss the
overall benefits of the internship. Concluding the document, a general summary is provided along
with some recommendations in chapter five.
 CHAPTER ONE:
BACKGROUND OF THE COMPANY

1.1 Introduction

Essential to every activity in the country and in the world at large is electrical power. Companies,
households, industries all have electrical energy at their spine. Electrical energy distribution
companies therefore have a massive role to play today. They are tasked with providing and ensuring
that there exists a reliable and continuous supply of power. The task of generating, transmitting and
distributing electricity is an entire process which entails a lot of activities and stages and so requires
a lot of personnel to do so. In Cameroon in particular, the company tasked with distribution of
electricity is ENEO. They are responsible for all construction and maintenance works that involve
electricity distribution. There is need for numerous personnel to carry out these works. As a result,
ENEO turns to other companies or enterprises who partner and are answerable to them in order to
take some of the load of electricity distribution off them. These companies or enterprises are
labelled as partners, contractors or subcontractors to the main company charged with distribution
of electrical energy, ENEO depending on their agreements.

In 1999, one of such companies was established by Mr JONEY LAWRENCE. He called the
company “Law Brothers Company Ltd.”. Law Brothers Company Ltd. is a full Cameroonian
owned private limited company with its head office in Limbe in the South West Region of
Cameroon. Their principal domain of activity involves electrical construction and distribution
works. Over the years, they have been active in the electrical industry carrying out construction
and maintenance of medium and low electrification projects such as construction, extension,
reinforcement and maintenance of distribution lines and substations. Today, they also major in civil
construction works which involves building infrastructure and bridges under the supervision of
their team of experienced civil engineers.

They have grown today to be one of the biggest contractors of ENEO with branches in different
parts of the country. Their objectives, vision, goals and activities will be outlined as we go through
this chapter.
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1.2 Company Information
1.2.1 Location of enterprise

GUINESS

GHS LIMBE
BOCOM PETROL
STATION

LAW BROTHERS
COMPANY LTD

Figure 1:Geographical location of the enterprise

1.2.2 Company Address

LAW BROTHERS COMPANY LTD.:

P.O. Box 282, LIMBE
Southwest Region, Cameroon
Tel: 677667022
Email: [email protected]

1.2.3 Branches

As earlier said, with its head office in Limbe, Law Brothers Company Ltd. has grown branches in
the following parts of the Cameroon:
2
 • Bamenda
• Kribi
• Yaounde
• Bertoua
• Kumba

1.3 Mission

The key purpose of Law Brothers Company Ltd. is to provide personnel, technical expertise and
skills that complements ENEO in electrical energy distribution, system operation and maintenance.
They also engage in resource sharing as they possess equipment not possessed by ENEO such as
cranes which are used in installation and maintenance of distribution lines. As such this helps the
main power company, ENEO to expand its infrastructure effectively.
They also engage in civil works like building infrastructure and bridges which helps in community
development.

1.4 Vision

The vision of Law Brothers Company Ltd. is to go on to build a strong and efficient partnership
with ENEO and other companies too associated with energy production and provision so that they
go on to assist them in developing infrastructure to distribute electricity which includes substations
and distribution networks in every part of the country, and assist them in providing affordable
power to everyone in every part of the country. This will go a long way to assist in the overall
development and growth of the country.

1.5 Core Values and Guiding Principles

Law Brothers Company Ltd. executes its mission and works towards its vision with the help of
some guiding principles:

3
• Safety
With the nature of the activities carried out by Law Brothers Company Ltd., safety is to be very
much at the forefront of all works carried out. This is definitely the case as there exists a health,
safety and environmental coordinator who ensures that HSE policies and guidelines are well
formulated and implemented
• Security
Law Brothers Company Ltd. is committed to ensuring the security of its employees, customers, the
public, and all other individuals associated with their services.
• Efficiency
Law Brothers Company Ltd. is a result of commitment to the continuous improvement of the
efficiency of services. This yields a competitive advantage to them and in turn, an attractive return
on investment.
• Reliability
Law Brothers Company Ltd. is known for completing its projects on time, which helps them
maintain a positive reputation and build trust with clients. Their commitment to meeting deadlines
showcases their professionalism and sets them apart from competitors.
• Integrity
Law Brothers Company Ltd. is dedicated to upholding integrity in all aspects of their work. They
ensure that their representation is precise, reliable, and transparent, and they promptly address any
errors that may arise. By consistently adhering to the highest ethical standards, they safeguard their
invaluable assets.

1.6 Quality Assurance

A quality assurance team has been established to ensure that the Law Brothers Company Ltd.
operates in compliance with standards. This team oversees the quality of equipment and ensured
that working norms are respected. A team of workers usually, every week attend a safety and
educational meeting organized by ENEO for knowledge on these norms. Additionally, they do
control tests, and verify the products before use

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1.7 Organization And Management of Law Brothers Company Ltd.

The organogram below shows the hierarchical relationships between the Director of Law Brothers
Company Ltd., and the company Staff (Managers, Administrators, coordinators, and other Staff).

Figure 2:Organizational chart of Law Brothers Company Ltd

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1.8 Field of Specialization

Electrification is the principal domain of activity of Law Brothers Company Ltd. As regards to this
domain, activities carried out include construction, reinforcement and maintenance of medium and
low voltage distribution lines and street lighting. A secondary domain we are involved in has to do
with civil works which has so far, we have had works on construction of buildings and bridges.

1.9 Reference projects and Services furnished by the Company

Law Brothers Company Ltd. has been privileged to carry out businesses with cooperative bodies
most especially ENEO, with their piece attestation, they have been issued access to ENEO
Networks. We have as well CDC, Delmonte, MAG Constructions, Razzel, Satom, Muyuka, Idenau,
Tiko and other councils in rural and urban electrification projects. They have carried out
construction of a number of medium-voltage overhead and underground transmission lines and
substations including construction of Pallet Treatment houses and street lighting, with one standout
project executed for MAG Construction Company on the Access Road to Limbe Omnisport
Stadium. They equally have executed the displacement of medium and low voltage networks for
COMAR on the Karata-Bojongo stretch of road in Limbe during the preparations for the African
Cup of Nations tournament in Cameroon.

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 CHAPTER TWO:
INTERNSHIP ACTIVITIES AND OVERALL EXPERIENCE

This chapter provides detailed information on the entire internship experience, beginning with
how the company received an intern, the section of the company under which the internship
took place, the activities involved, how the activities were carried out, challenges faced, and
finally how the challenges were tackled.

2.1 Joining the Company

An application was submitted to Law Brothers Company Ltd. in Limbe on August 26, 2023,
addressed to the Managing Director, MR. JONEY LAWRENCE. The application included a
CV, an attestation of school attendance, a recommendation letter from the Dean of FET, and a
photocopy of the National Identity Card. A few days later, on August 28, 2023, a call was
received from the company regarding a letter sent by the Director, which was a letter of
acceptance for a 4-month internship as an electrical engineering student from September 01,
2022, to January 01, 2023. Further instructions were given to meet the manager, MR. PETER
NKENG, on the first day of the internship. The details of how the internship would proceed
were to be provided later.

Upon arrival at the company, a prayer session was held early in the morning, followed by a
meeting with the manager and then the works supervisor, MR. NDEH BERNARD. The first
day involved becoming familiar with the environment and receiving lectures on the company's
structure and other relevant matters. The works supervisor provided important information
about the company's facilities and conducted a tour, introducing the technical staff.

The next day, the internship at Law Brothers Company Ltd. began with a warm welcome from
the Chargeur des Travaux (CT) with whom we were to work that day with, marking the start of
the internship journey.

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2.2 Department of Work assigned to

As mentioned before, the internship took place at Law Brothers Company Ltd. The department
of company I was assigned to was the Technical Department and I worked in the electrical
section, carrying out the works that involve electricity.

2.3 Tasks Performed

2.3.1 Request and Acquisition of Work Equipment

For construction and maintenance works to be carried out, the required equipment and apparel
are needed. Devices and equipment such as transformers, fuses, insulators, air-switches, meters,
distribution boxes, pole savers, cables, and a lot other material needed for electrical power
distribution are mostly in the keeping of ENEO. So, for before every project a team is sent to
the ENEO store in Ombe to acquire the required equipment where they are granted permission
to obtain the required equipment needed for the construction works. For poles, Law Brothers
Company Ltd. has an authorized site for the construction of concrete poles, so all our concrete
poles are gotten from there. Wooden and
Metallic poles can be gotten easily from the
ENEO store too when needed. We have other
materials needed like connectors, street lamps,
can be bought from electrical stores when
needed. We can see in the picture adjacent, a
collection of transformers in the ENEO store in
Ombe.
Picture 1:Transformers at the ENEO store,
Ombe
2.3.2 Installation of transformers

We installed transformers to replace damaged ones as well as install new transformers for new
residences. Sites where we carried out transformer installation include:

▪ Mondoni, where we installed a 25 KVA single phase transformer to replaced one that
was damaged about 10 months ago.

8
 ▪ Ngeme, opposite Limbe Omnisport stadium
where we installed a 25 KVA single phase
transformer for a new residence.
▪ Manawo Bay, where we installed a 200
KVA tri-phase transformer to replace a
damaged one.

The process of installing a transformer involved:

• First, the transformers were inspected and

examined to ensure that no damage was made
Picture 2: Transformer installation at
during its transportation. Manawo Bay, Limbe

• Next, standard transformer tests were carried out to ensure that these transformers were in
perfect working condition. Tests carried out include; testing for continuity and polarity tests.
• The mains was disconnected using the air switch or fuse (if there is no air switch before the
transformer pole) and the transformer mounted carefully on its sitting on the concrete poles
using the crane as seen in picture (2).
• With the transformer on the poles, the correct
tapping was done on the primary of the
transformer.
• After this, the transformer was grounded and
grounding tests made. When we are satisfied
with the results, the transformer is energized
and tested to confirm that the secondary voltage
is sufficient for the load.
• After connecting the load, using the right cable Picture 3: Transformer wiring

dimensions is then connected to the secondary’s brushes and the transformer powered.

2.3.3 Construction of MT lines

Transmission networks with voltage levels between 1 and 35kV are regarded as medium voltage
(MT) lines. We carried out a number of works on MT overhead lines with standouts being in
Bunduma, Buea and one in Tiko. Law Brothers Company Ltd. was issued the contract for

9
construction of MT overhead lines in CDC Banana plantation in Tiko by ENEO. The process
of construction of medium voltage lines involves:

• Selection Of Pole Type, Height and Size.

The choice of the pole type is usually based on factors like line voltage, environmental factors,
and terrain. Transmission line poles are commonly constructed from wood, steel, or concrete.
For our construction works, we predominantly use concrete poles. The lines are typically
installed on either 11m or 12m poles depending on the above listed factors with the exception
of transformer poles which are usually 10m

• Pole Installation

Poles are planted at consistent intervals between 50 and 75m along the path of the line. The
installation procedure includes excavating holes, positioning the poles, and anchoring them with
concrete or other appropriate materials for stability. The depth of the hole is usually 10% of the
pole length plus 0.5 meters.

• Mounting of Crossarms

For three phase line construction, the crossarms are attached to the poles. The crossarms are
usually made of steel. They are mounted at the upper end of the poles and provide a podium for
supporting the conductors.

• Fitting of Insulator Chains

The insulators are usually made of glass or

porcelain. They are mounted on the supporting
structure using metal shackles (chain-like
structures) when they are required to be dynamic.
These insulators prevent the flow of current
between the conductors and the pole structure.

• Conductor installation

After the crossarms and insulators are installed, the

Picture 4: Working on MT lines in Buea
conductors are threaded and fastened to the insulators.
The conductors usually used are uninsulated AASR conductors.

• Conductor binding

10
The conductors are properly tensioned to maintain their correct position on the poles. This is
important as it ensures that the conductors do not falter therefore providing stability to the entire
structure even during adverse conditions as well as ensuring that the phases are far enough away
from each other.

2.3.4 Construction of BT lines

Low voltage distribution lines were constructed for a number of residences during my
internship. To start, the individual or group of people in question request for the construction
of a distribution line from ENEO. ENEO surveys
the area, makes a plan and then issues documents
permitting works together with the plan and then
work commences.

For every line installed, the procedure followed

was as follows; first we survey the area and
following the plan, holes are ploughed following
the standard (usually 1.4m for 9m poles). For most
BT installations, we used 9-meter wooden poles.
A pole saver is stuck round the pole about 1 meter Picture 7: Works on low voltage lines in Mile 2
Limbe
from the bottom of the pole to increase its lifespan.
The conductors used in the installation depends on
the load and were either 3*70+56+2*16 mm2 or
4*25 mm2 aluminium PVC insulated cables.
When the poles are planted, the conductors are Picture 6: A connector Picture 5: Tension Clamps
mounted on the poles with the help of tension clamps and then tensioned. Once this is done and
the lines sent to the various distribution boxes or meters, the new conductor is connected to an
existing line using connectors and the lines are now powered.

11
2.3.5 Installation of Medium Voltage Air-switches

An air switch or air-disconnect switch is a power switching device with visible contacts, used
to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for service or maintenance. They
allow isolation of apparatus such as transformers and
transmission lines for maintenance and repairs or for
safety purposes. The air-switch consists of a fixed
contact which is connected to two blades or jaws. When
the Moving contact is pressed, the blades or jaws
separate opening between them, thus interrupting the
flow of electric current. Are usually installed at outdoor
stations. We installed an air-switch in the medium
voltage distribution line at CDC banana plantation, Tiko.
The installation process involved mounting the air-
switch on the pole’s crossarms using nuts, bolts and rods.
Picture 8: Air-disconnect switch
Once the air-switch is mounted on the pole, the pole is installation
the planted with the help of the crane and then anchored. The air-switch arms will then be
attached to the moving part of the air-switch such that the setting opens when the arm is pulled
down and closes when the arms are returned to its normal position. The conductors are then
threaded onto the contacts and then tensioned when the pole becomes firm.

2.3.6 Installation of Meters and Distribution Boxes

Distribution boxes were installed in residential areas and homes. Typically, electricity enters
homes and buildings from a single line. The distribution box therefore serves in distributing
electrical power from the main line via outlets to each meter. With a distribution box, circuit
overload is prevented. It also helps separate phases for a balanced three phase power.

12
To mount a distribution box, we opened the box,
carefully positioned it on the walls, marked the positions
where the screws will be inserted, drilled and then the
box hung on the wall by fixing the screws into its
fittings. The phases and the neutral from the power line
are then connected to the appropriate terminals in the
distribution box, set for distribution via outlets. Picture
(8) shows a distribution box being installed for a
resident in Mile 2 Limbe.

Picture 9: Interior of a mounted

We also installed energy meters for residences. For
distribution box
residences with just one energy meter, there is no need
for a distribution box. The conductors can be connected
directly to the meters. Energy meters are essential
devices that are installed at customers' locations to
precisely measure and monitor energy usage for billing
purposes. These meters are calibrated in units such as
kilowatt-hours (kWh), which is the most common
measurement unit. They are typically read once per
billing period to determine the amount of electricity
consumed. Law Brothers Company Ltd. is entrusted by
ENEO to provide and install these meters at customers' Picture 10: Three phase energy meter
installation
locations.

2.3.7 Displacement of MT Lines

There was a scenario where an overhead transmission line passed over a building in Mile 3,
Limbe. The owner of the building wanted to construct other floors above and this could not be
done with the overhead line in place. We had to plant new poles out of the site, setup the
crossarms and insulators and then displace the conductors to the new poles. The mains was
switched off before the displacement of the conductors.

13
2.3.8 Replacement of electric poles

Wooden electric poles have a shorter lifespan. They are subject to destruction by heavy winds,
heavy cables and even decay. When these poles are damaged, we were tasked with maintenance
works on them. Carefully replacing the old ones with new ones and then transferring the lines
to the replaced pole.

2.3.9 Reinforcement of Low voltage distribution lines

If proper cable dimensions are not used, there may be overload on the lines leading to low
voltages or even faults on the lines. One of scenarios where we needed to reinforce a line was
in a distribution line in Bojongo, Mile 2, Limbe. The existing line had 4*25 mm2 cables for the
three-phase line. Because of overloading on this line, the cables could not withstand the high
amount of current demand from the loads so the
loads experienced a low voltage because of high
voltage drops on the line due to high currents. We
had to replace this line with a 3*70+56+2*16 mm2
conductors. The process was similar to
constructing a new BT line. Some new poles were
planted to reinforce the system to be able to carry
the extra strength of the 3*70+56+2*16 mm2
conductors. The new conductors were mounted
and all connections made while the old ones were
Picture 11: Reading the voltage at the
taken down. Before all connections, all loads were distribution box

switched off for protection. After connection, the voltages were tested as shown in picture (11)
to confirm that it is appropriate for the loads and then the loads switched on once more.

14
2.3.10 Neutral Grounding and Earth Resistance Measurements

Neutral grounding refers to the connection of the neutral wire of a supply system to the ground.
Neutral grounding was done on the transformers and on the BT line (usually on the pole that
precedes the distribution box or meter). Neutral
grounding of a transformer involves firmly
connecting the terminal connection of one side
winding of the transformer to the ground using a
copper wire in a conduit down to the earth. It
ensures that overvoltage in the power system does
not destroy the transformer’s windings. For the
distribution line, Neutral grounding involves
connecting the neutral conductor to the ground
using a copper cable. This prevents overvoltage
Picture 12: Passing copper wire through
from destroying equipment. conduit on pole for transformer grounding

For transformer grounding, the ground is dug for length of about 5 meters and a depth of about
1 meter. At the beginning, the center and end of the poles, copper electrodes are nailed into the
ground. The electrodes are bonded to the copper
wires using copper to copper connectors. The hole
is then carefully filled to cover the electrodes and
earth wire.

Same procedure is followed for grounding the BT

lines except that here, the holes dug have a length
of about 2m and depth of 1m. this is because the
current sent to the earth here is comparatively
smaller.

Picture 13: Grounding Process

After the earthing is done, tests are made to
measure the resistance of the earth. The ideal earth resistance for grounding should be as small
[1]
as possible. These tests are done using the grounding resistance meter . This meter has a red

[1]
Commonly known as earth tester.
15
cable (current cable), yellow cable (potential cable) and the green cable for measurements. In
testing, first these cables are fitted into their appropriate slots on the meter. The red and yellow
cables are clamped on temporary electrodes, far
away from each other and the green electrode
clamped on the copper earth wire. The meter is
switched on and the resistance knob set to the
appropriate scale. The earth resistance value is
read. The lower the resistance, the more
effective the earthing system is as there is little
or no hindrance to the flow of current to the
ground. Suppose the resistance is not low
enough, it can be reduced by:
Picture 14:Earth resistance measurement using
the earth meter
• Treating the soil with chemical (salt
usually)
• Elongate the earth wire and rod
• Bury more rods in parallel with the main rod.

This is done until the earth resistance becomes as low as desired and the system can be powered
properly.

2.3.11 Street lighting

We also carried out street lighting works. Most street lighting works done were for residential
homes so we installed the lights on the existing low voltage lines. The streetlight arm was drilled
and mounted on the poles, then powered by connecting to the EP supply [2] in the distribution
line. The HPS streetlight bulbs were then fitted into its holder in the streetlight arm.

[2]
The two 16 mm2 cables in the *70+56+2*16 mm2 cable set. They are designated for street light powering. One
is the phase and one is the neutral

16
2.4 Extracurricular activities

Playing Football: On Saturdays at the Saker Baptist College field, there is time allocated for
sporting activities. Everyone is free to exercise themselves during this period. One of the most
interesting sporting activities was playing football, which was done on several occasions.

Prayers: On the first Tuesday of every month, the entire company staff takes part in a prayer
session organized by the company.

2.5 Procedure Used When Performing Tasks

All tasks were carried out as a team, and before starting any task, it was ensured that everyone
had a clear understanding of the task. Having a thorough understanding of the task was deemed
crucial. Once the task was understood, everyone would dress in appropriate safety and then
move to the task site. Before every task it was ensured that everyone had his PPE on and the
team of workers had the necessary CPE. All standards, norms and safety protocols were strictly
adhered to during task execution.

2.6 Performance When Accomplishing Tasks

The team consistently achieved satisfactory results by addressing any uncertainties and doubts
before starting tasks. This approach led to more efficient handling of tasks with improved
understanding.

2.7 Challenges faced

During my internship in electrical power distribution, I faced several challenges that tested my
skills and knowledge. One of the main challenges was understanding the complex network of
power distribution systems. This involved learning about different types of transformers,
switchgears, and protection systems, as well as understanding how they all work together to
ensure reliable power distribution.

Another challenge was dealing with the practical aspects of working in the field. This included
learning how to troubleshoot and diagnose issues with power distribution equipment, as well as
understanding safety procedures and protocols for working with high-voltage systems.
17
I was also faced with the challenge of harsh conditions. Given that most of our activities are
carried out outdoors, harsh weather conditions tend to affect us a lot. This pose a problem during
my internship.

Additionally, I faced challenges in understanding the regulatory and compliance requirements

related to electrical power distribution. This involved learning about local codes and standards,
as well as understanding the importance of adhering to safety regulations and best practices.

Nonetheless, these challenges provided me with valuable hands-on experience and allowed me
to develop a deeper understanding of the working of different systems

2.8 Measures taken to tackle these challenges

To overcome these challenges, I utilized several measures which include:

• Research and Study

I dedicated time to extensive research and study to understand power transmission and
distribution systems and their components. This involved reading technical manuals, industry
publications, and academic resources to deepen my knowledge of transformers, switchgear,
protection systems, and other relevant equipment.

• Hands-On Experience

I actively sought opportunities to gain hands-on experience in the field. This included
shadowing experienced technicians, participating in equipment maintenance and
troubleshooting activities, and observing the practical application of safety procedures.

• Mentorship and Guidance

I sought guidance on these aspects from my senior technicians and other experienced people
within the company. I asked questions, sought clarification on complex concepts, and actively
engaged with mentors to enhance my understanding of the practical aspects of electrical power
distribution.

By employing these measures, I was able to effectively address the challenges I encountered
during my internship and develop a comprehensive understanding of a lot of power system
concepts.

18
 CHAPTER 3:
DESIGN OF A SOLAR-POWERED SMART STREETLIGHT
SYSTEM FOR LAW BROTHERS COMPANY LTD. AND ITS
ENVIRONS

3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Project background

Street lighting plays a crucial role in enhancing public safety, improving visibility, and creating
an overall sense of security in various settings. These sources of light not only illuminate these
areas but also provide a sense of assurance and comfort during nighttime hours. The importance
of street lighting extends beyond the obvious benefits of visibility and safety. Properly lit areas
deter criminal activities it is no surprise that the overall aesthetics of a neighborhood is
massively improved when the streets are properly lit, making it more inviting and encouraging
social activities throughout thereby creating a sense of comfort and security during nighttime
hours. Improvement in accessibility and mobility is so evident when communities are properly
lit (Ward, Shepherd, Robertson, & Thomas, 2005).

It is vital that there is continuity in these lighting systems so that the areas are lit throughout,
when needed even when there are power outages. Because conventional street lighting systems
typically rely on grid electricity which can be costly and sometimes prone to outages, there is
need to explore different technical options to ensure that the lighting is readily available (Al-
Smadi et al., 2019; Sutopo et al., 2020). One of such settings that is subject to these problems
are the premises of Law Brothers Company Ltd.

To address these issues, we look to implement a solar-powered smart street lighting system.
The solar-powered Smart Streetlight System will utilize renewable energy from the sun to
power LED lights equipped with smart sensors and controls. These sensors will enable
automatic dimming or brightening of the lights, based on conditions and activity, optimizing
energy efficiency and reducing operational costs. By implementing this innovative lighting
solution, we aim to enhance safety and security, reduce energy consumption, lower maintenance
costs, and ensure continuity and sustainability in this system. The project will also serve as a

19
 model for other complexes and urban areas looking to upgrade their street lighting infrastructure
with smart technologies.

3.1.2 Project Scope

The project scope will encompass all aspects of designing, implementing, and evaluating a
Solar-powered Smart Streetlight System, with a focus on energy efficiency, sustainability, and
practicality for real-world applications. It therefore encompasses the following key
components:

i. System Design and Architecture

- Designing a solar power system capable of providing reliable energy for street lighting.
ii. Hardware and Software Development
- Selecting appropriate solar panels, batteries, charge controllers, and other hardware
components for the solar power system.
- Developing the necessary circuitry for the control.
- Programming the microcontroller to automate the control of streetlights based on based
on sensor input.
iii. Testing and Validation
Testing by simulating the components to verify its ability to control streetlights effectively
and respond to changing conditions through the incorporated programs and commands.
iv. Cost Analysis and Feasibility
Conducting a cost analysis to determine the economic feasibility of implementing solar-
powered smart streetlights compared to conventional grid-powered systems.

3.2 Literature Review

3.2.1 Overview of Solar-powered Street Lighting Systems

Solar-powered Street lighting systems consist of an off-grid solar power source connected to
the luminaries usually the LED streetlamps mounted on poles. Off-grid solar photovoltaic
systems are designed to meet specific energy requirements. This involves considering factors
such as the daily energy usage, peak power demand, battery capacity, and expected sunlight
availability in the area. So, we will assess our system and calculate these needs. To construct
we need a number of system components. Each one of these components plays an important
20
 role in the solar PV system and lighting system. They include the solar panel, charge controllers,
battery, LED streetlamps, Steel poles. Theories of these different components are discussed
below:
i. Solar Panel
A Solar Panel is basically a module that converts light energy (photons) from the sun to generate
electricity in DC form. There are two types of solar panels, mainly crystalline and thin-film
types. There are two types of crystalline solar panels; monocrystalline and polycrystalline solar
panels. (See Figure (3))
As for thin film panel types, we’ve got (See fig); Amorphous Silicon (a-Si), Cadmium Telluride
(Cd-Te), Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS), Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSC)

Figure 3:Solar panel types

Crystalline solar panels are usually preferred to thin film panels as they are generally much
more efficient, are very durable and have stable power output over time (Bagher, 2015).

ii. Batteries
Batteries are used to store the electricity generated by the solar panel. In the case of PV systems
for street lighting, during the day, electricity generated by the solar panels are supplied
exclusively to the battery. At night, these batteries will provide stable energy to the load (the
streetlamps). There are a few types of rechargeable batteries, which are:
• Lead-Acid (LA) Battery:
These batteries are the most commonly used in solar-powered systems due to its maturity in
technology and low pricing. They can only be used with low Depth of Discharge (DOD) in
order to extend its lifespan. Its DOD ranges from 20%-80% (Layadi, Champenois, Mostefai, &
21
 Abbes, 2015). There are two types of Lead-Acid batteries; flooded and Valve Regulated Lead
Acid (VRLA) batteries which are maintenance free batteries.
• Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cad) Battery:
Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cad) batteries are expensive and disposing of Cadmium are hazardous.
Even though they have several advantages over Lead-Acid batteries, such as longer life span,
and tolerance for higher discharge, Ni-Cd batteries is not commonly used in solar-powered
systems due to its high cost and limited availability.
• Lithium-Ion (LI) or Lithium-Polymer (LP) Battery:
Lithium based batteries are considered the future of batteries used in solar-powered systems.
This is due to a number of factors such as high specific energy, high DOD percentage, and
higher number of charging cycles. However, due to its higher cost compared to LA type of
batteries, they are still not a preferred choice and will be very expensive for our system.

Figure 4:Solar battery types

iii. Charge Controllers

Charge controllers are used to control the charging of the batteries. Since the output from the
solar panels are variable and needs adjustments, charge controllers fetch the variable
voltage/current from solar panels and condition it to suit the safety of the batteries. The main
functions of charge controllers are to prevent over-charging of batteries from solar panels, over-
discharging of batteries to the LED lamps and to control the functionalities of the LED lamps.
There are two general types of charge controllers available:
• Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Controller:
A pulse width modulation charge controller is set match the input power of the battery
irrespective of the power generated by the panels. There is an inherent loss in power observed
in this type of charger.

22
 • Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Controller:
This type of charger helps to get the optimum charging power for any given point of time and
offers better efficiency that PWM.

Figure 5:Charge controller types

Interconnection of these components provide the electricity used for lighting. The lighting
component of the street lighting system are the LED lamps mounted on metallic poles.

iv. LED Luminaries

A LED lamp is a light-emitting diode (LED) product
that is assembled into a lamp (or light bulb) for use in
lighting fixtures. LED lamps have a lifespan and
electrical efficiency that is several times better than
incandescent lamps, and significantly better than most
fluorescent lamps, with some chips able to emit more
than 100 lumens per watt (Qian, 2016). Like Figure 6: LED streetlight luminary
incandescent lamps and unlike most fluorescent lamps, LED lights come to full brightness
without need for a warm-up time; the life of fluorescent lighting is also reduced by frequent
switching on and off. This is not the case with LED lamps as this would be a serious problem
it was, in street lighting applications. Initial cost of LED is usually higher. LEDs are adversely
affected by high temperature, so LED lamps typically include heat dissipation elements such as
heat sinks and cooling fins (Shailesh, 2018). The output of the solar panels is DC. So solar-
powered streetlights use DC LED lights. This therefore eliminates the use of inverters in these
systems.

23
v. Metallic Poles
Metallic poles are usually made of materials such as steel or aluminium. They are strong,
durable and can withstand harsh weather conditions like strong winds, heavy rain, and even
minor impacts from accidents. This ensures
that street lights remain intact and operational
for a long time, reducing maintenance needs.
The space within the poles provides a conduit
for the conductors from the power source to
the lamps, making the whole connection very
much aesthetically pleasing compared to Figure 7: Steel poles

wooden or concrete poles where the conductors have to be run overhead. We can see steel pole
structure in figure (7). These poles do not need to be buried. They will just be screwed onto
their concreted foundation. The entire setup is therefore very compact.

3.2.2 Automatic Control and Monitoring in Street Lighting

Automatic control and monitoring systems are integral components of modern street lighting
infrastructure. By utilizing sensors and microcontrollers automatic control systems can detect
and analyze various factors like ambient light levels and time of the day, and then auto-control
turning off and on off the system as opposed to manual control. With this, adequate illumination
is guaranteed while minimizing energy consumption. A number of streetlights come with
already incorporated control circuits (Jagadeesh et al., 2015). These circuits have the sensors
attached which tell the controller what to do depending on conditions. This is one of the most
important parts of our project as we will have to design a circuit board where the sensors and
microcontroller will be incorporated which auto-controls the turning on and off of the lights.

3.3 Problem Statement and Objectives

3.3.1 Problem statement

Having already seen the numerous limitations of the conventional street lighting technique, such
as high energy consumption and operational costs, and subjectiveness to power outages, there
is need for a system with promising solution to address these challenges. The system in mind
should provide answers to the following questions following questions:

24
1. How can energy usage be minimized while providing sufficient lighting for the entire area
in question?
2. Will the lighting system be independent on grid electricity such that it is not affected by
power outages?
3. Is the system self-operating?

3.3.2 Objectives
Main Objective
The major objective of this project is therefore to design a Solar-powered Smart Streetlight
System, self-operating, not reliant on grid electricity, long-term energy efficient and
environment friendly.

Specific objectives
Following the main objective, specific objectives include:

• To assess the specific power requirements of the streetlamps to be used

• To determine the optimal location and size of solar panels, batteries, and other necessary
equipment to maximize energy production and storage capacity.
• To design a corresponding solar PV system to exclusively power streetlamps and ensure
that it is capable of operating independently from the electrical grid, reducing dependency
on external power sources and minimizing utility costs.
• To design a circuit that will control the automatic switching on and off of the streetlamps,
simulate its action and design its Printed Circuit Board (PCB) layout on Proteus 8
Professional software.
• To design the system configuration and wiring.

25
3.4 Methodology

The block diagram below shows the procedures employed in the execution of this project

Load data collection

Illumination and
Site Considerations and energy
lighting calculations
calculations

Programming of the Schematic design of Components sizing

microcontroller on the control system on (Solar panel, battery,
MikroC Pro for PIC Proteus Professional charge controller)

Conceptual
Cost analysis with the
PCB Layout design on illustration of the
help of Microsoft
Proteus Professional entire system on
Excel
edrawmax

Figure 8:Methodology block diagram

3.5 System Analysis and Design

In this section, the projected installation site was considered, required energy data collected and
components sized. This is followed by the schematic design of the automatic control system
on Proteus, programming of the microcontroller on MikroC, PCB layout design of the automatic
control system on Proteus, and then conceptualization of the system assembly on edrawmax.

26
3.5.1 Lighting and Illumination Calculations (Lumen Method).

Before carrying out illumination calculations, we will look at the following terms regarding
lighting:
• Luminous flux
Luminous flux is the energy measure of the total amount of light a lamp puts out. Its unit is the
lumen
• Illuminance
Illuminance is the amount of luminous flux per unit area. Its unit is the lux
• Coefficient of Utilization
Coefficient of utilization may be defined as the ratio of the total lumens received on the working
plane to the total lumens emitted by the light source.
• Maintenance factor
It is defined as the ratio of illumination under normal working conditions to the illumination
when everything is clean or new. The maintenance factor is based on how often the lights are
cleaned and replaced. It takes into account factors such as decreased efficiency with age as well
as accumulation of dust within the fitting. For convenience, it is usually given three options
(KARAGÖZ KÜÇÜK & EKREN, 2021):
Good = 0.70
Medium = 0.65
Poor = 0.55
• Luminous efficacy
Is defined as the ratio of number of lumens emitted to the electric power intake of a light source.
Its unit is lumen/watt (lm/W)
• Spacing to mounting height ratio (SHR)
SHR is the ratio of spacing between luminaries divided by their height above the horizontal
reference plane

i. Calculating Required Luminous Flux of Luminary

The area in question is the company premises with dimensions:

Length, L= 100m, width, W = 10m

27
o For residential street lighting, the length of pole used will be 9m (Murray & Feng, 2016)
o Spacing to height ratio (SHR) should be between 2.5 and 3 (Skye et al., 2015). We will take
SHR = 3
So, Spacing between each pole, S = height * SHR
S = 9*3 = 27m
Over the 100m distance we will have 4 poles in total.
o Average illumination level, E (for residential streets) should be about 15 lux(Demonstration
Projects Support team, 2020)
o Coefficient of utilization, COU = 0.77
o Assume maintenance factor, MF = 0.70
Using the Lumen method, the average illuminance is given by:

𝒏 ∗ 𝑵 ∗ 𝑪𝑶𝑼 ∗ 𝑴𝑭 ∗ 𝚽
𝑬= (1)
𝑨

Where, Φ = luminous flux of luminary in lumens,

N = Number of luminaries = 1 (for single sided streetlights) and
n = number of lamps used in a single luminary = 1

𝐶𝑂𝑈∗𝑀𝐹∗ Φ
So, 𝐸 =
𝑊∗𝑆
𝐸∗𝑊∗𝑆
⇒ Φ=
𝐶𝑂𝑈∗𝑀𝐹

15∗10∗27
⇒ Φ= = 7,513.9 𝑙𝑚
0.77∗70

So, the required luminous flux of the luminary is 7,513.9 lumens.

ii. Calculating the required Wattage of the lamps

Using DC LED bulb model with luminous efficacy of up to 150 lm/W, the wattage of the lamp
would be
7,513.9 𝑙𝑚
𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = = 50 𝑊
150 𝑙𝑚/𝑊

So, we will use 50 W LED lamps

28
 3.5.2 Energy Calculations and Component Sizing

i. Calculating energy Usage

As said earlier, the solar PV system will power 4 streetlights. The energy usage of the system
is as follows:
Table 1: Load energy usage
Load Operation Energy
No. of Demand
load Rating hours Per Requirement
loads Power (W)
(W) Day (Wh)

Streetlamp 4 50 200 12 2400

The total energy requirement is 2400 Wh

We’ll assume the following efficiencies:
• Battery efficiency, ηb = 90%
• Efficiency of other components (charge controller, cables), ηoth = 85%

ii. Solar Module Sizing

o Effective sunshine hours = 5 hours (Weathertotravel, 2024)
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒍𝒔 = (2)
𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒔𝒖𝒏𝒔𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒉𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒔 ∗ 𝒔𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
=
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ∗ 𝜂𝑏 ∗ 𝜂𝑜𝑡ℎ
2400 𝑊ℎ
= = 561 𝑊
5 ℎ𝑟𝑠 ∗ 0.9 ∗ 0.95

o The Solar Panels should give 561 W. So, using 200 W 12 V monocrystalline panels, we
561
will require panels that is, 3 panels.
200

iii. Battery sizing

Luminous™ Solar batteries cycle with 80% depth of discharge. (SAAZ-International, 2024).
Using these batteries, we have the following data:
o Depth of Discharge = 80%

29
 o Battery voltage = 12V
o Days of Autonomy = 1 day
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 ∗ 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒖𝒕𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒚
𝑹𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = (3)
𝑩𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 ∗ 𝑫𝑶𝑫 ∗ 𝒃𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚

2400 ∗ 1
= = 261 𝐴ℎ
12 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 0.9
• Required battery capacity is 278 Ah. Using 12 V 150Ah batteries,
278
Number of batteries = 150 ≈ 2

• So, 2 batteries will be used.

iv. Sizing the Charge Controller

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝑷𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑪𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕 = (4)
𝑩𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝑩𝒂𝒏𝒌 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆

600
= = 25 𝐴
12∗2

So, we require a charge controller with a current rating greater than 25 A. We will use a 30A
Charge Controller.

With this, we have the defined sizes for the PV system components. Setting up the system, we
will obtain the required output power (12 V DC) for the streetlights.

3.5.3 Pole Layout and Conductor Size Calculations

As earlier said, the pole layout will be single sided with the poles 27m apart. The best poles
for this application are steel poles as they are mechanically strong and have a path within
them through which conductors can pass via.

30
The streetlights will be wired through underground conduits. As seen above there are two sets
of conductors to power the streetlights; one set that runs between the streetlight poles (bus) and
one set that runs inside the poles supplying power to the luminaries (Service drop).

Determination of Conductor Size

The conductor material will be aluminium. Its size is determined by the circuit ampacity and
voltage drop. The conductor will be sized so that the voltage drop in the circuit from the service
entrance point to the last streetlight on the circuit does not exceed the accepted voltage
regulation.

From the illustration above, the total length of conductor from the distribution point to the
luminary on the last pole is about 127m. Assume our accepted voltage regulation to be 5%.

At night, the streetlights will be powered exclusively by the 12V batteries. So, the current drawn
by the 50W LED streetlights will be
𝑃
𝐼= (5)
𝑉
50W
𝐼= = 4.17𝐴
12V
The voltage at the service entrance point is V = 12V
Let the voltage at the last streetlight be Vend.
The voltage regulation, VR is given by
𝑉 − 𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑑
𝑉𝑅 = (6)
𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑑
But VR = 5%
12−𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑑
So 0.05 = 𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑑

12-Vend = 0.05 Vend

1.05Vend = 12
So, Vend = 11.43 V
The voltage drop across the conductor is therefore
Vdrop = V – Vend
Vdrop = 12 V – 11.43 V
Vdrop = 0.57 V

31
The resistance of the conductor hence would be,
𝑉𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝
R= 𝐼
0.57 𝑉
R = 4.17 𝐴 = 0.14 Ω
The resistivity of aluminium is, ρ = 2.6 x 10-8 Ωm
The length of conductor, L = 127m
Let the area of conductor be A.
The resistance of the length of conductor is given by:
ρL
𝑅= (7)
A
𝜌𝐿 2.6 x 10−8 ∗127
So, A = =
𝑅 0.14

A = 23.58 x 10-6 m2 = 23.58 mm2

Therefore, the size of aluminium conductors used for supply will be 25 mm2

3.5.4 Schematic Design of the Control System

The LED lamps have to be turned on and off automatically when night falls and when it’s
daytime respectively. The intensity of the LEDs too has to be controlled depending on whether
or not there is activity in the area. To achieve this, we design a circuit to carry out these
functions. The circuit consists of the following components:
• Light Dependent Resistor • LM7805 (Voltage regulator)
• Passive Infrared sensor • PIC16F877A microcontroller
• Capacitors • Bipolar Junction transistors
• Resistors • 5V relay
• Diodes
The schematic of the circuit designed on Proteus is shown below:

32
 Figure 9: Schematic of control system designed on Proteus

• The power supplied to the circuit is a 12V DC from the panels. The microcontroller has to
be powered using a 5V source so the LM7805 voltage regulator is used to regulate the
voltage supplied to the microcontroller, ensuring that it receives a stable and constant 5V
DC power.
• Two capacitors each (one electrolytic) are placed at the input and output terminals of the
LM7805 regulator. Their function is to smoothen the DC voltage and suppress rapid voltage
changes (Electricity-Magnetism, 2024)
• The crystal oscillator is connected to the clock input pins of the microcontroller. It vibrates
on its own resonance frequency, providing a stable reference oscillation signal to the
microcontroller so is used as input reference clock. The capacitors in parallel create a phase
shift ensuring that the feedback signal is in phase with the input signal. (Cadence, 2024)
• The light dependent resistor provides a switching module for the entire system. It provides
the analog input for the microcontroller telling it when to turn on and off its outputs.
• The PIR sensor provides a secondary input for the microcontroller to control a secondary
output (turn on the lamp at full intensity).
• The PIC16F877A microcontroller is the backbone of the system. It is programmed to control
outputs based on sensor inputs.

33
• The transistor provides switching and amplification functions. It amplifies the current
output of the microcontroller as well as switching on or off the relay based on
microcontroller output.
• The diode ensures that current between the relay input and transistor output flows in one
direction, that is, ensures that only the microcontroller turns on the transistor output and not
the 5V power, powering the relay.
• The relay is an auto-switch that opens and closes when it receives an electrical signal from
the transistor. It allows the small current from the transistor output to control the high
voltage lamps. The coil of the relay is energized when there is an input signal, closing its in
built switch. When the switch is closed, it creates a closed circuit between the lamp and the
12V voltage source, enabling the lamps to be powered by this source.
• We have resistors between relay 1 and the lamp. The role of this external resistance is to
reduce the current entering the lamp hence reducing its brightness level when relay 1 only
is on.
• Between relay 2 and the lamp, there is no resistor so the lamp shines at its maximum level
when relay 2 is on.

3.5.5 Programming the microcontroller

As earlier seen the microcontroller used was the PIC16F877A microcontroller. It was
programmed on MikroC for PIC, the code built and then loaded onto the microcontroller on
Proteus.

3.5.6 PCB design

The PCB layout for the circuit was designed from the schematic on Proteus professional. The
voltage source and lamp were replaced with 2-pin terminal block and the PIR sensor replaced
with a 3-pin before the PCB design as shown on the circuit below.

34
 Figure 10:Schematic for PCB

Next, we proceed to the PCB layout window where the PCB for the circuit was designed by
placing and auto-routing the components. The wire sizes were set to T20 as high currents would
flow through the circuit. The PCB layout in 3D is shown figures (11), (12) and (13).

The Gerber file can then be generated, compressed and sent to any PCB manufacturer for
printing. A standout PCB manufacturer around is Bel PCB, a subsidiary of BanaAfrica SARL,
Douala.

35
 Figure 11:PCB top view with components

Figure 12:PCB top view without components

Figure 13: PCB view from bottom

36
3.5.7 Conceptual Diagram of the streetlight system

Figure 14:Conceptual diagram of the system setup

In connecting the system, we have to make sure that the poles are modified at the top and the
control circuit covered with transparent material like plastic to allow light to reach the LDR.
The PIR sensor too has to be placed in a suitable area down where it can easily sense motion
and then connected to its specified pins in the circuit board.

37
3.5.8 System Operation

The LDR senses ambient conditions and sends input to the microcontroller. If there is darkness,
a signal is sent to the microcontroller which switches on transistor 1, which in turn energizes
the coil of relay 1, turning on the streetlights but not to full intensity. While the lights are on, if
the PIR sensor detects motion, it sends a signal to the microcontroller which switches on
transistor 2, energizing the coils of relay 2 hence the streetlights are set to full brightness. When
conditions become bright, the signal is turned off. So, the microcontroller turns off its output
signal, switching off the transistor, deenergizing the coils of the relays and hence turning off
the streetlights.

3.6 Simulation
The schematic of the streetlight system was simulated on proteus. We had the following results:

Figure 15: Simulation - LDR in dark but PIR sensor in state 0 (No motion). Lights on with low
intensity

38
 Figure 16: Simulation - LDR in dark and PIR sensor in state 1 (motion sensed). Lights on at full
intensity

Figure 17: Simulation - LDR exposed to light above threshold. Lights off even when PIR sensor is in
state 1 (senses motion)

39
3.7 Financial Analysis

In this section we are going to evaluate the cost of implementing the solar-powered smart
street lighting system.

3.7.1 Cost of PCB and Components

Table 2:Cost of micro-circuit components
Unit Price Total
Component Quantity
(FCFA) (FCFA)
Capacitors 8 100
800
Resistors 3 10
30

7805 Voltage Regulator 1 200 200

PIC16F877A Microcontroller 1 4,500 4,500

2N1711 Transistor 2 600 1,200

Diode 2 50 100

3 Pins 1 150 150

Terminal Blocks 2 200 400

LDR 1 350 350

PIR Sensor 1 3,500 3,500

5V Relay 2 400 800

16MHz Crystal Oscillator 1 250 250

PCB manufacturing cost 1 5,000 5,000

Soldering 1 3,000 3,000

Total 20,280

40
3.7.2 Cost of Solar PV System Installation
Table 3:Cost of Solar Kit installation
Unit Price Total
Component Quantity
(FCFA) (FCFA)
12V 200W Solar Panels
3 150,000 450,000
Solar rail
1 4,000 4,000
30A Solar charge controller
1 85,000 85,000
Tubular Wet Cell Battery (12V
150Ah) 2 130,000 260,000
Battery rack
1 15,000 15,000
Solar panel wires
6 3,000 18,000
30A Breaker
1 15,000 15,000
Electrical installation Kit (cables,
Junction box, connectors
1 15,000 15,000
Miscellaneous (Flash band, nails,
transportation, bolts and nuts…) 1 30,000 30,000

Total 892,000

3.7.3 Cost of Pole and Streetlamp Installation

Table 4: Cost of Pole and Streetlamp Installation
Unit Price Total
Component Quantity
(FCFA) (FCFA)

9m Steel Poles 4 50,000 200,000

Pole Foundation 4 15,000 60,000

25mm2 aluminium cables 130m 1,300/m 169,000

12V 50W LED lamps 4 25,000 100,000

Miscellaneous (bolts, nuts,
transportation) 1 25,000 25,000

Total 554,000

41
3.7.4 Total Cost
Table 5:Total installation Cost
Unit Cost Total
Sector Quantity
(FCFA) (FCFA)
Cost of PCB and circuit
components 4 20,280 81,120
Cost of solar PV System
installation 1 887,000 887,000
Cost of pole and streetlamp
installation 1 554,000 554,000

Grand Total 1,522,120

Therefore, the total cost of installing our proposed street lighting system would be 1,522,120
FCFA. The project can be financed by the company through funds from its accounts.

3.8 Project Benefits

Implementing this Solar-powered Smart Streetlight System will have the following benefits:
• Energy efficiency
This system will use solar energy which is a renewable and abundant energy source and will
therefore reduce energy costs. The system being smart as well with sensors saves energy for
days of autonomy by dimming the lights when there is no activity.
• Continuity and Reliability
Reliance on grid electricity will be reduced and so the lights will be on throughout irrespective
of whether or not there are power outages ensuring continuous operation even during
emergencies.
• Increased safety and security
Continuous light knighting in the company premises improves visibility and hence deters
crime, enhancing safety and security.
• Autonomous operation
The system is programmed and so will not require any external operator energy usage saving
operation stress. There is also less maintenance involved compared to traditional street lighting

42
3.9 Project Limitations
Despite the numerous advantages of this system, it has some limitations which include:
• Cost of installation
The upfront cost of installing a Solar-powered Smart Streetlight System can be higher compared
to traditional grid-connected lighting systems, which may deter some people from investing in
this technology idea.
• Compatibility and integration
Integrating sensors and circuitry into existing street lighting infrastructure such as the lamps
and poles may require additional equipment or modifications, which could be complex and
time-consuming.
• Frailty and inability to resist harsh conditions
The sensors in question are not robust enough and can be affected by adverse condition leading
to potential malfunctions or errors.
• Maintenance

Given that the project makes use of Lead Acid batteries with relatively short lifespans, they
need to be replaced at least once in three years for proper system functioning (Layadi,
Champenois, Mostefai, & Abbes, 2015). The panels too need to be cleaned from time to time
for better efficiency.

3.10 Partial Conclusion

After successfully carrying out research, lighting calculations were done and the required LED
streetlamp wattage obtained. With this, load energy calculations done and then the solar panels,
battery and charge controller sized to suit appropriate demand. The schematic for the control
circuit of the streetlights was designed on Proteus. The PCB was designed too on the same
software. A conceptual diagram for illustration of the system was then made on edrawmax to
proper visualize the system connections. With all the above completed, it can be concluded that
a Solar-powered Smart Streetlight System for Law Brothers Company Ltd. has been
successfully designed. This system is highly recommended for use because it is efficient,
reliable, renewably powered, environmentally friendly, cost effective in a long run. Further
modifications could be easily made to the system to suit requirements. With this implemented,
more energy will be saved and reliance on grid electricity for street lighting will be reduced.

43
 CHAPTER 4:
OVERALL BENEFITS OF INTERNSHIP

4.1 Enhancing hands-on abilities

One of the primary motivations for participating in an internship is to enhance practical

skills. During my time at Law Brothers Company Ltd., I gained experience electrical works
and actively engaging in a variety of technical and non-technical tasks, all of which
contributed to expanding my skill set.

4.2 Enhancing Communication Abilities

The internship has led to significant enhancement of communication skills through regular
interactions with colleagues, the manager, and industrial supervisor.

4.3 Enhancement of Collaborative Abilities

The majority of tasks at the company are completed by teams. Working in teams on a daily
basis has improved the workflow and helped develop a wide range of teamwork skills,
including communication, time management, problem-solving, listening, critical thinking,
and collaboration.

4.4 Enhancing leadership abilities.

I have gained a wealth of knowledge about leadership from Law Brothers Company Ltd.’s
managing director. He is an exceptional leader who consistently demonstrates strong
leadership skills, imparts valuable life lessons, fosters a vibrant work environment, ensures
the well-being of everyone, and much more. His leadership style is truly commendable and
worth emulating.

4.5 Ethical Work Practices

Throughout the workday, each person is assigned a specific task to complete. Following
this, a progress report is provided to the manager. It is expected that everyone remains
44
 engaged in their work when tasks are assigned, and safety protocols are adhered to during
work activities. These practices have led to increased time management, respectfulness, and
diligence among the team.

4.6 Improving Theoretical Understanding

The internship provided an opportunity to improve theoretical knowledge, leading to a

deeper understanding of various theories and concepts and their practical applications.

4.7 Opening Networking Opportunities

During the internship, I had the opportunity to build professional relationships with industry
professionals, and experienced workers in the field of electricity. This can be valuable for
future job opportunities.

45
 CHAPTER 5:
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion

This internship has been incredibly impactful, resulting in the acquisition of new skills and a
deeper understanding of activities such as construction of medium voltage transmission lines,
low voltage distribution lines and street lighting applications. The project was initiated in
response to the absence of sufficient lighting during night hours in the company, and reliance
on grid electricity for the current streetlights which comes at a high energy cost and is subject
to power outages. It involved proposing a Solar-powered Smart Streetlight System as a potential
solution to the problem. Through extensive research within the company, all necessary
requirements for the streetlight system were carefully identified, and a financial analysis was
conducted to assess the viability, sustainability and the potential benefits of implementing the
system. This project provided valuable opportunities for improving technical expertise and
gaining a broader understanding of various aspects of electrical engineering. Overall, the
internship experience was extremely valuable.

5.2 Recommendations

Here are some suggestions for Law Brothers Company Ltd.:

• Creating more connections with tech-oriented companies would be important for Law
Brothers Company Ltd. This would facilitate the purchase of new machinery, components,
and technical support at discounted rates.

• Installing the Solar-powered Smart Streetlight System to ensure that there is constant and
sufficient illumination in the company premises during night hours, hence providing
additional safety and security in the company premises.

• Pre-requesting for work equipment a number of days before work to avoid the scenario
where work is being delayed because of lack of equipment.

• Encouraging extracurricular activities to create unity and a sense of teamwork between

workers.

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