CC 103 – Intermediate Programming

Modular Programming
Using Functions in C
DAISY JEAN A. CASTILLO
Instructor
 01 Types of Functions

02 Advantages of using functions

Elements of user-defined

Lessons
03 function

04 Using functions

05 Definition of function

06 Function Call
 07 Return Statement

08 Function Declaration

Lessons
09 Category of functions

10 Scope of visibility

11 Types of storage classes

12 Recursion
Modularity
Modular Programming Using
Functions in C

action
 Modular Programming Using
Functions in C
Functions are basically special type of programs, which
perform a specific task, but don’t work independently, as
main function does.
Main Function

Main Function
 Concept of Function
Calling Program Data

Call the function Function

Called
Calling Program
Program
Return

Value
C program with sumlist function which
adds given 3 numbers.
 Standard Library C Functions

• Standard C library functions, like printf, scanf, getchar,

putchar, etc. remain available in standard libraries like
<stdio.h. etc.
• Note that many more functions like pow(a,b), sqrt(n) etc.
remain available in other libraries of C.
Need for User Defined Function
Large Problem’s Program Large Problem’s Program
Not Making Use of Functions Making Use of Functions

Function 4 Function 1

main() main()
function function

Function 3 Function 2
 Advantages of Using Functions

1. Modularity
• With the use of functions, modularity gets automatically
incorporated in the program. Thus a single program gets
divided into small modules, obviously maintaining small
modules is much easier than maintaining a single large
program.
 Advantages of Using Functions

2. Reusability
• If function is being used then to perform the same function
again within the program, the code need not be written again.
Only one line for calling the function can be written, which
would perform the task. This not only saves effort and time but
also reduces the length of the program.
 Advantages of Using Functions

2. Reusability
• Since function written for one program, can be used in other
programs also hence programming becomes easy. Time and
efforts reduce to a considerable extent.
D on’t
R epeat
Y ourself
keep your code
D R Y
 Elements of User-Defined Function

1. Function Data Type

• Function data type is data type of that value, which function
return
2. Function Name
• Function name is the actual name of function, which is
assigned for the purpose of function’s identification and
calling.
 Elements of User-Defined Function

3. Argument/Parameter list
• Argument list is basically a list of variables along with their
data types. These are the variables in which function receives
the data from the calling program.
4. Body of the function
• Body of the function comprises of all those C statements,
which are to be executed, within the function.
 Elements of User-Defined Function
Function name
Function data type Argument list

Body of
the function
 Using Functions

Step 1. Define the function

Step 2. Call the function in some other program.
 Argument/parameter
Function name name

Function return type

Argument/parameter
type
Function
definition

C program with sumlist function which

adds given 3 numbers.
 Function Call

Now the question is, how do you call a function, which

has already been defined? Well, a function can be called
by writing a statement of the following type, in the
calling program.

function name (argument list);

 Function
Call

C program with sumlist function which

adds given 3 numbers.
 Return Statement

• The body of the function can terminate with a return

statement.
• If function doesn’t return any value to the calling function,
either return statement is omitted or a simple statement,
“return” is written.
• On the other hand, if the function returns a value to the
calling function, statement “return(value)” is written. Value
could be a variable or expression, which evaluates to the
value that need to be sent back to the calling program.
 Return Statement

• Note that it is not necessary that function should always

return a value to the calling program. It may or may not
return the value, depending upon the requirement.
• Limitation with return statement is that it can return only
a single value to the calling program. Multiple values
cant be returned through it. For example “return(a,b)’ is
a wrong statement.
C program with sumlist function with return
variable statement which adds given 3
numbers.
C program with sumlist function with return
expression statement which adds given 3
numbers.
 C program with max function with return expression
statement which receives two integer values from the
main function and returns back the larger value to it
max function with return expression which returns the
larger value to it
 C program with max function with return expression
statement which receives two integer values from the
main function and returns back the larger value to it
 Function Declaration

• Now you know that to make use of function, you have

to have a function and a calling program(function).
• Which sequence these two items should be placed?
• Should the definition be placed before the calling
function or after calling function?
• C language supports both!
 Placing the
Function Definition
Before Calling
Program
 Function
Prototype

Placing the Main

Function Definition Function

After the Calling

Program with
Function Prototype Function
Definition
 Placing the
Function Definition
After the Calling
Program without
function prototype
 CC 103 Chapter 1 Activity 1
• Write a C program that computes students average.
• Create and use a function with 4 parameters(Name,
MathGrade, EnglishGrade and ScienceGrade)
• Call the function 3 times with different values.
Sample Output:
John’s Grade (Math=?, English=?, Science=? and the average is)
Ana’s Grade (Math=?, English=?, Science=? and the average is)
Frank’s Grade (Math=?, English=?, Science=? and the average
is)
Calling Function By Value (Function
Call Technique)
Calling Function By Value (Function
Call Technique)
 2 Categories of C Variables in
Function

LOCAL VS EXTERNAL
remain accessible within values are accessible
the function, in which within and outside the
they are declared function

values are inaccessible

outside the function
 Categories of Functions in C

1. Functions with no arguments and no return value

2. Functions with arguments and no return value

3. Functions with arguments and one return value

4. Functions with no arguments and one return value

5. Functions that return multiple values

1. Functions with no
arguments and no
return value
As the name indicates, these
functions neither take any input
from the main function, nor they
return any value to it.
1. Functions with no
arguments and no
return value
As the name indicates, these
functions neither take any input
from the main function, nor they
return any value to it.
C program with header function that has no arguments and
return value
 C program which accepts roll number, name and age of 5
students. If the age of any student is found to be less than 21
years, a function named remarks prints “Not eligible”
 2. Functions with
arguments and no
return value
These functions receive values
from the calling function. They do
not send back any value to the
calling program.
C program which accepts 5 numbers from the user and print
its square and cube through a function.
 3. Functions with
arguments and one
return value
Such functions receive values
from the calling program through
arguments. They return the result
to the calling program.
 4. Functions with
no arguments and
one return value
Such functions do not get any
input from the calling program
but still provide some value to
it.
 5. Functions that
return multiple
values
Returning multiple values from a
function to the calling program made
possible by making some additions
in the argument list and sending
them back through argument list
itself.
 CC 103 Chapter 1 Activity 2
• Create a C Salary Computation App
• Create 3 additional functions for this app
• The first function is grossSalary, that will
handle the computation of gross salary.
• The second function is salaryDeductions,
that will handle the computation of total
deduction
• The last function is netSalary will be
responsible for computing the net salary.
• The user will input the following (Name,
hour, loan, health insurance)
• Tax (12% of the gross salary) and
rate(500/hr) is fixed)
 Scope of Visibility
• The variables that you declare within the calling function
(say main()) cannot be accessed by function.
• The variables that you declare within the function
remain inaccessible in calling function.
• The variables that you declare in function loose their
identity and value as soon as the function ends. Their
values cannot be retained for utilization.
 1. Automatic
Variables
Automatic variables, are the
variables, which come into existence
,when the function starts and loose
their existence when the function
ends. Their values are inaccessible in
other function.
 1. Automatic
Variables
If you do not qualify the declaration
of a variable, with any storage class,
by default, it will get declared as
automatic.
 2. External
Variables
External variables come into
existence when they are declared
and remain alive till the end of the
program (complete program not only
in the function). Use of extern
keyword.
 2. External
Variables
Without extern keyword as long as
declared outside the functions.
 3. Static Variables

Static variables are the variables,

which remain local to the function.
Their values cannot be accessed
outside the function. They come into
existence till the end of the program.
Recursion
Recursion
 Recursion
• In recursion, a function calls itself repeatedly until some
specified condition is satisfied.
• This process is used for repetitive computation, in which
action of current iteration is framed on the basis of the
result of previous iteration.
 Recursion Sample 1 - C program which we calculate the
factorial of any number with the use of a recursive function.
 Power function

2^3
= 2*2*2
Recursion Sample 2 - C program which accepts base and exponent
from the user and print its power value using the power function.
End of Chapter 1.

Thank you!