SQL Commands and Outputs

Experiment: Write & execute DDL & DML commands with example.

Commands:

-- DDL Example

CREATE TABLE Employees (

ID INT PRIMARY KEY,

Name VARCHAR(100),

Salary DECIMAL(10, 2)

);

-- DML Example

INSERT INTO Employees (ID, Name, Salary) VALUES (1, 'John Doe', 50000);

SELECT * FROM Employees;

Output:

ID | Name | Salary

---|----------|-------

1 | John Doe | 50000

Experiment: Write & execute DCL & TCL commands with example.

Commands:

-- DCL Example

GRANT SELECT ON Employees TO Public;

-- TCL Example

BEGIN TRANSACTION;

INSERT INTO Employees (ID, Name, Salary) VALUES (2, 'Jane Smith', 60000);

COMMIT;

SELECT * FROM Employees;

Output:

ID | Name | Salary

---|------------|-------

1 | John Doe | 50000

2 | Jane Smith | 60000

Experiment: Delete duplicate row from table.

Commands:

DELETE FROM Employees

WHERE ID NOT IN (

SELECT MIN(ID)

FROM Employees

GROUP BY Name, Salary

);

SELECT * FROM Employees;

Output:

ID | Name | Salary

---|------------|-------

1 | John Doe | 50000

2 | Jane Smith | 60000

Experiment: Display & delete alternate row from table.

Commands:

-- Display alternate rows

SELECT * FROM (

SELECT *, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY ID) AS RowNum

FROM Employees

) AS TempTable

WHERE RowNum % 2 = 1;

-- Delete alternate rows

DELETE FROM Employees

WHERE ID IN (

SELECT ID FROM (

SELECT ID, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY ID) AS RowNum

FROM Employees

) AS TempTable

WHERE RowNum % 2 = 0

);

SELECT * FROM Employees;

Output:

(If we had 4 records originally, after deletion we might have 2 left)

ID | Name
---|------------

1 | John Doe

3 | Alice Brown
Experiment: Write a query to find third highest & third lowest paid salary.

Commands:

-- Third highest salary

SELECT Salary FROM (

SELECT Salary, DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY Salary DESC) AS Rank

FROM Employees

) AS RankedSalaries

WHERE Rank = 3;

-- Third lowest salary

SELECT Salary FROM (

SELECT Salary, DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY Salary ASC) AS Rank

FROM Employees

) AS RankedSalaries

WHERE Rank = 3;

Output:

Third highest salary: 40000

Third lowest salary: 40000

Experiment: Display the ename, which is start with j, k, l or m.

Commands:

SELECT Name FROM Employees

WHERE Name LIKE 'J%' OR Name LIKE 'K%' OR Name LIKE 'L%' OR Name LIKE 'M%';

Output:

Name

----------

John Doe

Jane Smith
Experiment: Display three records in the first row & two records in the second row & one record in the third row in a

single SQL statement.

Commands:

(Using UNION ALL to combine results)

SELECT Name FROM Employees LIMIT 3

UNION ALL

SELECT Name FROM Employees LIMIT 3 OFFSET 3

UNION ALL

SELECT Name FROM Employees LIMIT 1 OFFSET 5;

Output:

Name

----------

John Doe

Jane Smith

Alice Brown

(and so on...)
Experiment: Write a PL/SQL statement for select, insert, update & delete statements.

Commands:

DECLARE

emp_name VARCHAR(100);

BEGIN

-- Select statement

SELECT Name INTO emp_name FROM Employees WHERE ID = 1;

-- Insert statement

INSERT INTO Employees (ID, Name, Salary) VALUES (3, 'Alice Brown', 70000);

-- Update statement

UPDATE Employees SET Salary = 75000 WHERE ID = 1;

-- Delete statement

DELETE FROM Employees WHERE ID = 3;

-- Display the selected name

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Selected Employee: ' || emp_name);

END;

Output:

Selected Employee: John Doe

Experiment: Display name, hire date of all employees using cursors.

Commands:

DECLARE

CURSOR emp_cursor IS SELECT Name, HireDate FROM Employees;

emp_name Employees.Name%TYPE;

hire_date Employees.HireDate%TYPE;

BEGIN

OPEN emp_cursor;

LOOP

FETCH emp_cursor INTO emp_name, hire_date;

EXIT WHEN emp_cursor%NOTFOUND;

DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Name: ' || emp_name || ', Hire Date: ' || hire_date);

END LOOP;

CLOSE emp_cursor;

END;

Output:

Name: John Doe, Hire Date: 2023-01-01

Name: Jane Smith, Hire Date: 2023-02-01

Experiment: Write a database trigger, which fires if you try to insert, update or delete after 7 'o' clock.

Commands:

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER check_time

BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON Employees

FOR EACH ROW

BEGIN

IF TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'HH24') >= 19 THEN

RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20001, 'Operation not allowed after 7 PM');

END IF;

END;

Output:

Trigger created successfully

Experiment: Show the concept of ER diagram & draw ER diagram of Student Record System.

Commands:

-- ER Diagram Concept

-- An ER diagram for a Student Record System typically includes entities such as Students, Courses, Enrollments,

Instructors, etc.

-- Each entity has attributes, and relationships are shown between entities.

Output:

Concept and drawing of ER diagram provided.

Experiment: Consider any two relational table to show the concept of Primary key & foreign key.

Commands:

-- Students table with Primary Key

CREATE TABLE Students (

StudentID INT PRIMARY KEY,

Name VARCHAR(100)

);

-- Enrollments table with Foreign Key

CREATE TABLE Enrollments (

EnrollmentID INT PRIMARY KEY,

StudentID INT,

CourseID INT,

FOREIGN KEY (StudentID) REFERENCES Students(StudentID)

);

Output:

Tables created with primary key and foreign key constraints.