X-ray Machine and its

working
Submitted to :Dr Mughees Aizaz
Submitted by :Shoaib Maqbool
Huzaifa sudais
Hamza Aziz
Saqib Nawaz
Fatima khalid
Zainab Shahbaz
Maryam Khalid
Introduction
• Discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Roengten
• It is a form of electromagnetic radiation similar to visible light but
short wavelength
• Wavelength 0.01 to 10 nanometers
• Accidently while performing experiment in crook’s tubes he found
glowing effect
Principles of operation
An x-ray machine is essentially a camera .
Instead of visible light it uses x-rays to
expose the film .X-rays are like light in
that they are electromagnetic waves ,but
they are more energetic so they can
penetrate many material to varying
degrees .When the x-rays hit the film
,they expose it just as the light would . All
body parts absorb x-rays at different
levels , so the image on the film is
different
Physical character of X-rays
• Penetrating
• Neutral in charge
• Polyenergetic
• Attenuated properties
• Angle of trajectory
• Velocity
• Ionozing ability
Understanding how X-rays are generated

• Sources of electron
• Means of accelerating the electron
• Target for electrons
Parts of X ray machine
• X-ray tube
• Operating console
• High voltage transformer
• Tube head or Protective housing
• Collimator
• Patient table
• Grid
• Bucky
• Radiographic film
X-ray tube
• Glass envelop
• Source of electrons
• Target material
• It can be classified as
1. Internal
2. External
External part
• External parts include
• Tube support
• Protective housing
• Glass or metal envelope
Provides
• Mechanical support
• Cooling
• Electrical insulation
Internal part
The internal parts include ,
• Cathode :The filament that causes thermionic emission
• Anode :A flat disc made of tungsten that draw the electrons across
the tube
The inside of tube is vacuumed.
Operating console
• Apparatus that controls current and voltage of tube
• The console consist of
a) Line compensation
b) kVP
c) Ma
d) Exposure time
High voltage transformer
• The high voltage transformer is a step-up transformer
• There will be more winding on the secondary side compared to the
primary side
• The ratio of winding is referred to as the turns ratio
• The only difference between the primary and secondary waveforms is
the amplitude
• The turn ratio for most x-rays high voltage transformers is between
500 and 1000
• The primary voltage is measured in volts , and secondary in kilovolts
• Lined in lead container to prevent excessive radiation exposure and
protect patient and operator from electric shock
Collimator
• The collimator is attached to the x-ray
tube below the glass window where the
beam is emitted
• Lead shutters are used to restrict the
beam
• Its purpose is to minimize field of view ,
to avoid un necessary by using lead
plates
Grid
• By virtue of function and material ,
collimator and grid are same but they
have different location
• It is made up of lead
• It the location just after patient
• It is used to destroy scattered radiation
from the body
Radiographic film
• Two types of x-rays photons are responsible for density , contrast and
image on a radiograph
• Those that pass through the patient without interacting and those
that are scattered in the patient through Compton interaction
• Film construction , it has two parts
1. Base
2. Emulsion
 Emulsion
• The emulsion is the heart of the film . The x rays or light from the
intensifying screens interact with the emulsion and transfer
information to the film
Base:

The base layer appears as the thickest layer at the bottom, usually made of
cellulose triacetate or polyester. It provides a strong, flexible, and transparent
foundation for the emulsion layer.
It needs to be:
Strong and flexible to resist tearing and creasing during handling and processing.
Transparent to allow X-rays to pass through to the emulsion layer.
Dimensionally stable to avoid shrinking or warping, which could distort the image.
Emulsion:

Sitting on top of the base is the emulsion layer, which is much thinner than the
base. It contains the light-sensitive chemicals that capture the X-ray image.
The key component of the emulsion is silver halide crystals, usually silver bromide
(AgBr). These crystals are like tiny light detectors.
When X-rays hit these crystals, they release electrons, creating latent image
centers. These centers act as seeds during film processing, attracting silver atoms
and forming the visible image.
The emulsion also contains gelatin, which acts as a binder and keeps everything
evenly distributed.
•
Uses of X-rays
1. Medicine
2. Industry
3. Science
4. Consumer goods
Uses of X-rays
Medicine
• Radiography
• Dentistry
• Mammogram
• Fluoroscopy for real time images
Interaction with patients
• Three things occurred
1. Some x-rays absorbed
2. Some pass straight through
patient
3. Some scattered
Interaction with patients
• Depends on three things
1. Energy
2. Atomic NO. absorbed
3. Thickness and density of object
How images are formed ?
• As an x-rays beam leave the tube head , it fans
out and become weaker
• As the distance double , the strength is reduced
• The distance from the anode target to the film is
called the focal distance
• Changing the distance affects the quantity of the
x-rays reaching the film
 Low High
density density

More x-rays Less x-rays

through through

Causing more Causing less

blackening of blackening of
film the film
X-ray protection
Follow ALARA
• A as
• L low
• A as
• R reasonably
• A achievable
X-ray prevention
• X-ray should only be done on the advice of doctor
• Due to physically small size children are sensitive and it may effect
their genitals
• Wear x-ray protection cloth
• Prohibited to the 8th to the 15th week of pregnancy
• Tell doctor about pregnancy and IUD