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Application of Definite Integrals. Areas of Plane Regions

DETAILED DESCRIPTION:
Definite integrals are used to solve various problems. One of the usual applications is the
calculation of the area of a plane region bounded by curves. This chapter presents different
types of regions and gives the methods to calculate their areas. Formulas of definite integrals
are given for curves expressed analytically, expressed by parametrical equations, as well as for
curves given in the polar coordinate system. To construct the curves, the software programs
GeoGebra Classic or Desmos Graphing Calculator, or others, can be used. Students can check
their solutions with the integral calculator (https://www.integral-calculator.com/) that also
constructs graphs of the integrand and the antiderivative.
AIM: to explore the methods of calculation of the area of plane regions of different types.

1. Students understand the geometrical meaning of the definite integral.

2. Students can calculate the area of plane regions enclosed by curves.
3. Students distinguish the cases if a region must be divided into two or more parts.

Prior Knowledge: basic rules of integration and differentiation; Newton-Leibniz formula;

properties of functions; the construction of graphs of functions; algebra and trigonometry
formulas.
Relationship to real maritime problems: Calculation of the area of various specific construction
parts is one of the core questions in shipbuilding. However, the shapes are so complex that
mostly numerical calculations are used. Calculation of the area of a region is part of solving
physics problems: for instance, to detect the pressure that is applied to an object it is necessary
to calculate the area of the object’s surface.

Content
1. Area under the graph of a function
2. Area between two curves
3. The problem of the compound region
4. Area under a parametric curve
5. Curve in a polar coordinate system
6. Exercises
7. Solutions

Areas of Plane Regions

1. Area under the graph of a function
The definite integral was introduced as a tool for calculation of the area of a given region. If the region
is bounded by the graph of a continuous function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) on the interval [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏], two vertical lines 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎
and 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑏𝑏, and 𝑥𝑥-axis, we can calculate the area 𝑆𝑆 under the graph of the given function
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𝒃𝒃

𝑺𝑺 = � 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒂𝒂

Example 1.1

Calculate the area of the region bounded by the function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, vertical straight lines 𝑥𝑥 =
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
− , 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 = , and 𝑥𝑥-axis.
3 3

Solution Let us construct the graph (see figure 1.1) and let us express the integral

Figure 1.1
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
3 3 𝜋𝜋
𝜋𝜋
𝑆𝑆 = � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2 � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 �� 3 = 2𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 − 0 = √3
3
𝜋𝜋 0 0
− 3

We notice that this integral has symmetric integration boundaries and cosine function is an
even function, so the interval was halved.

Example 1.2 Find the area of the plane region bounded by 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 − 1)3 + 1, 𝑥𝑥 = 0.5, 𝑥𝑥 = 2, and

𝑦𝑦 = 0.

Solution The region is bounded by two vertical lines = 0.5, 𝑥𝑥 = 2 , 𝑥𝑥-axis, and the cubic
parabola (see figure 1.2).

Figure 1.2

Thus, the area of the region is

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2 2 2

𝑆𝑆 = �((𝑥𝑥 − 1)3 + 1)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �(𝑥𝑥 − 1)3 𝑑𝑑(𝑥𝑥 − 1) + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =

0.5 0.5 0.5

(𝑥𝑥 − 1)4 2 1 1
= + 𝑥𝑥� = +2− − 0.5 ≈ 1.73
4 4 64
0.5

If the function has a break point that separates the interval of integration into subintervals where the
function has only positive and only negative values, we need to integrate the function separately on
every such subinterval, taking the absolute value of the result.

Example 1.3 Calculate the area of the region enclosed by 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑥𝑥, 𝑥𝑥 = 0.5, 𝑥𝑥 = 2, 𝑦𝑦 = 0.

Solution The graph shows that the function has negative values in the interval [0.5,1] and
positive values in the interval [1,2] (see figure 1.3). Therefore, we will separate the intervals.

Figure 1.3

We split the integral into two parts to calculate the area of the region
2 1 2

𝑆𝑆 = �|𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑥𝑥|𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � � 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥� + � 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

0.5 0.5 1

Let us evaluate the corresponding indefinite integral by applying the method of integration by
parts
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑥𝑥, 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 � = 𝑥𝑥𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑥𝑥 − � = 𝑥𝑥𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑥𝑥 − + 𝐶𝐶
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = , 𝑣𝑣 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥2
Now we use this antiderivative for the calculation of area 𝑆𝑆 according to the Newton-Leibniz
formula

𝑥𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑆𝑆 = �𝑥𝑥𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑥𝑥 − �� + �𝑥𝑥𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑥𝑥 − �� =
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 0.5 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 1
1 1 2 1
= �𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 1 − − 0.5𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 0.5 + � + 2𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 2 − − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 1 + =
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 2𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2
1 1 1
=� − �+2− ≈ |−0.22| + 0.56 ≈ 0.78
2 2𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2
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Example 1.4 At what value of the upper limit 𝑏𝑏 is the integral equal to 4?
𝑏𝑏
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
� =4
4√𝑥𝑥
1

Solution We calculate the integral

𝑏𝑏
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝑏𝑏 1
� = ∙ 2√𝑥𝑥� = �√𝑏𝑏 − 1�
4√𝑥𝑥 4 1 2
1

We solve the equation

1
�√𝑏𝑏 − 1� = 4
2
√𝑏𝑏 − 1 = 8

√𝑏𝑏 = 9; 𝑏𝑏 = 81
Answer The upper limit of the integral should be 𝑏𝑏 = 81.

2. Area between two curves

If functions 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) are continuous functions over the interval [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] and 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ≥ 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) for all
arguments 𝑥𝑥 ∈ [𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] then area 𝑆𝑆 of the region between the curves 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) in this interval is
expressed by the integral
𝒃𝒃

𝑺𝑺 = �(𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) − 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙))𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒂𝒂

Figure 2.1
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Example 2.2 Find the area of a plane region bounded by two curves 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 2

Solution We construct the graphs of given functions (see figure 2.2). To detect the integration
interval, we need to calculate the coordinates of the projection of the region on the 𝑥𝑥-axis.

Figure 2.2

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2
�
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 2
𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 0
The equation has two roots

𝑥𝑥1 = −1, 𝑥𝑥2 = 2

Considering that the parabola is the lower curve, the area is
2
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3 2 8 1 1
𝑆𝑆 = �(𝑥𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + 2𝑥𝑥 − � = 2 + 4 − − + 2 − = 4.5
2 3 3 2 3
−1 −1

3. The problem of the compound region

We will investigate the case of the region bounded by more than two curves. Let it be bounded by
curves 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥), 𝑧𝑧(𝑥𝑥) (see figure 3.1).
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Figure 3.1

There are given two upper functions 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑧𝑧(𝑥𝑥) and one lower function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥). We determine the
intersection points of graphs that define two separate regions with different intervals of projection
[𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏] and [𝑏𝑏, 𝑐𝑐] (see figure 3.2).

Figure 3.2

We compose two integrals to solve the problem of the area

𝑏𝑏 𝑐𝑐

𝑆𝑆 = �(𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) − 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + �(𝑧𝑧(𝑥𝑥) − 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑎𝑎 𝑏𝑏

Example 3.1 Calculate the area of a region enclosed by the curve 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 and two lines
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 3, 𝑦𝑦 = 0.

Solution

The figure 3.3 shows several closed regions. We find the region that is enclosed by the curve
and exactly two lines, where one of the lines is the 𝑥𝑥-axis (see the coloured region).
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Figure 3.3

Now our solution has the following steps:

Step 1. Determine the boundaries of integration

𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 1 = 0; 𝑥𝑥 = 1
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − 3 = 0; 𝑥𝑥 = 3
The boundaries are given by the interval [1, 3].

Step 2.

Calculate the point of intersection of the curve and the line 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 3.

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 1
�
𝑦𝑦 = 3 − 𝑥𝑥

3 − 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 1

𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 − 2 = 0
The equation has two roots 𝑥𝑥 = −1; 𝑥𝑥 = 2. The point 𝑥𝑥 = 2 belongs to the interval [1, 3].

Step 3. To calculate the area of the region it is necessary to break up the interval of boundaries
into two parts

[1, 3] = [1, 2] + [2, 3]

and set up two integrals of two different upper functions
2 3
2
𝑆𝑆 = �(𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + �(3 − 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 2

Step 4. Calculate the area

2 3
2
𝑆𝑆 = �(𝑥𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + �(3 − 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
1 2

𝑥𝑥 3 2 𝑥𝑥 2 3 8 1 9 5
2
= − 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥� + 3𝑥𝑥 − � = − 4 + 2 − + 1 − 1 + 9 − − 6 + 2 =
3 2 3 3 2 6
1 2
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Example 3.2 Calculate the area of a region enclosed by 𝑦𝑦 = √𝑥𝑥, 3𝑥𝑥 − 5𝑦𝑦 − 12 = 0, 𝑦𝑦 = 0.

We will calculate the area of the given region in two different ways.

Solution 1

Step 1. Construct the given region.

Figure 3.4

Step 2. Detect the boundaries of the integrals. Figure 3.4 presents the compound region whose
area will be calculated as the sum of two integrals. The first integral is defined in the interval
[0, 4] because the point 𝑥𝑥 = 4 is the 𝑥𝑥-intercept of the straight line. The boundaries of the
second integral are [4, 9]. We can find the upper bound x=9 by solving the system of equations

𝑦𝑦 = √𝑥𝑥
� 3𝑥𝑥 − 12
𝑦𝑦 =
5
5√𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑥 − 12

25𝑥𝑥 = 9𝑥𝑥 2 − 72𝑥𝑥 + 144

9𝑥𝑥 2 − 97𝑥𝑥 + 144 = 0

16
𝑥𝑥 = 9; 𝑥𝑥 =
9
Point 𝐵𝐵 has coordinates 𝐵𝐵(9, 3)

Step 3. Set up integrals

4 9 3 3
3𝑥𝑥 − 12 𝑥𝑥 �2 4 𝑥𝑥 �2 9 3𝑥𝑥 2 12𝑥𝑥 9
𝑆𝑆 = � √𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � �√𝑥𝑥 − � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � + � − + � =
5 3� 3� 10 5 4
0 4 2 0 2 4
2 3 12
= ∙ 27 − ∙ 65 + ∙ 5 = 10.5
3 10 5
Solution 2

We solved the problem by the calculation of two integrals. If we turn the construction with 𝑥𝑥-
axis up, we can express the given functions as functions with respect to the argument 𝑦𝑦
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5𝑦𝑦 + 12
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑦𝑦 2 ; 𝑥𝑥 =
3

Figure 3.5

Point 𝐵𝐵 has coordinates (9, 0) (see figure 3.5). The boundaries on the 𝑦𝑦-axis are [0, 3].
Therefore, we can set up a simpler integral
3
5𝑦𝑦 + 12 5𝑦𝑦 2 𝑦𝑦 3 3 9
𝑆𝑆 = � � − 𝑦𝑦 2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = + 4𝑦𝑦 − � = 5 ∙ + 12 − 9 = 10.5
3 6 3 6
0 0

4. Area under a parametric curve

Parametric equations are used to describe many different types of curves. Circle, ellipse, cycloid, and
hypocycloid are some of the best-known curves that can be expressed parametrically. To calculate the
area under the curve, we modify the area formula by substitution.

The area of a region 𝑆𝑆 enclosed by function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), two vertical lines 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑏𝑏 and 𝑥𝑥-axis can be
calculated by the formula
𝑏𝑏

𝑆𝑆 = � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑎𝑎

If the function is described by 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡) and 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦(𝑡𝑡) and the parameter 𝑡𝑡 runs between 𝑡𝑡1 and 𝑡𝑡2
where

𝑎𝑎 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡1 ); 𝑏𝑏 = 𝑥𝑥(𝑡𝑡2 )
We substitute
𝒕𝒕𝟐𝟐 𝒕𝒕𝟐𝟐

𝑺𝑺 = � 𝒚𝒚(𝒕𝒕)𝒅𝒅(𝒙𝒙(𝒕𝒕)) = � 𝒚𝒚(𝒕𝒕)𝒙𝒙′(𝒕𝒕)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒕𝒕𝟏𝟏 𝒕𝒕𝟏𝟏
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Example 4.1 Calculate the area of an ellipse.

Solution

The ellipse is symmetric with respect to its axes. Therefore, we calculate the area of the
fourth part of the ellipse (see figure 4.1)

Figure 4.1

Parametric equations of the ellipse are

𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
� 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏

We calculate
𝑎𝑎
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑆𝑆 = 4 � 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝜋𝜋 �=
𝑥𝑥1 = 0, 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑡𝑡1 = ; 𝑥𝑥2 = 𝑎𝑎, 𝑡𝑡2 = 0
0 2
𝜋𝜋
0 0 2
1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝑡𝑡
= −4 � 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 0
2 2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
2 2 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
𝜋𝜋
= 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑2𝑡𝑡 = 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎�� 2 − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎2𝑡𝑡�� 2 = 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
2
0 0 0 0

5. Curve in a polar coordinate system

The curvilinear sector is given by the function 𝑟𝑟 = 𝑟𝑟(𝜑𝜑) and two rays 𝜑𝜑 = 𝛼𝛼; 𝜑𝜑 = 𝛽𝛽. To calculate the
area of this sector we apply the formula
𝜷𝜷
𝟏𝟏
𝑺𝑺 = � 𝒓𝒓𝟐𝟐 (𝝋𝝋)𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝟐𝟐
𝜶𝜶
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Figure 5.1

Example 5.1 Find the area inside the cardioid 𝑟𝑟 = 2 + 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐.

Solution

The shape of the given cardioid is represented in figure 5.2

Figure 5.2

Polar axis is the symmetry line of the cardioid. We create the integral for half of the region
where the angle changes from 0 to 180°. The area of this region is
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
1
𝑆𝑆 = 2 ∙ �(2 + 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �(4 + 4𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝜑𝜑)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
2
0 0
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
1
= 4 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 4 � 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + �(1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝜑𝜑)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
2
0 0 0

1 1 𝜋𝜋
= �4𝜑𝜑 + 4𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝜑𝜑 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2𝜑𝜑�� = 4.5𝜋𝜋
2 4 0

6. Exercises

𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
1. Calculate the area of the region between the curve 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 and 𝑥𝑥-axis in the interval � , �.
6 4

2. Calculate the area of a region enclosed by straight lines 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 − 6 = 0, and 𝑥𝑥-axis.
3. Calculate the area between two curves 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 and 𝑦𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥𝑥 2 .
4. Calculate the area enclosed by 𝑦𝑦 = 0.5𝑥𝑥 , 𝑦𝑦 = 0.5𝑥𝑥√1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 , 𝑥𝑥 = −2 and 𝑦𝑦-axis.
5. Calculate the area under one arc of the cycloid
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𝑥𝑥 = 2(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
�
𝑦𝑦 = 2(1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
6. Calculate the area of one petal of the polar rose 𝑟𝑟 = 4𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3𝜑𝜑.

7. Solutions

𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
1. Calculate the area of the region between the curve 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 and 𝑥𝑥-axis in the interval � , �.
6 4

Solution

We construct the curve and vertical lines (see figure 7.1).

Figure 7.1

The function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 has positive and negative values over the given interval. To calculate
the area of the region it is necessary to divide the interval into two parts. The 𝑥𝑥-intercept
of the function is 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋. We compose two integrals to calculate the area
5𝜋𝜋
𝜋𝜋 4 𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋
𝑆𝑆 = 𝑆𝑆1 + 𝑆𝑆2 = � 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + ��� 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 �� = −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 �� 𝜋𝜋 + |−𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐|� 4 =
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 6 𝜋𝜋
6

𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 √3 √2 4 + √3 − √2
= − �𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 � + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 1 + − +1 = ≈ 2.16
6 4 2 2 2

2. Calculate the area of a region enclosed by straight lines 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 − 6 = 0, and 𝑥𝑥-axis.

Solution

We construct the straight lines and choose the projection of the region to the y-axis.
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Figure 7.2

Let us calculate the coordinates of the intersection point A

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
�𝑦𝑦 = (6 − 𝑥𝑥)/2

𝑥𝑥 = (6 − 𝑥𝑥)/2
2𝑥𝑥 = 6 − 𝑥𝑥
3𝑥𝑥 = 6; 𝑥𝑥 = 2
The intersection point A has the coordinates A (2,2). The boundaries of the integral are
[0,2] with respect to variable y. The integral is
2
3𝑦𝑦 2 2
𝑆𝑆 = �(6 − 2𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 6𝑦𝑦 − � = 12 − 3 ∙ 2 = 6
2
0 0

3. Calculate the area between two curves 𝑦𝑦 = (𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 and 𝑦𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥𝑥 2 .

Solution

Figure 7.3
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The region is defined in the interval [−2, 0]. We find its area
0
𝑥𝑥 3 (𝑥𝑥 + 2)3 0
𝑆𝑆 = �(4 − 𝑥𝑥 2 − (𝑥𝑥 + 2)2 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 4𝑥𝑥 − − � =
3 3
−2 −2
8 8 8
=0− +8− −0=
3 3 3

4. Calculate the area enclosed by 𝑦𝑦 = 0.5𝑥𝑥 , 𝑦𝑦 = 0.5𝑥𝑥√1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 , 𝑥𝑥 = −2 and 𝑦𝑦-axis.

Solution

Construct the curves and the vertical line (see figure 7.4)

Figure 7.4

Set up the integral

0 0 0

𝑆𝑆 = � �0.5𝑥𝑥 − 0.5𝑥𝑥�1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 0.5𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − � 0.5𝑥𝑥�1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

−2 −2 −2

Let us solve the second integral separately

0 1
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑢𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 , 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 1
� 0.5𝑥𝑥�1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � � = � √𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
𝑢𝑢1 = 5, 𝑢𝑢2 = 1 4
−2 5
3
1 𝑢𝑢2 1 1
= � = �1 − 5√5�
4 3 6
2 5
Now

0.5𝑥𝑥 0 1 − 5√5 1 5√5 − 1

𝑆𝑆 = � − = (1 − 0.5−2 ) + ≈ 6.03
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙0.5 6 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙0.5 6
−2
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5. Calculate the area under one arc of the cycloid

𝑥𝑥 = 2(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠)
�
𝑦𝑦 = 2(1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
Solution

The cycloid is the locus of a point on the rim of a circle of radius 𝑅𝑅 rolling along a straight line.
We can see the way of construction of the cycloid on the webpage:
Weisstein, Eric W. "Cycloid." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Cycloid.html
The radius of the given cycloid is 𝑅𝑅 = 2. Then the area under the first arc is over the interval
[0, 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋] = [0, 4𝜋𝜋] (see figure 7.5).

Figure 7.5

We have to calculate the integral of the function given in parametric form. We calculate the
boundaries with respect to the argument t in the following way:

We have 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 4𝜋𝜋.

For the lower bound 𝑥𝑥 = 0 then 0 = 2(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠). We calculate 𝑡𝑡1 = 0

For the upper bound 𝑥𝑥 = 4𝜋𝜋 then 4𝜋𝜋 = 2(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠); 2𝜋𝜋 = 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠. We calculate 𝑡𝑡2 = 2𝜋𝜋.
According to the formula given in chapter 4, we differentiate the function 𝑥𝑥 with respect to
variable 𝑡𝑡

𝑥𝑥′ = 2(1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)

The area is

2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋

𝑆𝑆 = � 2(1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)2(1 − 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 4 � (1 − 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =

0 0

2𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋
2𝜋𝜋
= 4 � (1 − 2𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 2 � (1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2𝑡𝑡) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 4𝑡𝑡 − 8𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 2𝑡𝑡 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2𝑡𝑡� =
0 0 0

= 8𝜋𝜋 + 4𝜋𝜋 = 12𝜋𝜋

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6. Calculate the area of one petal of the polar rose 𝑟𝑟 = 4𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3𝜑𝜑.

Solution

The given polar rose has three petals:

Figure 7.6

We calculate the area of the petal whose line of symmetry is the polar axis. Therefore, we can
calculate half of the petal’s area and double the integral. First, we need to detect the upper
bound of the integral. It appears when the distance of a point on the ray is zero

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
0 = 4𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3𝜑𝜑; 3𝜑𝜑 = ; 𝜑𝜑2 =
2 6

We set up the integral to calculate the area of one petal

𝜋𝜋
6
1
𝑆𝑆 = 2 ∙ �(4𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐3𝜑𝜑)2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
2
0

𝜋𝜋
6 𝜋𝜋
16 1 4𝜋𝜋
= �(1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐6𝜑𝜑) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 8 �𝜑𝜑 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠6𝜑𝜑��� 6 =
2 6 3
0 0