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OPEN 3D MHD nonlinear radiative flow

of CuO-MgO/methanol hybrid
nanofluid beyond an irregular
dimension surface with slip effect
Iskander Tlili1,2, Hossam A. Nabwey 3,4
, S. P. Samrat5 ✉ & N. Sandeep5 ✉

The 3D MHD nonlinear radiative hybrid nanofluid flow across an irregular dimension sheet with slip
effect is studied numerically. The hybrid nanofluid consists of copper oxide (CuO) and magnesium
oxide (MgO) nanoparticles embedded in methanol or methyl alcohol (MA). The governing PDEs’ are
altered as ODEs’ using similarities and numerical solutions are attained using shooting scheme. The
role of corporal factors on the transport phenomenon is analyzed and reflected by plots and numerical
interpretations. Simultaneous solutions presented for CuO-MA nanofluid and CuO-MgO/MA hybrid
nanofluid. Results ascertain that the temperature and flow boundary layer thicknesses are not unique
for the hybrid nanofluid and nanofluid. The heat transfer enactment of CuO-MA nanofluid is high when
equated to CuO-MgO/MA hybrid nanofluid. This concludes that the CuO-MgO combination works as a
good insulator.

The novelty of discoveries in heat transport to stimulate the efficiency of hybrid nanofluid with several assort-
ments of conductive nanoparticles has wide applications in engineering and technology. There is a tiny evolution
for hybrid nanofluid studies in recent days. In 1995, the nanofluids were developed and got changes in the effi-
ciency of heat transfer drastically1. Generally, the nanofluid is a synthesis of mono-nanoparticle in base liquid
to promote superior thermal liquids. The crises of cooling demand can be cracked by evolving nanofluid were
reported by Kumar et al.2. The advancement in nanofluid is a hybrid-nanofluid to enrich more heat transfer.
The fusion of two or more than two nanoparticles in a base liquid will get a hybrid nanofluid3. Several scholars
have pointed out that the assets of hybrid nanofluid are greater as associated with nanofluid4–6. These fluids are
mostly used in renewable energy, emollients, air conditioning, microelectronics, etc7.. Yarmand et al.8 deliberate
the fusion of platinum hybrid nanofluids and clarified its physical properties and stability. The pressure drop of
these solutions is smaller than that of nanofluid or any base liquid, so that it has auspicious applications that were
suggested by Huang et al.9.
Later on, Labib et al.10 considered the CNT-Al2O3 hybrid nanofluid and originated the mix of Al2O3-CNT
nanoparticle in base-liquid to improve the convection as equated to Al2O3-nanoliquid. Waini et al.11 discussed
the unsteady flow above a widening area and established the stability of the heat transfer of hybrid nanofluid,
which is depending on the miscellany of the nanoparticle. Ma et al.12 stated the bearings of MHD on hybrid
nanofluid in a channel with powerful heater and cooler walls. They invented that heat transmission is more active
in the heater wall as related to the cooler wall. Sheikholeslami et al.13 considered the heat transmission of magnet-
izable hybrid nanofluid in a circular cavity and theoretically showed that the strength of magnetic fields located in
circular heaters and MWCNT-Fe3O4 with base liquid would maximize the heat transfer rate. The hybrid nano-
fluid past a spongy medium was described by Mehryan et al.14. They found that the sponginess ratio will augment
the convective flow inside the cavity. Acharya et al.15 exhibited the effects of thermodiffusion on hybrid-nanofluid
past a spinning disk and initiated that the radiation factor was escalations the heat transfer rate. Using the lattice

1
Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh
City, Vietnam. 2Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 3Department
of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj,
11942, Saudi Arabia. 4Department of Basic Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, Shebin
El-Kom, 32511, Egypt. 5Department of Mathematics, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, 585367, India.
✉e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

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Figure 1. Schematic Model.

Boltzmann method, Reza and Shahriari16 examine the assets of the magnetic field in existence of Rayleigh num-
ber and pointed out that Hartmann number digresses in the absences of Rayleigh number.
The heat transport in the flow over an elongated sheet has widely used in manufacturing process, polymer
extrusion, paper fabrication, hot rolling process, aeronautical, civil and marine engineering, etc. Moreover, the
consideration of variable thickness is to develop an essential and consistent design. Fang et al.17 explored the
importance of variable thickness geometry. Khader and Megahed18 examined the boundary layer movement
over a nonlinear elongating plate and found that the heat rate enriches due to movable thickness. Khan et al.19
studied Carreau nanofluid over an elongating sheet, solved numerically under some influences of thermal radi-
ation and movable thickness property. The behavior of the movement of the heat of dusty nanofluids over an
extending superficial was considered by Sandeep et al.20. Hayat et al.21 studied the boundary layer flow with
homogeneous-heterogeneous reaction and found that the property of movable thickness indicates acceleration
in flow rate. The 3-D slip flow above an elongating sheet with cross-diffusion was adopted by22 and elucidated that
the uneven thickness stretching sheet enhances the energy. The authors23,24 considered the MHD flow across a
slender surface and moving the needle and examined the transport phenomena.
Furthermore, MHD effects are used in metal casting, metallurgy, the invention of medicine, extraction of geo-
thermal energy, polymer industry, melting reactors, fusion reactor, etc. Sulochana et al.25 measured the flow over
a revolving cone with magnetic and Soret effects. Usman et al.26 examines heat flow assets of Al2O3-Cu-hybrid
nanofluid with magnetic and radiation effects. Nayak et al.27 exposed that the existence of MHD slowdowns the
fluid motion and escalations of thermal profile. Khan et al.28 explained the rotating flow of hybrid nanofluid under
magnetic effects. Reddy et al.29 analyzed the MHD nanofluid flow through the spongy passage by the perturbation
technique. Samrat et al.30 scrutinized an unsteady flow of Casson fluid under the magnetic and radiation effects
over an elongating surface. Conduct of hybrid nanofluid in a wavering upright channel with hall current was
scrutinized by Iqbal et al.31. Recently, the researchers32–34, numerically investigated the convective heat transfer
in magnetohydrodynamic flows past a stretched surface with non-uniform thickness in the presence of various
physical effects. The impact of Lorentz force and slip effect on free convection flow past a annulus was numerically
investigated by the researchers35–37. Further, Jagadeesha et al.38 studied the effect of magnetic field on the flow
through a porous enclosure. Later on, the researchers39,40 discussed the influence of buoyancy and magnetic field
on electrically conducting fluid past a vertical annulus.
By keeping the above developments in view, we portrayed the convective heat transmission in hybrid nano-
fluid drift over the variable dimension elongating sheet. For this, we considered the magnetohydrodynamic non-
linear radiative CuO-MgO/MA hybrid nanofluid with velocity slip and temperature jump. Numerical solutions
are attained using shooting scheme. The role of corporeal factors on the transport phenomenon is analyzed and
reflected by plots and numerical interpretations. Simultaneous solutions are presented for CuO-MA nanofluid
and CuO-MgO/MA hybrid nanofluid.

Mathematical Formulation
A steady, 3-D electrically conducting magnetohydrodynamic flow of CuO-MgO/MA hybrid nanofluid past an
extended surface of non-uniform thickness is considered. The sheet of non-uniform thickness is considered as
z = Aδ (1 −n)/2, δ = x + y + c , n ≠ 1 we have chosen A is small. It is assumed that the surface is stretched along
1 −n
the xy-plane while fluid is placed along the z -axis. It is also presumed, the sheet temperature as Tw = T0δ 2 + T∞.
The magnetic field of strength B is applied in parallel with the z− axis as revealed in Fig. 1.
With conventions made above, the governing equations can be expressed as:11,17–19
ux + vy + wz = 0, (1)

ρhnf (uux + vuy + wuz ) = µhnf uzz − σhnf B 2u , (2)

ρhnf (uvx + vvy + wvz ) = µhnf vzz − σhnf B 2v , (3)

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ρhnf (uTx + vTy + wTz ) = µhnf Tzz − (qr )z , (4)

with the frontier situations

 ∂u   ∂v  

u − uw = h1⁎   , v − vw = h1⁎   , 

 ∂z   ∂z  


 ∂T  
T − Tw − h 2⁎   = 0, z = Aδ (1 −n)/2, n ≠ 1

 ∂z  


and u(∞) → 0, v(∞) → 0, T (∞) → T∞ 

 (5)
where u,v are velocity components in x and y directions, uw , vw are velocities near surface, h1⁎ , h 2⁎ are dimensional
velocity slip and temperature jump parameters, TW is the wall temperature32–34

 2 − f  1 −n  
kBT
ζ1 = 2
, δ = x + y + c , h1⁎ =  1
 ζ1δ 2 , 

2 πd p  f1  


 2γ  ζ 1 ⁎  2 − b  1 − n n −1 


ζ2 =  
 ,h =  ζ δ 2 , B = B0 δ 2 , 
 γ + 1  Pr 2  b  2 


 (6)

n −1 1 −n
uw = aδ 2 , vw = aδ n, Tw − T∞ = T0δ 2 , for n ≠ 1 (7)
By Rosseland approximation, the heat flux is given by

4σ ⁎  ∂T 4 
qr = −  
3k ⁎  ∂z  (8)
Tw
after expanding T4 through Taylor series about T∞ and neglecting higher-order terms and considering θw = ,
T∞
the resulting similarity variable of energy becomes
T = T∞[1 + (θw − 1)θ] (9)
The above novel form is involved for the parameterization of the nonlinear radiation term apparent in the
energy equation. Where σ ⁎, k ⁎ denotes the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and mean absorption coefficient.
The hybrid nanofluid parameters can be used as:11

khnf k 2s + 2k f − 2φ2(k f − k 2s ) k1s + 2k f − 2φ1(k f − k1s )  

= × ,

kf k 2s + 2k f + φ2(k f − k 2s ) k1s + 2k f + φ1(k f − k1s )  


ρhnf  φ ρ  φ ρ 


= (1 − φ2) (1 − φ1) +
1 1s 
+
2 2s
, φ = φ + φ , 
 1 2 

ρf  ρf  ρf 
 


(ρc p)hnf  φ ( ρ c )  φ ( ρ c ) 

= (1 − φ2) (1 − φ1) +
1 p 1s 
+
2 p 2s
, 
 
(ρc p)f  (ρc p)f  (ρc p)f 

 
µhnf 

1 σhnf 
= 2.5 2.5
, 

µf (1 − φ1) (1 − φ2) σf 



 3( σ φ − φσ ) + φ σ  
 1s 1s f 2s 2s  

= 1 +  , 
 σ (1 − φ ) + σ (1 − φ ) + (2 + φ ) σf  
1s 1s 2s 2s 
 (10)
where φ1, φ2 denotes the CuO and MgO nanoparticle volume fractions. The following similarity transformations
are used for non-dimensionalization33

 (n + 1)a 
1/2 

η = z   δ (n −1)/2, θ = (T − T∞)/(Tw − T∞), 

 2υ  



u = aδ nf ′(η) , v = aδ ng ′(η) 


0.5
 2aν  (n −1)0.5  n + 1  n − 1   
w = −   δ  (f + g ) + η   (f ′ + g ′) 
 n + 1   2  2 
  
 (11)

by making use of Eqs. (6–9), the Eqs. (1–5) can be transformed as

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 3(σ1sφ1s − φσf ) + φ2sσ2s  


n+1  
2.5 2.5
f ‴ − 1 +  Mf ′ 

2(1 − φ1) (1 − φ2)  σ1s(1 − φ1s ) + σ2s(1 − φ2s ) + (2 + φ)σf  



  φ1ρ1s  
φ2ρ2s   
  2 n + 1  
− (1 − φ2) (1 − φ1) +  +  n(f ′) + nf ′g ′ − (f + g )f ″ = 0,
 
  ρ  ρ   2 
 
  f   f    (12)



 3(σ1sφ1s − φσf ) + φ2sσ2s  


n+1 1 +  
g ‴ −   Mg ′ 

2.5
2(1 − φ1) (1 − φ2) 2.5
 σ1s(1 − φ1s ) + σ2s(1 − φ2s ) + (2 + φ)σf   


    
 φ ρ φ ρ  n 1 
 1 1s   + 2   2 +  
− (1 − φ2) (1 − φ1) + 
2 s  n(g ′) + nf ′g ′ − (f + g )g ′ = 0,  
  ρ  ρ 
  2 
 
  f   f   (13)







  k + 2k − 2φ ( k − k )   k + 2k − 2φ ( k − k )  
  2s f 2 f 2s   1s f 1 f 1s  3 
     θ″ + R(1 + (θw − 1)θ) θ″+
  
  k 2s + 2k f + φ2(k f − k 2s )   k1s + 2k f + φ1(k f − k1s )  
 
2
 3R(1 + (θw − 1)θ) (θw − 1)θ′
2 



    
2Pr   φ1(ρc p)1s  φ2(ρc p)2s  

− (1 − φ2) (1 − φ1) +  +  
n + 1   (ρc p) f  (ρc p) f 
 
1 − n n+1  
 (f ′ + g ′ )θ − (f + g )θ′ 
 2 2 
 

= 0,  (14)
the transmuted boundary restrictions are

1 − n     

f (0) = λ   1 + h1f ″(0) , f ′(0) = 1 + h1f ″(0) , 


 n + 1      


1 − n     

g (0) = λ   1 + h1g ″(η)η =0  , θ(0) = 1 + h 2θ′(0) , 

 n + 1      



g ′(0) = 1 + h1g ″(0) , f ′(η)η →∞ = 0, g ′(η)η →∞ = 0, θ(η)η →∞ = 0,

  
 (15)
where

σf B02 µf (c p) f
M= , Pr =
ρf a kf (16)
are the magnetic field parameter and Prandtl number and λ is wall thickness parameter.
For engineering curiosity the Cf and Nux are defined as22

µhnf  n + 1  0.5 khnf  n + 1  0.5 


Cf = 2   f ″ η =0 , Nux = − Re (1 + Rθw )   θ′ η =0 

µ Re  2  kf  2   
 (17)
f 

u wδ
where Re = ,
υf

Discussion of the results. The system of Eqs. (12–14) are solved by shooting scheme under the limitations of Eq.
(15). We discussed the eccentricities of velocity and temperature with impacts of non-dimensional parameters through
graphs. The velocity power index n, thermal radiation R, temperature ratio θw, wall thickness λ, velocity slip h1, temper-
ature jump h 2, and nanoparticle volume fraction φ( = φ1 + φ2), φ1 parameters are used in this study. Also, the friction
factor and Nusselt number are scrutinized with the above said parameters through the table. The physical parametric
values are set to M = 1, n = 0.7, h1 = 0.4, θw = 0.3, R = 1, h 2 = 0.4, λ = 0.1, Pr = 7.38 in order to attain the
required results. These values are invariant unless the variations shown in the respective figures and tables. Table 1
predicts the thermo physical properties. Table 2 displays the authentication of the results. Tables 3 and 4 discuss the
impact of pertinent parameters on flow and heat rate. The heat flow rate uplift and contradictory is seen in friction

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Property Methanol CuO MgO

ρ (Kg / m 3) 792 6320 3580

(
C p J / KgK ) 2545 531.8 960
k (W / mK ) 0.2035 76.5 48.4
σ(S / m) 0.5 × 10 −6
6.9 × 10 −2
1.42 × 10−3

Table 1. Thermo physical properties.

h1 λ Ref. 32 Present Results

0 0.2 −0.924828 −0.92482831
0.2 0.25 −0.733395 −0.73339520
0.2 0.5 −0.759570 −0.75957013

Table 2. Validation of the results for f ′′(0) (2D case-water with φ = 0) for various values of λ and h1 in the
absence of radiation.

λ R θw n φ1 M h1 h2 f′′(0) −θ′(0)
0 −0.967323 0.997756
1 −1.010876 1.204641
2 −1.052693 1.384712
1 −0.971748 1.019409
2 −0.971748 0.914155
3 −0.971748 0.838301
0.5 −0.971748 1.002261
1 −0.971748 0.953522
1.5 −0.971748 0.897111
0 −1.000742 1.292581
0.5 −0.977007 1.085097
1 −0.965996 0.933581
0.1 −1.027406 0.984757
0.2 −1.118266 0.913911
0.3 −1.193398 0.837940
1 −0.971748 1.019409
2 −1.081534 0.959736
3 −1.165272 0.907840
0.5 −0.875050 0.988263
1 −0.590892 0.871827
1.5 −0.449540 0.792205
0.5 −0.971748 0.925103
1 −0.971748 0.632527
1.5 −0.971748 0.480547

Table 3. Effects of non-dimensional quantities on f″(0),–θ′(0) for Methanol+CuO+MgO.

factor due to the variation in λ. Nusselt number is drastically reducing for rising values of thermal radiation. The same
trend has been observed for boosting values of magnetic field and slip parameters.
The outcome of λ on f ′(η), g ′(η) and θ(η) profiles are displayed in Figs. 2–4. The lessening of all the profiles
has perceived by increase in λ . Generally, for escalations in wall thickness oppose the velocity. Temperature
shrinks due to the transmission of heated particles is less in a denser area. The variation of R on θ(η) is revealed in
Fig. 5. It is clear that, thermal profile boosts by raising the thermal radiation. The growth in thermal profile is
observed for escalations in R which represents aid of an external source leads to rise in temperature.
The impact of θw on θ(η) is showed in Fig. 6. It illustrates that the thermal profile increases by evolving θw . The
variation of n over f ′(η), g ′(η) and θ(η) profiles are discussed in Figs. 7–9, which reveals that all the profiles are
increasing with rise in n. The object behind this is the thin boundary layer is executed by enhancing values of n.
Figures 10–12 show the influence of φ, φ1 on θ(η), f ′(η) and g ′(η) profiles. It showed that the rise in φ increases
the temperature profile, but the reverse action has perceived by the impacts of φ1. Also the rise in φ digresses the

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λ R θw n φ1 M h1 h2 f′′(0) −θ′(0)
0 −0.948825 1.018470
1 −0.993286 1.227580
2 −1.036017 1.408668
1 −0.953340 1.040397
2 −0.953340 0.935769
3 −0.953340 0.860242
0.5 −0.953340 1.023306
1 −0.953340 0.974511
1.5 −0.953340 0.917535
0 −0.971441 1.318493
0.5 −0.956502 1.107259
1 −0.949948 0.953006
0.1 −0.953340 1.040397
0.2 −0.866148 1.047195
0.3 −0.772844 1.050301
1 −0.953340 1.040397
2 −1.055425 0.987021
3 −1.134839 0.939898
0.5 −0.859348 1.010119
1 −0.582242 0.896578
1.5 −0.443856 0.818370
0.5 −0.953340 0.942355
1 −0.953340 0.640545
1.5 −0.953340 0.485161

Table 4. Effects of non-dimensional quantities on f″(0),–θ′(0) for Methanol+CuO.

Figure 2. Variation of λ on f ′(η).

both velocity profiles but converse action have seen in existence of φ1. As volume fraction grows, then fluid turns
to hike its density and get more concentration leads to reduce the velocity and hike temperature.
Figures 13–15 represented the effect of M on θ(η) and f ′(η), g ′(η) profiles. Obviously, increasing in tempera-
ture and a reduction in velocity has seen for developing M . The vitality of Lorentz force is gained for movements
of electrically colloidal particles attracted by the effects of magnetic field. Therefore the velocity reduces and
temperature enriches by Lorentz force. Figures (16–18) elucidates that an impact of h1 on θ(η), f ′(θ) and g ′(θ)
profiles. Raise in h1 advances the thermal fields, but opposite action has seen for both the velocity. Cumulative the
velocity slip parameter improves wall friction; this will cause the lessening in flow velocity. Generally, the slow-
down in velocity turns to raise the temperature. Figure 19 displays the variant of h 2 over thermal field. It is noted
that the temperature is falling due to hiking on h 2.

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Figure 3. Variation of λ on g ′(η).

Figure 4. Variation of λ on θ(η).

Figure 5. Variation of R on θ(η).

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Figure 6. Variation of θw on θ(η).

Figure 7. Variation of n on θ(η).

Figure 8. Variation of n on g ′(η).

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Figure 9. Variation of n on f ′(η).

Figure 10. Variation of φ, φ1 on θ(η).

Figure 11. Variation of φ, φ1 on g ′(η).

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Figure 12. Variation of φ, φ1 on f ′(η).

Figure 13. Variation of M on θ(η).

Figure 14. Variation of M on g ′(η).

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Figure 15. Variation of M on f ′(η).

Figure 16. Variation of h1 on θ(η).

Figure 17. Variation of h1 on f ′(η).

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Figure 18. Variation of h1 on g ′(η).

Figure 19. Variation of h 2 on θ(η).

Conclusions
Several scholars have pointed the assets of hybrid nanofluid are greater as associated with nanofluid. The persis-
tence of this study is to examine the significance of heat transport with utilization of available nanoparticles to
find greater hybrid nanofluid to enrich/decline the energy transfer. This study helps to identify the better combi-
nation of heat transfer material to enrich the thermal transport phenomenon. The conclusions are

• CuO+Methanol nanofluid shows better convection properties as related to CuO+MgO+Methanol hybrid

nanofluid.
• The boundary thickness reduces by enhancing n.
• A Rise in h1 advances the thermal field and decays the velocity.
• A Rise in h 2 intensifies the thermal field and monotonically deviate the Nusselt number.
• θw has propensity to lessen the heat rate.
• φ1 leads to magnify the flow and heat rate.
• CuO+MgO+Methanol combination may be used as an insulator.
• Application of the present study can be found in manufacturing industries.

Received: 9 December 2019; Accepted: 15 May 2020;

Published: xx xx xxxx

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Acknowledgements
Authors acknowledge the UGC, India for start-up grant No. 30–489/2019(BSR).

Author contributions
All authors contributed equally and looked over the final script and approved.

Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to S.P.S. or N.S.
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