Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 2 views

    Pathology

    Uploaded by

    aayushphuyal24
    Good pathology note

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Pathology

    Uploaded by

    aayushphuyal24
    2 views20 pages
    Good pathology note

    Original Title

    pathology

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Good pathology note

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    2 views20 pages

    Pathology

    Uploaded by

    aayushphuyal24
    Good pathology note

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 20

    Dr Sushma Thapa

    Dept of Pathology
     DEFINITION
     CLASSIFICATION
     PATHOGENESIS
     MORPHOLOGY
     CLINICAL FEATURES
     Definition –
    ◦ Increased porosity of bone due to decreased bone
    mass ( osteopenia )
    ◦ Due to increased resorption than formation of
    bone
    ◦ resulting in thin fragile bone that are susceptible to
    fracture and pain

    ( Note : in osteoporosis – bone formed normally but in


    less amount – i.e., bone composition is normal )
     AGE
    ◦ Seen more commonly in elderly especially post
    menopausal women
     LOW PEAK BONE MASS
    ◦ Normal Peak bone mass is dependent on
     Genetic factors
     Nutrition
     Physical activity
     CAUCASIANS
    OSTEOPOROSIS classified into:
    1. Localized – e.g. disuse osteoporosis of a limb

    2. Generalized – e.g. metabolic bone disease


    1. PRIMARY CAUSES
    ◦ Estrogen deficiency
     Postmenopausal , Turner’s , oophorectomy
    ◦ Genetic factors
     Low density of original bone
    ◦ Lack of exercise
    ◦ Old age / senile
    ◦ Nutritional factors
    2. SECONDARY CAUSES
    ◦ Immobilization
    ◦ Endocrine ds
     Cushing , Thyrotoxicosis, Hyperparathyroidism
    ◦ Malnutrition / malabsorption
     Def of Ca , Vit C , Vit D , Protein
    ◦ Drugs
     Steroids , Chemotherapy , anticonvulsant , alcohol ,
    smoking
    ◦ Genetic Ds
     Osteogenesis imperfecta , Gaucher Ds
    In Post Menopause
     Ovaries stop producing estrogen
     Estrogen normally suppresses osteoclast formation
     Estrogen induces bone formation
     Increased IL ( esp IL6 ) – Increased Osteoclastic
    activity
     Bone resorption is increased (Osteoclast)
     Bone formation is also increased (Osteoblast)
     That is bone turnover is increased
     Bone loss occurs because bone resorption is greater
    than bone formation = NET LOSS OF BONE
    In Aging
     Progenitor cells → O’blasts decreased
     O’blasts synthetic activity reduced
     Low growth factor
     Less movements
     Cortex and trabeculae are thin
     Haversian system are widened
     However Bone is normal composition
     Often fractures are seen
    VERTEBRA

    NORMAL OSTEOPOROSIS
    NORMAL

    OSTEO
    POROSIS
    NORMAL OSTEOPOROSIS
     Bone pain
     Fractures even with very minor injuries
    ◦ Vetrebra ( compression fracture )
    ◦ Femoral neck ( hip fracture )
    ◦ Distal radius ( Colles’ fracture )
     Loss of height and kyphosis
    Vertebra – compression fracture
    Hip fracture
    COLLES
    FRACTURE
     Radiology
    ◦ X-ray – generalized osteolucency ( osteopenia )
     Lab investigation
    ◦ Serum Ca , P etc - are normal
     Treatment
    ◦ Estro replacement
    ◦ Weight bearing exercise
    ◦ Calcium & Vit D

    You might also like