Physics

Properties of Learning Unit

Matter I 09
Elasticity
It is the property of the material of
a body by virtue of which the body
opposes any change in its shape
or size, when deforming forces are
applied to it, and regains its
original state as soon as the
deforming forces are removed.

05/23
Plasticity
It is how much an object is permanently deformed after the removal of the
deforming force.

Example: clay

06/23
Stress
The restoring force acting per unit area is called as stress.

Stress = Force/Area

Unit of stress is Nm-2

07/23
Strain
The change in length, volume,
shape of the body per unit of the
original value under the application
of the deforming force is called
strain.

Strain is unit less quantity.

08/23
Hooke’s Law
Under elastic limit, stress is
proportional to strain.

E is called elastic constant or

modulus of elasticity.

Its SI unit is Nm-2 or Pascal.

09/23
Young’s Modulus
It is nothing but the ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain.

Young’s modulus = Longitudinal stress/longitudinal strain

It is represented by the letter ‘E’.

19/23
Bulk Modulus
It is the ratio of volume stress to volume strain.

It is represented by the letter ‘k’.

Bulk modulus = volume stress/volume strain

21/23
Rigidity Modulus
It is ratio of sheer stress to shear strain.

Rigidity modulus= shear stress/shear

strain

It is represented by the letter ‘G’.

Relationship between elastic constants =

E=9kG/(G+3k)

22/23
Why steel is more elastic than rubber?
Yeah! When you apply large amount of deforming force it will get break
but in the case of steel it is not like that. So, ultimately it is the steel which
has more elasticity.

Poisson ratio = lateral strain/longitudinal strain.

20/23
Pressure
The amount of force (thrust) exerted on a surface per unit area is defined
as ‘Pressure’. It can also be defined as the ratio of the force to the area
(over which the force is acting).

Pressure (P) = Thrust/Area

SI unit is Pascal (Pa) or N/m2

11/23
Effect of Altitude and
Temperature on Pressure
Pressure and altitude are inversely
proportional.

Respiratory problems

Pressure and temperature are

directly proportional.

13/23
Density
The density of a substance (d) is defined as the ratio of its mass (M) to its
volume (V).

Density = 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔/𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

Its unit is kg/m³

14/23
Question

Density of water is maximum at

which degree?

4°C

15/23
Relative Density
The relative density is defined as the ratio of the density of the substance
to the density of water at 4°C.
Relative density = 𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆/𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒕 𝟒℃

No unit

Hydrometer

Density order of some common things:

• Gases < Common alcohols < petroleum products < paraffin < rubber
< fresh water < salt water < mercury < most molten metals

16/23
Properties of Learning Unit

Matter II 10
Pascal’s Law
The pressure exerted anywhere at
a point of confined fluid / gas is
transmitted equally and
undiminished in all directions
throughout the liquid.

Examples:

• Hydraulic lift, hydraulic press

and hydraulic brake work on
the basis of pascal law.
04/23
Buoyant Force
When a body is immersed partly or wholly in a liquid, a force acts on the
body by the liquid in the upward direction. This force is called up thrust or
Buoyant force.

Relation between buoyant force and density?

When will a body float?

What happens when the density of the object equals the buoyant force?

06/23
Archimedes’ Principle
When a solid body is immersed wholly or partially in a liquid, there is an
apparent loss in the weight of the body.

This loss in weight is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the
body.

07/23
Capillary Action

08/23
Capillarity
Capillary action (sometimes capillarity, capillary motion, or wicking) is the
ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of any
force and in opposition to external forces like gravity.

09/23
Cohesive Force
The force of attraction between the molecules of same substance is
called cohesive force.

In which state of matter cohesive force is maximum?

This is why solids have a fixed shape.

Mercury

11/23
Adhesive Force
Force of attraction between the
molecules of different substances
is called adhesive forces.

12/23
Examples for Adhesive Forces
Cement and paint sticking to the
wall

Glue sticking to the paper

13/23
Surface Tension
So, the water acts like a thin elastic film. This property is called as
surface tension.

It is due to the attraction of the molecules, which tries to minimize the

surface area.

Unit=N/m

15/23
Viscosity or Viscous Force
The force which opposes the relative motion between different layers of
liquid or gases is called viscous force.

Deca - poise or kg/ms

18/23
Streamline motion

Streamline motion:

• Streamline flow in fluids is defined as the flow in which the fluids flow
in parallel layers such that there is no disruption or intermixing of the
layers and at a given point, the velocity of each fluid particle passing
by remains constant with time.

19/23
Critical Velocity
Critical velocity is the velocity below which the flow of liquid is streamline
and above which it becomes turbulent.

20/23
Did you think anytime why the wings of the
fans are sloped towards downwards?
It is because of Bernoulli's theorem.

It states that pressure is inversely proportional to speed.

They are designed in such a way that the speed is maximum at the top.

So, the pressure decreases

So, the air flows to the top and comes back.

22/23
 Learning Unit

Periodic Motion 11
Classifications of Periodic Motion
Periodic motion

Oscillatory motion Simple harmonic motion

04/14
Oscillatory and Non oscillatory Motion
Oscillatory motion is the periodic motion in which the objects make to and
from movements about a fixed axis.

Simple pendulum, ball connected to a spring, all the musical instruments

are under this category.

Non oscillatory motion is the motion in which an object makes circular

motion again and again in the same period of time.

Earth moves around the sun, fan, clock and so on

05/14
Simple Harmonic Motion
When the force on an oscillatory
object is directly proportional to the
displacement it produces, then it is
called as simple harmonic motion.

Fαd

06/14
Simple Harmonic Motion
When a particle executing SHM
passes through the mean position,
then

• No force acts on the particle

• Velocity is maximum

• Acceleration is zero

• Kinetic energy is maximum

• Potential energy is zero

07/14
Simple Harmonic Motion
When a particle executing SHM is at the
extreme end, then

• Velocity of particle is zero

• Acceleration of the particle is maximum

• Kinetic energy of particle is zero

• Potential energy is maximum

• Restoring force acting on particle is

maximum

08/14
Wave
A wave is a disturbance in a medium that carries energy without a net
movement of particles. It may take the form of elastic deformation, a
variation of pressure, electric or magnetic intensity, electric potential,
temperature or sound.

(or)

Wave is the transfer of the energy between two points without the
transfer the material.

09/14
Components of wave
Components of wave:

• Amplitude Crust
• Wave length

• Time period

• Frequency
Trough

10/14
Amplitude and Wavelength
Amplitude in physics, the maximum displacement or distance moved by a
point on a vibrating body or wave measured from its equilibrium position.

It is equal to one half of the length of the vibration path.

The distance between two successive crusts or trough is called as

wavelength.

It’s symbol is λ

11/14
Time Period and Frequency
Time period is the time taken by the wave to complete one complete
oscillation.

It is represented by the letter T.

Its unit is s.

Frequency is the number of waves travelled per unit time.

It is represented by the letter f.

It’s unit is 1/s.

S-1

12/14
Applications of Simple Pendulum
Used in clocks

Prediction of earthquake

13/14
 Learning Unit
Waves 12
Classification of Waves

Based on the propagation of the medium

Mechanical waves Non mechanical

(Requires medium) wave (Not require
any medium)

Longitudinal waves Transverse waves

03/14
Mechanical Waves
These type of waves require medium for the propagation.

Examples: Sound waves, water waves, waves on a rope and so on

04/14
Non - Mechanical Waves
Waves which do not require medium for their propagation.

These waves can travel even through vacuum

Ex: light

05/14
Longitudinal Waves
In a longitudinal wave, the displacement of the particle is parallel to the
direction of the wave propagation.

This kind of wave is marked by periodic compression and rarefaction.

The primary waves of an earthquake

Ultrasound

The vibration in a spring

The fluctuations in a gas zones, where the medium expands.

06/14
Transverse Waves
In transverse waves too, the particles do not move along with the wave.
They move up and down about their equilibrium positions. Some examples
of transverse waves are:

• Electromagnetic waves

• The waves on a string

• The ocean waves

07/14
Non - Mechanical or Electromagnetic Waves

It is the combination of both electric and magnetic fields. The colours and
light that are visible are under this category.

Maxwell introduced it.

It is does not require any medium to pass through.

They travel through vacuum at a speed of 3×108 m/s.

08/14
Non - Mechanical or Electromagnetic Waves

The types of electromagnetic waves are as follows

• Microwaves

• X-ray

• Radio waves

• Ultraviolet waves

09/14
Electro Magnetic Spectrum Range
As the wavelength increases, energy decreases and also frequency
decreases.

Radiation Range of wavelengths

Gamma 10-16 m-10-10 m

X-rays 10-13 m-10-8 m
UV 10-8-400 nm
Visible light 400 nm-700 nm
Infra-red 700 nm-10-3 m
Microwaves 10-3m-10-1 m
Radio waves 10-1 m-106m

11/14
Electromagnetic Spectrum

12/14