2.

1 Linear Motion

Distance
Distance is deIined as the total path traveled by an object Irom one point to the other.
Displacement
Displacement is deIined as the shortest distance between two point in a speciIic direction.
Speed
Speed is deIined as the rate oI change oI distance.
Velocity
Velocity is deIined as the rate oI change oI displacement.
Acceleration
Acceleration is deIined as the rate oI change oI velocity.
Deceleration
Deceleration is the rate oI decrease oI velocity or how Iast a velocity oI a moving object
decreases.
2.3 Inertia
Inertia
Inertia is the tendency oI an object resist to change its motion state. An object at rest will tend to
remain at rest, or iI moving will tend to continue its motion in a straight line.
2.4 Momentum
Momentum
The momentum oI an object is the product oI the mass and the velocity oI the object.
Law of Conservation Of Momentum
In a reaction between objects (collision or explosion), the total momentum beIore the reaction is
equal to the total momentum aIter the reaction, provided that no external Iorce acts on the
system.
Elastic Collision
Elastic collision is the collision where the kinetic energy is conserved aIter the collision.
Inelastic Collision
Inelastic collision is the collision where the kinetic energy is not conserved aIter the collision.
2.5 Effects of Force
Newton`s First Law
In the absence oI external Iorces, an object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion
continues in motion with a constant velocity (that is, with a constant speed in a straight line).
Newton`s Second Law
The rate oI change oI momentum oI a body is directly proportional to the resultant Iorce acting
on the body and is in the same direction.
Newton`s Third Law
Newton's third law oI motion states that Ior every Iorce, there is a reaction Iorce with the same
magnitude but in the opposite direction.
Friction
Friction is a Iorce opposing motion.
How the crumble zone oI a car can reduce injuries to passenger?
Friction Compensated Runway
A Iriction compensated run way is a runway which the Iriction oI an object placed on it is
balanced by the weight oI the object itselI.
2.6 Impulse and Impulsive Force
Impulse
Impulse is deIined as the product oI a Iorce F acting on an object Ior a time, t.
Impulsive Force
Impulsive Iorce is a Iorce which acts on an object Ior a very short interval during a collision or
explosion. It is equals to the change in momentum per unit time.
2.7 Safety Features in Vehicles
How the crumble zone of a car can reduce injuries to passenger?
The crumple zone increases the time oI collision.
This causes the impulsive Iorce to be small.
The smaller the impulsive Iorce, the smaller the injuries
Seat Belt
Prevent the driver and passengers Irom being Ilung Iorward or thrown out oI the car during an
emergency break.
Airbag
The inIlated airbag during an accident acts as a cushion to lessen the impact when the driver
Ilings Iorward hitting the steering wheel or dashboard.
Head Rest
Reduce neck injury when driver and passengers are thrown backwards when the car is banged
Irom backward.
2.8 Gravity
Mass
Mass is deIined as quantity oI matter. The S.I. unit oI mass is kg.
Weight
Weight oI an object is the gravitational Iorce acting on the object.
Gravitational Field Strength
Gravitational Acceleration
2.9 Force in Equilibrium
Equilirium of Force
Forces acting on an object are in equilibrium iI the net Iorce acting on the object is zero.
2.10 Work, Energy, Power and Efficientcy
Work
Work done by a constant Iorce is given by the product oI the Iorce and the distance moved in the
direction oI the Iorce.
Energy
Energy is capacity to do work.
Power
Power is the rate oI work done or the rate oI energy conversion.
2.11 Eleasticity
Spring Constant
Spring/Iorce constant is the Iorce required to extend the spring by one unit oI extension.
Hooke`s Law
Hooke's law states that the extension oI a spring is directly proportional to the applied Iorce
provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.