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Chapter 1

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39 views17 pages

Chapter 1

Uploaded by

Sameer Mahato
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1

Introduction to
Engineering
geology
Rosina Mali
Introduction to Engineering
Geology +
 Definition of Geology and Engineering
geology
 Branches of Geology
 Scope and objectives of engineering geology
in the field of civil engineering
 Importance of Engineering geology in the
context of Nepal
Geology???

• The word geology has been derived from the Greek words “Geo”
meaning the earth and logos meaning dissertation. Geology is therefore
the science of the earth.
• This word was used in its proper sense in 1178 by Jean Andre de Luc
(1727-1817), a Swiss - born scientist.
• The science of geology includes the study of the earth as a whole, its
• Origin
• Structure
• Composition, and
• History (including the development of life), and
• Nature of the processes which have given rise to its present condition.
Physical
geology
BRANCHES OF
GEOLOGY
Structural
geology

Mineralogy

Crystallography

Petrology
Geology

Hydrogeology

Historical
Geology

Geophysics

Geochemistry

Oceanology

Economic
geology
Engineering
geology
Physical geology
Physical geology aims at the proper understanding of the
physical forces and processes which mould the surface of the
globe through their ceaseless action through ages.

Historical geology
Historical geology, traces the evolution of the earth.

Palentology
Palaeontology is that branch of geology which deals with the
mode of preservation of remains of plants and animals, in the
form of fossils, within the rock-bed.
Mineralogy
Mineralogy is that branch of geology which deals with the study of
minerals.

Crystallography
Crystallography deals with the study of the crystals.

Petrology
Petrology, the science of the rock, investigates on the nature of
the rocks, their mode of formation.
Structural geology
Structural geology is to study and interpret the structures
found in rock masses (like fold, fault, joint, unconformity)

Hydrogeology
Hydrogeology (hydro- meaning water, and -geology meaning
the study of the Earth) is the area of geology that deals with the
distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and
rocks of the Earth's crust (commonly in aquifers).

Geophysics
Geophysics, involving geology, physics and mathematics, deals
with to exploration of the subsurface.
Geochemistry
Geochemistry deals with the chemical analysis and evolution of
the rock and minerals.

Economic geology
Economic geology deals with the occurrence of deposits of rocks
and minerals of economic importance.

Geomorphology
Geomorphology deals with the form and morphology of the earth
surface .
Engineering geology????

• The knowledge of geology has also been utilized in cases of


Engineering problems and this branch of geology is known as
Engineering Geology.
• Here, the principles and methods of geology for the purpose of civil
engineering has been applied.
• Broadly, speaking there are two main divisions:
• The study of raw materials e.g. aggregates etc.
• The study of the geological characteristics of the immediate area
where engineering operations are to be carries out e.g. ground-water
characteristics. the load bearing capacity, the stability of slope, the
excavation problems etc. (Rock mechanics).
IAEG(International Association of
Engineering geology)definition
Definition of Engineering Geology
Engineering Geology is an applied discipline of geology that relies heavily on
knowledge of geologic principles and processes. Engineering Geology,
basically, is applied geology. Specifically, it is the application of geologic
information to solving the problems and minimizing the adverse effect in any
civil and geo-technical engineering works.
Engineering geology, is defined in the statues of the IAEG as the science
devoted to the investigation, study and solution of engineering and
environmental problems which may arise as the result of the interaction
between geology and the works or activities of man, as well as of the prediction
of the and development of measures for the prevention or remediation of
geological hazards.
Scope and objectives of Engineering
Geology

Engineering geology has much more scope over the civil engineering:
• The natural processes influence how the structural and other development occurs. The suitability
of locations for development, their design and cost are related to the effect of natural processes.
• Because, structures and development can alter natural processes creating change that may be
undesirable. Changes in stream channel bed elevations and other channel characteristics below
dams are an example of a natural processes changed.
• The geological structures such as thrusts, faults, folds, joints etc play vital role not only on
increasing the cost but also on collapsing the engineering projects hence carried out great loss of
lives and property.

Role of geology in the field of engineering


• The geologist analysis the conditions of area, selected for the site, the engineer will consider as to
how improve the conditions and to adjust them, so as to make them suitable, to his plan.
• The geologist, from his analysis, finds out the probable problems and difficulties, that are likely to
be faced during the construction, the engineer will solve the problems and overcome the
difficulties.
• The geologist suggests different site for the buildings materials such as stone, brick earth, stand
etc. to be obtained the engineer will obtain them economically and will put them to use.
Importance of Engg.
Geology in the context
of Nepal
Block Diagram of
The Himalaya
The Himalayan Range, the highest and the youngest mountain range in the world, is very fragile
and delicate. Owing to the inherent geological, physiographic and climatic conditions as well as
recent excessive human interventions, the Himalayan region is quite vulnerable to mass
movements, floods and earthquakes. These natural hazards make it a highly difficult place for
infrastructure development and maintenance, About 83% of Nepal lies in this mountainous
terrain.
Highly dynamic physical processes dominate the mountainous terrain of Nepal, and therefore,
implementing infrastructure development projects is a challenge. Construction, maintenance
and rehabilitation of infrastructure under the unique Himalayan condition require innovative
and more pragmatic approach compared to less critical terrains in other parts of the world.
Many earlier projects have faced various problems during survey, design and construction
phases, and in the process invaluable
Click toexperience
add text has been gained during the last five decades.
New concepts, approaches and techniques appropriate to this unique Himalayan terrain are
gradually emerging. These technique and experience are important and far reaching, and may
be applicable in similar regions of the developing world. Over the years Nepal has gained a
significant amount of experience in landslide studies and stabilization, survey, design and
construction of roads, tunnels and dam; in the fields of hazard and rick assessment, low cost
road (green road) engineering; and bioengineering. Infrastructure development in the Nepalese
Himalaya region is a formidable task with considerable problems caused by washouts and
failure resulting from floods, erosion, gullying, and landslides. The combination of inherently
weak geological characteristics and the strong south Asian monsoon rains make the Himalaya
fundamentally one of the most fragile and delicate mountain ranges of the world. As a result,
the mountains are highly vulnerable to landslides and other mass wasting processes.
Continue…..

The success and failure of the last five decades of engineering


practices in Nepal needs to be seriously analyzed and lesions learnt
must be carried forward for the future projects.
Gradually, realizing the importance of the engineering geological
study in mountainous country like Nepal, such studies were
extended also to other infrastructure development.
For developing country like Nepal, construct the structures in such a
way that the risk management is affordable. Assessment of
geological and geomorphologic hazards, route location by avoiding
the hazard as far as possible, road designs without aggravating the
hazards and inexpensive countermeasures to modify the residual
hazards are therefore, unavoidable to ensure least risk to the
structure and the environment at minimum initial investment.
Assignment

• Define Geology & Engineering Geology(IAEG definition)


• Write down the different branches of Geology. Which one according
to you is important in the field of civil Engineering ? State a obvious
reason supporting your statement.
• What are the objectives and scopes of Engineering geology in the
field of Civil Engineering
• Why is the study of Engineering Geology is important in the context
of Nepal? Explain in detail
Stay safe

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