Cambridge Lower Secondary Complete Physics Helen Reynolds PNB: iste} Posner oe ts ot oon Oe eee een ne Ceara OXFORDOo kerboodle Sign up to access your Cambridge erm cette} Reet What is Kerboodle? Kerboodle is a digital ition. Available for ion, itcan help you to: .ssroom experience by highlighting, annotating and zoomingin on specific features For more information, visit: ‘won axfordeecandary com/cambridge-lowersecordary-science Contact your local educational consultant: www.oxfordsecondary.com/contact-usIntroduction 4 ‘Thinking and working scontifially 1 Raking questions ® 2. Panningandcorryingoutinvesgntons 10 2 Calling ana ecorcing ta 2 4 beawing raps “ 5 Analysis 16 6 Bsahation 1s Stage7 ht Whatisenery? 20 1.2 Asking questionsabout ery 2 13 Energy ‘ypes Pa 6 14 Energy transter and dsipaton 115) Gravitaonl potenti nergy and inet energy 8 116 Planning: pendlum metion » 17 elascpotentaleney 2 18 Review » ZL ioduction toforces 35 22 Gravity 8 23 How'aleisgroviy “ 25. Planning artes: eating “ 26 Rovndineuces “6 21 Seundwavesanahow tay rave o 22 Detecting sounds 2 22 Echoes st 34 Review 6 42 Charging 42 Gectriccreuits 44 Modeingelecre cts 45 anges ofeleclty 45 Review aagese 51 Orlane: day and ight 70 52 Ourpanct: seasons a 53. Thenihtsty m 54 cursor System 6 56° Chongingiese ancentastonomy 80 S57 Changing idss2: geocentric model 2 58° Changingideasrmogemasronomy ——O& 59° Usingplanetary data 6 510 Review a stage review oo Stages G1 Speed 2 62. Precsonandaccroey whats the erence? 94 62. Datancesime aphs 96 64 Aeclerationand specie graphs *« G5 Presenting data Fomracing 100 {66 Balanced and unbalanced forces 1 67 Fiction 104 8 changingidess about mation 106 69 Tensionand upthst 108 630 Presenting dats rom springs 0 Sa Levers m 612. Caeuating moments a 612 Cente ofmassandsablty 6 G35 Usingpresue m0 636 Presurintiowas m 617 Pressuein gases za 618. Dison of gases and quis 6 619 Review ne 13 telecast ™ ‘at he = teem Ss panes to teeing cece a 6 hee ” Pe fe Tverd en m= aoe ” Bi ever ce Bete = stages Sa onions Se ereeen ve woe commun eeneay * 2S inap/tanie ce = i hele co sonsaeae oa etree ms Posing spas we suse = aes =Introduction How to use your Student Book Walcome ta your Cambridge Lower Secondary Complete Physics Student Book. Tis book has ‘beet mitten to help youstuy Physics tall thre stages ofthe Cambridge Lower Secondary Science euaticulum framework Mos ofthe unisin this book work ike this: nA « . | Every page stats with the learning objectives forthe unit. The ea linked to the Cambridge Lower Secandary Science curiculum framework ring objectives are ‘Key words are marked in bold, You can checkthe meaning ofthese words inthe glossary at the back ofthe Book «the end ofeach unitthere are questions to test that you understand what you have earned, The frst question's straightforward and later questions are more challenging ‘Tre nuceinne are writen inthe sve ofthe Cambridge Checkpoint test, to help you prepare. ‘Answers are avalible in the Teacher Handbook which s avalable in print and digitally via Kerboodle, 1s The key points to remember from the untae also summarised here. “These units cover the Physics topics in the Cambage Lower Secondary Science curriculum framework Inadeition, many ofthe units helpyou think and work scientifically, pu scene prepareforthe nextlevel, and testyour knowedge. Thinking and working scientifically Thinking and working scientifically animoortant component ofthe curriculum framework. a a The Thinking and working scientifically units and features wll ep you earn © how tounderstand and apply models and representations * theimportance af asking scientific questions and planning.how to answer them + how to carry out enquiries such afl test investigations and field work + how 0 analyse data, dav conclusions, and evaluate your enquiry 1 sorties ourHnking and wring sitet nd trode ae npg nyu ia dada inking wo ikngan waking ceil chapter vich seer ennai gon eyage cen Brew Science context m5) Scenceincontent units wil also — help youlearn Se © how simtss throughout histery and from around the lobe developed theories carried out esearch, end drew eye “conclusions about the world around them - ‘= howscienceis applied in everyday fe = FE)» howitues involving physics ae evaluated N= =| theplabalimpactof theuse of physics. =| vsExtension Throughout his book there ae lots of opportunites to learn even mare about physics beyond thecurriclum famework. These units are called Extension because they extend and develop your since sls further Yeu cantellwhen a question or part of units Extension because tismarked with@ dashed tn, lke the one on the lef Extension nits wl not be part of your assessment, but they wilhelp you prepare for moving conto thernext stag ofthe cutculum and eventually fr Cambridge GCSE Physics. Review [athe end of every chapter an every stage there are review questions. “These questions are writen inthe styleofthe Cambridge Checkpoint test. They arethere to help you review what youhave learnedin that chapter or stage Answers to these questions are tvalabein the Teacher Handbook, The Teacher Handbook s avaiable in print or cigtaly va Kerboodle Introdvetion Reference ‘Atte backo his book, on pages 244-249, here ae information that wil help you while you stud. They clude information on: © ow to choose suitable apraratus © how to work accurately and safely © how tose ammeter and voltmetersety and working Pec A Objectives ‘= Recognise that there are many ways to find answers ‘to questions in science © Understand how to decide ‘ona question to investigate Understand that there aresome questions that selence cannat answer Part of making prediction Isto thinkabout what might happen f your hypothesis wrong, Your investigation should be able to show the diference between acoreect and ‘an incorrect hypothesis. Your conelsion wil say whether the evidence supports, oF does not suppor, your hypothesis. on te ge oh sly tay om bie rl 4 Subiras question canbe ‘answered by doing a for test Asking questions How do scientists answer questions? Weean ask lots of ciffeent questions about the world. Why does the battery {ast longerin some mobile phones than others? What might mobile phones be like in the future? Which mobile pone is best? ‘@ There are questions that scence can answer fe There dre questions that science cannot answer. What makes a question ‘scientific’? Scientists make observations and ask questions such 25, "How do fossil fuels for?" or Why are there are so many diferent animals on Earth?” ‘These are scentife questions ‘scientific question isa question that you can answer by collecting and thinking about data, Data canbe numbers from measurements, oF words from observations. Hypotheses and predictions \When they havea question, scientists may produce a hypothesis. A hypothesis scientific theory or proposed explanation made onthe basis of evidence that can be further tested. A prediction i what you think will happen in the future. Scientists base their predictions on a hypothesis. Then they doan investigation or make further observations to collect data to see ifthe predietionis correct, ‘© Ahypothesisi testable ifyou can {write a prediction based on the hypothesis «© collect data to see whether your preictionis correct. ‘Types of investigation Scientists do investigations to collect data. There are lts of different types of investigation, for example: @ afolrtest #8 asuney orsetof © makinga model ‘observations overtime, © afield study Fair testing Inscience, anything that might change uring an experiments called a variable. The thing that you deliberately change to see whether it affects the outcome ofthe experiments variable. Anything thats afected as 2 result ofyour changes also a variable. “Toki ane working cently In some situations, scientists design an experimentto try to answer their ‘question. Tobe sure of the answer, they must makeit afar test. In afar test the scientists change one variable to find out what effectit has, and they are careful to keep all the other variables the same. In afar test, you change the independent variable, ‘messurethe dependent variable, and keep all the other variables the same, The other varlables are called contral variables. ‘The quantity that you changels the Independent variable. A quantity that changes asa result scaled a dependent variable pelts pad nomp mea ‘© Aplnysical models useful fr very large-scale or small scale systems. You ‘may have used a physical model ofthe Earth andthe Sun oexplain why ‘we have day and night, ‘© Acomputer model uses a computer program to fd answers nT) Eranmendby ating issorobsevetonsel Sree tonto 7 4 Ascattergroph wil shew you ifthere so corelation between two continvous variables. ‘Thinking ané working seenicalty Hyoucollect continuous atain afairest investigation you aetying tend out how one variable affects the other You wil ‘usualy plotaine graph, Inother investigations you ‘may betryingtoseifthere isarelationship between ‘wi variables You wil usually pita scatter graph Aline graph shows the link betwen to variables. You should draw tine of best fit Thisis ane that goes through as many points aspossiblewith roughly equal numbers of points either side of the line Acortelation doesnot ‘ean that one variable affects the other one ‘Something else coule ‘make them bath increase lor decrease atthe same time. For example, fyou plotted thenumber af icecreamssoldinatown ‘each day against the numberof people going to the town swimming pool that day, you would see a correlation, This does rot mean that getting wet makes peopleeatice ‘ream, or that eating ice ‘cream makes people go swimming probably means that on hot days more people want 20 swimming and toeat iceary Prt Petite ) Objectives + Describe how todo an ‘analysis of an investigation + Describe the relationship shown by afferent ines of best fit on graphs itches i ante) ouezeuee «Mass ofsugor which dissolves inwater at afferent temperatures. Analysis Analysing the evidence ‘When you analyse the evidence that you have collected (yourself or from secondary sources) you shoul ‘© describe the trends or patterns that you have worked out from the splay ofyour data a raph, chart or other display) © identify any anomalous results, and suggest reasons forthem {© make aconclusion by interpreting the results ‘© say whether there ae any imitations to your conclusion ‘© say whether your prediction was corect ‘© use your hypothesis or other scientific knowledge to explain your conclusion Finding trends or patterns in graphs and charts ‘Thebar chart shows how much sugar dissolves in water at different ‘temperaturesina certain time, We only have descriptions ofthe temperature, not numbers, so the results are categorie You can describe the trend by saying: ‘As the temperature ofthe woter increases, the mass of sugor thot cssolves ‘Thisis sometimes called the relationship between the variables Line o seater graphs show relationships between continuous variables. When you have ploted the points on alin or cater graph, draw aline of bes fit Inthe graphs below the line ofbest fits shown, but notte points m a “In these graphs, IPA 4 Inthese graphs fA increases then B increoses Increases then B decreases Line or scatter graphs willbe cifferentf there ino relationship or ) science in contoxt “clentsts use wind tunnels to experiment andfind the best shape for vehicles. Streamlined . cats useless tel Using air resistance Aireesitance can be very useful for slowing things down. A parachute increases the area that iin contact wth the ag, and therefore increases the air resistance. For example, rocket cars use parachutes to brake, «Smoke shows the path farina wind tunnel Aireestance depends on the speed of the object se # the sea of the abject. ss A parachute slows down 0 cor ‘Acraft have flaps that are spread to slow down the aircraft when t lands, -Averftdecigners think carchuly about how to reduce air resistance in flight and use ton landing. matt 4 Ina vacuum ol objects ol ‘tthe some rate ‘sthepaechatst Sodas. nee Without porachute the parachutist will reach a high, steady speed. gs fall faster? When we se thingsfallon the Earth, thea feather ora hammer, the heavier otyect he hammer falls faster. This because of resistance it Fesstance affects the motign ofthe feather much more than the motion of the nammsr. Ifthere sro air thereis a vacuum, sono airesistance. theres na alt Fesstanco all cbjects fal at the samerate. (@) Key points ' Airesisance depends conthespeedol the object andits area in contact with heat ‘© Theshape of streamlined objects reduces air or water Ip 1972,2n astronaut cok a feather and a hammer to the moon, where there ignoair and dropped them together. The feather and the hammer htthe ound. the amotmo, 2. Garmanufacturers put cars in wind tunnels to help them to design «Parachutes increase ir Streamlined cars resistance, socanslow €, Explain whats meant by ‘streamline! ‘down movingobjets Bb, write down which object would experience more sircesstance-2 | | tthereisnoairina Streamlined car travelling slowly ora lorry travelling fast. Explain vacuum then heels your answer, no airresitance. 2% Explain why a tennis ball and a cricket ball dropped together wit hit | | & inavacuum,allobjcts ‘he ground at about the same time, even though the cricket balls falltowardsthe Earth at Heavier. Assume that they are about the same size, thesamerateSud Poh ti 4 Preity 2.5 Objectives {Describe how to plan an investigation to test an idea in science «© Describehow towritea conclusion + Describe how to write an evaluation ita te pay inceoendent variables ae: + ene shape ofthe ay + the mance of clay + the vebanue of water in the eytinder + the tamper of te Planning fair tests: Streamlining ‘Asking questions Kasi waswatchinga fim about Golphins The dolphins haveto stim = fasttocate ich, She wondered what affects how fst tings can move through wate. Kasini decided to make different objects outo clay and drop them into ‘cylinder of wate, She could time how long they took to hit the bottom, Making a hypothesis and prediction asin had learned that engineers design cars and aeroplanestobe as Streamlined as possible to reduce drag She use tis information tomake a prediction based on a hypothesis ‘have desided to investigate now the shape of the ebjert affeats how tong i toes to fall rough wate. Making a plan and choosing equipment ‘Thisiskasins plan | avn going to investigate how Long it aes afferent apes of clay tavenen the bottom of the opine of water | wi male afferent chapes from the same anuount of slay, Thes rete shops hive chosen come ou, spre, cylinder euboi il me haw tong i toes for the ape to tthe Beton wit a stopootoh illite my vst eae “his is Uist of my equipnents + alavge measuring sylinder + Modeling elay + astpntch + abalance + amuanwing jeg nr gf _ Writing a conclusion Kasini completed her investigation and wrote down her results She concluded thatthe evidence did support her hypothesis, and that her prediction was core. However, Kasni worried that the data were not very good because it was hard to see when t start and stop the stopuaten, Sie asked her friend Nadia. Nadia said that Kasinihad not taken enough measurements, so she could not be sue that her measurements were ‘correc. The measurement forthe cone shape could be an anomalous result because of a mistake. Naga also said that there shouldbe a graph and evaluation, asin wrote this for her evaluation: “Toineprove this experiment would fd a better nuthod of ting, lie using vides camera would repeat the experiant eoveral } rues foreach chap, {would lok for maoncalous rezults ana vent thane Then (would find the mann This would wake iy data more ORS 4, Copy an complete thistle to explain why Kasin need each piece of equipment IBbage measuring ofinder “Modeling ay “Rstopaten ‘Rosine [Rimessring 2 Name theindependent cependen, and contro variables inthis investigation Use asin ist to ei you 3 Whathas Kasini missed out of her rests tle? 4. plain why repeating the measurements wl produce beter data (ie dasa Tne ore oar ar a «+ Here is Kasin’s results ie tes po a ohare ees beat my dave Fee rset an evolution sows how colette dat rot Bate cspeimert ahr or coser epeargmessremescnves Bites onometns ests : (G) Key points ‘© Aplanineludes your hypothesis and prediction, equipment, and amethod. ‘= Aconclusion says what yyouhavefound out, ‘whether it matches your prediction, and ‘whether it supports your hypothesis. = Anevaluation includes what you would do to get better data next tine.Round in circles A force that changes direction Forces can change the shape, speed r direction of motion of an object. ‘Ammonis pushing a tiolley. The diagram shows how Ammon applies force Objectives ee tothe rote. + Descibewhatismeantby He tie will ove ina straight tne, But what wil happen # Ebon aces ats oe fo The force will change the direction ofthe motion. «Explain why some objects The trolley will start to movein a cicl, movein circles Explain why some objects rmovein orbits Centripetal force Cone of the throwing events in athletics i the hammer throw. The hammer thrower swings the hammer a big metal ball around her head ona wie andthen etsitgo. Imagine taking pictures rom above asthe hammer thrower i swinging the bal. in your first picture, the ballis 4 liscalled a centripetal force. a Friction between the tyres ‘and road exerts force to ‘make a cargo oreund comes in the wie, which has changed the direction of motion. she ets go ofthe bal then it will move ina rection thats tangent tothe cicle _Aorce that keeps an object movingin accel «+ Forthe ballon the wire, the centripetal force provided by the tension 1s Thebollmoves ina circle because the wire pls on the ball thewire «+ For carson. curveon the road, the centripetal fore is provided by friction between the tyres and the oad. ‘The centripetal force is always directed towards the centre olthe circle. This means thatthe force always at right angles tothe direction of motion ofthe abject. Centripetal forces in space ‘The Earth and other planets orbit the Sun. The Moon orbits the Earth tie a natural satellite. The Earth also has artifice satellites put into orbit for communication and for studying the surface ofthe Earth 4 Asatellte needs the force of gravity to Stayin orbit around the Eorth ‘The centripetal force that keeps the Moon and satelites in ori inorbit around other planets, such as Jupiter, ‘Communication and other satelite systems, like GPS, have changed peoples’ lives, usually for thebetter, However there are lots ‘fold satelites and other space junk? now oxbiting the Earth. They pose a riskto other satellites oF when they eventually fall totheEarth! © Theforethat keeps 2, Write down what is meant by centripetal fore. something moving ina 2 Acantripoal force is needed to keep a cyclist movingonan arco 8 cicelsthecentipetal Giles she goes around a corner. What provides that farce? fore J. Theltoon orbits the Earth, # Thecentipetaforcecan '. Namete foc that keeps the Moon in orbit around tre Earth be provided by forces ‘Imagine that thie force was suddenly switched oft Describe what suchas gravity, ction, ‘ould happen athe Moon ortension I hssudent:2)s that there cannot be any force acting on satelite © Planets, moons, and Hels moving ota steady speed in obit. Is she right? Expain your satelite stayin obi answer, because of gravity1. Some forces need contact, and others at ata distance. Give the letters af the non-contact fores: a As friction 8 avity © lrresistance 1 magnetism 2, Match the words tothe definitions a ‘mass force eto planet or moon weight region nwhich an object experiences force field amount of matter wetht Test a. Write down the labelon the upward arrow. [3] b. Describe the ather two force arrows that should be added tthe diagram. tn Ldentty whch ofthe three forces youhave eseribed are contact forces and hich are non-contact frees. a | Which ofthese statements about mass and ‘weights rare correct? There may be more than one. a [A Weights measured in lograms. BB Mass is measured in tlograms. © Weightis force 1D Massis measured in newtons. 5. On the Eart,a person with amass of TOkghas 9 ‘weight of 7001, Which ofthe folowing satementsisor ae correct? ir) 1k the person were on a more massive planet theireight wil be large. B iftheirweighton a planet is 3008, itmesns that the gravitational il there is stronger than on the Earth ¢ Aplanet with a weaker gravitational field ‘would make their weight small Aplanet witha stronger gravitational fel ‘would make theirmass biggt 6. Alan Shepherd was thefith person to walk onthe ‘Moon. He took a golf club and ball and hit the bal ‘Thebal went alot further than it would onthe Earth, Give two reasons why. 1. Scientists are planning a mission to take ‘astronauts to Mars. Suppose an astronaut has a mass of65kgn the Earth The grvitationa eld ‘Strength on Earth is 10N/kg and on Mars is 37g, ‘a. Calculate the astronaut's weight on Earth. 'b. Describe and explain what wil be the same and what will be ifferent about their weight oy co) land mass when they goto Mas. io 8. a. Explainwhy ideas about gravity from hundreds of years ago were rediscovered’ ater. a b. Explain why an idea in science might change a ‘9, The table shows some information about Jupiter and one of ts moons 0 ‘astronaut has amass. of 100k Compare theirwelghton Jupiterandio. (3 me TE 3 : 18 1 7 - 20, Astudent investigates streamlining, 2, Defne'streamiined! a He makes three different shapes using modeling, clay and times how longeach shape takesto ‘each the bottom of atank of water Here are his results. 14 an 29 13 20 21 13 28 oe i b, Identify the anomalous result in his data, (2) <: Caleulatethe average time or shape, (1) 4. List the shapes in order of most to least, streamlined. Explain your answer. oy Give two contro variablesin this Investigation. ry {. Describe and explain the typeof graph the student needs to plot. BI &. Another student says thatthey have made ashape thattakes 4.6seconds to reach the bottom ofa tank. ‘Suggest hy the fist student might not be M5 abletovuse this result a Explain why a streamlined ar uses ssl thon fitwerenotsteamlined. Use these words in your answer thrust air resstance, ir patices. force. 4 {132 Aboy connects bal oa piece ofstringand | whisitinavertica cele, asshowninthe diagram bon orees 1. Copy the diagam and add an arrow to show the force keeping the ball moving in thecirle uy Describe whatwould happen tothe ball ifthe string suddenly broke. a) upiter’smoons noveina cicle around Jupiter. : Name the force keeping them moving inacirce a 4, Describe whatwould happen to the ‘maons ifthe ferce was suddenly removed. a 13. Copyand complete these sentences about the force of ac resistance using these words vacuum force particles same ‘4 When an object moves through the iy, ir collide witht. This produces a that sous down the object. Ina there are no air particles, 50 all, objects fallat the ate 14, Describe a situation in which arresistance’is sel a 15, When a diving biel is about to enter water, it foldsits wings clese to its body, sothey aenot injured when it hits the water Explain the other fect this action has. Bre Sound waves and how they travel Making sounds Objectives ‘Describe how sound waves ate produced + Explain how sound waves travel ‘© explain why sound waves donot travel through a ‘The skin ana drum vbrotes to * When you playa guitar you produce sound. make te strings vibrate = _ When you make music on instruments or sing, you are making things vibrate to produce sound. Sound transfers energy trom souree suchas 2 ‘rum toe detector such as your ear What is a sound wave? Phones and televisions contain loudspeakers. you put polystyrene beads ona loudspeaker cone they bounce up and SG —_0010-THsshows ate con vbatswhenitmakes sound wave 1 Thevibrating cone makes the ar particles next tit vibrate 1 hen the layer of ar next tothe loudspeaker vibrates, it makes the next layer of ale particles vibrate ‘The sound wave produced moves through the arto your ear {The air itself daes not travel away fromthe cone. ‘You cannot see ar particles moving butyou can make a model ofa sound wave usinga Slinky spring, fyou move the end forwards and backwards, the cols move together and then apart as the wave moves along the Slinky. ‘The individual coils de not travel othe end, but the wave does 1 Polystyrene beods bounce ‘ona spedkercaneto show th tis ibreting. ve 1 Yu can mace sound wave with oink spring The same thing happens othe air partclesina souné wave. Where the ar patiles ar close togetheritis called compression, Where they are further apart itis called a rarefaction. What can a sound wave travel through? Sound waves need a material, or medium, to travel through, such asa, ‘water, oF walls. The vibrating source produces a soundwave that makes the particles the medium vibrate backwards and forward as the wave pases Ifthe sound wave reaches your ear you hear a sound. ‘You can hear sounds when you are underwater Animaissch as dolphins and swale communicate over ver arge distances by making and hearing sounds, someone stalking loudly in the nextroom you will pobably hear them, * Mony animals because sound travels through solid materials like wal’. communicote by sending ® sound through water. ys a nano ee -Aveave transfers energy without transferring {Longitudinal waves can be made ona Slinky longitudinal wave spring by moving your hand in and out + Thecols ofthe Slinky springmovetoandfro hand Inthe somedrection asthelongitudinal wave! ‘straveling ‘Sound waves and some types of earthquake I ave are longitudinal waves ‘Transverse waves can be made on a rope by seamen wave Mosngyour ond pond owmintend fin nd — + Theparicesortneropemcetigncongestovotedreciont GENTS femal otie nove Siam estan wavs madebyansat ot matches s eduare ace Pomiccsnnce Thepelemovepanddomarbewoe’ movsalng, | , vests (®) Questions a by particles vine A Yurvocalconsandautseaterconbothproucesund.Nane | | « Sendo their sprces of sound woes imansenécloesn 2 Blan sur conot vv ough avaciom oon Breen trouhaveonmDetecting sounds ‘Your ear and microphone both detec sounds The human ear You can only see a small par of your ear, called the plana, when you lookat itin the mirror. Your ear has pars inside that detect sounds and send signals toyour brain Objective * Describe how the ear detects sound Having two ears helpsyou workout where sounds come from, Sounds rach ‘© Explainhow yourhearing your ears ateiferent times 50 you can locate the source ofthe sound canbe damaged ere rieese ner ear = Describehow a = rierophone works ' Aunlerophone detects sound. «+ The ear has parts inside that allow you t hear ‘The outer ear gathers the sound wave and diectsit down the auditory canal othe eardrum. Once there i makes the eardrum vibrate, and this ‘makes the ossicles vibrate ‘The ossicles make up the middle ear. They are the smallest bones in your body They pass the vibration ont the aval window, 2ndthen the inner ‘The inner ears made up ofthe semicireular canals and the cochlea, “The semicircular canals help you to balance. ‘The cochlea is curled ike a snail shell, and contains fu When the oval window vibrates transmits the vibration to the fu. “The vibrating fluid makes hair inthe cochlea vibrate The hairs are connected to sound detecting cls ‘The cells release chemicals that produce a signal that travels down the auelitory nerve to yourbrain. ‘Your brain proceses the signal and you hear the sound, “sand so does youre. -_ You can find out more about specialised cells lke sound-detectingcelisin your Cambridge Lower Secondary Complete Biology Student book Hearing loss Your ear contains delicate tructuresineluding the tiny ossicle bones and thin membranes of the oval window and eardrum. There are many ways in hich these structures can be damaged, affecting your hearing 1 Loud sounds, fhe the music ‘atconcers, can damage the cordrum, ‘= Loud sounds can destroy the sound detecting cllsin the coches, ‘causing permanent hearing loss ‘Pressure changes can perforate (make ale in) your eardrum. ‘The hole will usually heal in afew weeks or months ‘»Earsnaturally produce waxto clean themselves but too much can affect your hearing, tis ver easy to remove excess wax ‘= Ifyouhave an ear infection, uid can be produced around the small bones. Thisinteferes with the transfer ofthe ‘sound wavefom the outer eto the inner ear ‘Head injuries can affect the auditory nerve, which will affect yur ability to hear propery. ‘Older people donot hear high-pitched sounds as well as younger people. Some people wear hearing ids to improve thet hearing, aphagm «Like your er, o microphone produces an electrical signal from a sound weve Microphones and loudspeakers -Amicrophone i 2 type of transducer -itconvertsa sound wave into an electrical signa, The human ea isthe body's microphone. ‘The microphone contains diaphragm, which sa flesible plate. Sound waves make the diaphragm move backwards and forwards ike an eardrum. This movement produces an electrical signal that can be amplified and sent ‘aa loudspeaker, or recorded, ‘Themembranes and bones ofyour middle car tranaerthe vibration of sound wauefrom your ‘outer to your inne ea, Yourinnercarconvers thesound waveinto ‘anelecticalsignathat oes toyour bain. ‘Loud soundscan ‘damage yourhearing ‘Amicrophone produces anelectrical signal thatallowsustomake recordings of ound. loudspeaker s 2 another type of transducer it converts the electrical sigalitu a suurd wave. The eletical signal makes the cone vibrate, 20 tear particles move backwards and forwards to make a sound wave. () Questions 4. a. Explain why itcan be dangerous to puta sharp objectinto your ear , Suggest which part of your earis affected by ear wax. 2. a. Write down one similarity and one siflerence between the ear and the microphone. . Write down which part ofa microphone is tke the eardrum. 3. Astudent says'a microphoneisa bitlike a loudspeaker in reverse: Da yor agree? Exlain your answerEchoes What is an echo? INyoustoad ina very big cave and shouted, you would hear an echo of your voica The sound wave spreads Dut and reflects off suraces like the wall ofthe cave. Sound travels relatively slowly, so there isa time Objective © Describe how echoes reformed Gelay between your shout and the ‘© Explain how echoescan echo you hear when the sound wave beused byhumansand jg eflected from the cave walls ‘a Coves have walls that elect ————— Problems with echoes cae Echoes can be a nuisance inside large rooms such as cinemas an theatres. F ‘The sound waves reflect offal the surfaces, and echoes can last for several ‘seconds, nuddying the sound. Thsis called reverberation. Cinema walls ‘and eelngs are covered with af, sound-absorbing matelasto absorb (sing sound Fa ttumans and animals make use of sound that we cannot hear, called tltrasound (sound waves with a frequency higher than 20000 He) ‘The word!sonar comes om sound navigation and ranging, Sonar fused by submarines for navigating underwater, and by ships fr measuring the depth ofthe water. The ship hasan underwater loudspeaker (a transmitter) that procuces pulses ofultrasound. Beams. ultrasound waves are more focused than beams of auble sound, and they wilt be confused with ‘sounds nade by people, animals, o other boats. 2 Sound canbe used t0 work fut the depth ofthe sea. ‘The ultrasound waves travel through the water and reflect off objects such as ocksar the seabed, The echoes returing tothe ship are detected by Underwater microphones the receiver). The sonar device uses the tine ofthe echo being received to work out the depth ofthe water. Far example, a boat detects an echo from the sea bed after 1 second, “The sped of sound in water's 1500s, How deep the sea? tt takes 1 second forthe wave to reach the sea bed and come back again, so the times cvided by Distance speed «time 2 = 15004 =1s00xb =150m, Fshermen can use sonar tofind ish. Finding the stance toan ‘oaject in this ways called echolocation, ‘5 and the location of sh ‘Animal echotation ‘Animals such as whales and dolphins use echolation ‘more than they use sight. It enables them to find food ‘or recognise thie family members even itis darkor the water is na very clear. ‘The dolphin makes a series of licking sounds, 1 The sound reflects off fish {The dolphin detects the echoes and uses the time to work out the lacation ofthe fish Sound travels much faster in water than in ait. Dolphins {and whales can communicate over very (ong distances. MY Ultrasound scanning Wie cannot hear ultrasound, butts very useful. Pregnant women should not have xrays because X-rays could harm both the fetus and the mother, Instead doctors use ultrasound to check the development ofthe fetus. The rasdicertansmisulvasoundwavesinothe woman Utresound * Batsnd the dtocet2 ves oe reed by he boundovesboween ot tse wel 9 Fromsard sucesso one The Vanefucer detects the echo ard uses thie dt tocatuae wee te boundary akira of pictures itis possible to build up a tree-dimensional picture ofthe baby 4 Anultrasound Image ofa fetus 3. Explain why you need to use half the time taken fran echo tobe detected when you ae doing caleulations of distance 3. Sound travels at 230m nai takes L.Ssto detect the echo from a bulding, Calculate the distance tothe bullting. tint Remember thatthe time ifr the journey there and back) . 2. Explain why dolphins can find food at greater distances than bas. 3. Avoman is having an ultrasound scan Ultrasound tavels at 1500m/sinside the body. The ultrasound tvansmittersends outa . Pulse of ultrasound waves, which are reflected from atissue surface 75cm away, Calculate the length of time before the echo is received (bint e careful with units!) 1 Anechoisarefectionof sound, Humens and animals useechoesta locate and ident objectsor prey Usrasound very high frequency soundthat canbeused tomake an Image ofafetus.