WHO methods and data sources

for life tables 1990-2019

Department of Data and Analytics

Division of Data, Analytics and Delivery for Impact

WHO, Geneva

December 2020

Global Health Estimates Technical Paper WHO/DDI/DNA/GHE/2020.1

Acknowledgments
This Technical Report was updated by Bochen Cao and Jessica Ho with inputs and assistance from Doris
Ma Fat and Diana Estevez. WHO life tables were primarily prepared by Bochen Cao and Jessica Ho of the
Monitoring, Forecasting and Inequality Unit in the WHO Department of Data and Analytics (in the Division
of Data, Analytics and Delivery for Impact, Geneva). We also drew on advice and inputs from the
Interagency Group on Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME), the UN Population Division, UNICEF, UNAIDS,
and The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). We would particularly like to note the
assistance and inputs provided by Patrick Gerland, Haidong Wang, Danzhen You and Lucia Hug.

Estimates and analysis are available at:

http://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/en/index.html

http://www.who.int/gho

For further information about the estimates and methods, please contact [email protected]

Recent papers in this series

1. WHO methods and data sources for country-level causes of death 2000-2019(Global Health Estimates Technical
Paper WHO/DDI/DNA/GHE/2020.2)
2. WHO methods and data sources for causes of death 2000-2019 (Global Health Estimates Technical Paper
WHO/DDI/DNA/GHE/2020.3)
Contents
Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................ 1
1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 2
2 General approach for preparation of annual life tables ....................................................................... 2
3. Adjustments using death registration data ......................................................................................... 3
3.1 Updated assessments of VR completeness .................................................................................... 3
3.2 Revision of annual death rates ....................................................................................................... 4
3.3 Quantification of uncertainty.......................................................................................................... 5
4 Infant and child mortality ..................................................................................................................... 5
5 Estimated adult mortality for non-VR countries................................................................................... 5
6 Data sources and methods for mortality shocks .................................................................................. 6
6.1 Natural disasters ............................................................................................................................. 6
6.2 Conflict deaths ................................................................................................................................ 6
7 WHO estimates of life expectancy and healthy life expectancy........................................................... 7
7.1 Life expectancy................................................................................................................................ 7
7.2 Healthy life expectancy ................................................................................................................... 7
References .................................................................................................................................................... 8
Annex Table A: Data sources and methods for WHO Life Tables ............................................................... 10
Annex B: Estimated completeness* of death registration data for most recent year ............................... 29
Abbreviations

DHS USAID-supported Demographic and Health Surveys

GHE2015 WHO Global Health Estimates 2015
GHE2016 WHO Global Health Estimates 2016
ICD International Classification of Diseases
IHME Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
IMR Infant mortality rate
MICS UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys
mx age-specific death rates calculated from information on deaths among persons in the age group
commencing at age x during a given time period and the total person-years for the population in
the same age group during the same time period. For WHO abridged life tables, all age groups
from 5 onwards are 5-year age groups, m0 refers to infants aged 0 (first 12 months of life) and m1
refers to children aged 1 to 4 (ie. between exact ages 1 and 5).
NMR Neonatal mortality rate
nqx probability of dying between exact ages x and x+n.
U5MR Under-5 mortality rate
UN-IGME Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation
UNPD UN Population Division
VR Vital registration
WHO World Health Organization
WHS 2002 to 2003 WHO World Health Survey program
WPP2019 World Population Prospects 2019

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1 Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) began producing annual life tables for all Member States in 1999.
These life tables are a basic input to all WHO estimates of global, regional and country-level patterns and
trends in all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Since 1998, WHO has been producing annual abridged life
tables for Member States as part of its mandate to monitor and report on global progress in improving
health. During the MDG era, WHO has been estimating time series of life tables from 1990 onwards. To
support its reporting on progress towards the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, WHO has
released updated annual life tables for Member States for the period 1990-2016. These are available in
the WHO Global Health Observatory1 and in World Health Statistics Reports.2–4 These updated life tables
also provide the all-cause mortality estimates for the WHO Global Health Estimates 2016 (GHE2016)
released in 2018.1

For almost all WHO Member States, this current update draws on the population estimates from World
Population Prospects5 2019 (WPP2019) prepared by the UN Population Division (UNPD), death
registration data reported to WHO by Member States6, as well as on infant and child mortality rates under
15 years of age that have been developed and agreed upon by the Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality
Estimation (UN-IGME) which is made up of WHO, UNICEF, UNPD, World Bank and academic groups7,
UNAIDS/WHO estimates of HIV mortality for countries with high HIV prevalence8, and mortality estimates
from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 (GBD2019) study.9

Consultations with Member States were carried out for estimates of neonatal, infant and child mortality
in June-July 2020 and for life table mortality rates and life expectancies in September-October 2020.

2 General approach for preparation of annual life tables

For this update, the objective was to publish WHO annual period life tables for years 1990-2019. The
starting point for the preparation of WHO annual life tables was to generate estimates for mortality rates
mx from country-specific data sources as listed in Annex Table A for each age-sex-country time series. A
persisting challenge for this kind of effort is that not all WHO Member States have complete Vital
Registration (VR) systems recording all deaths occurring in a certain calendar year with detailed
information on age and sex of the deceased. And where such systems do exist, the completeness and
quality of data vary across Member States. Consequently, various types of data and methods were applied
for the estimation of life tables for different Member States.

We defined two groups of Member States and non-Member territories for which data inputs and
estimation methods differed. The corresponding groups are:

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VR countries 77 countries and territories for which the WHO Mortality Database held
mortality data from vital registration (VR) systems for 75% or more of years
since 1990.

Non-VR countries The remaining countries and territories where the most up-to-date estimates
of mortality rates for child under 15 years of age from UN-IGME and for older
age groups based on the GBD model life table systems9,10 were used to
construct annual life tables.

A full list of countries in each category is provided in Annex Table A.

3. Adjustments using death registration data

WHO holds time series of death registration data from as early as 1950s for around 100 countries.6 These
are used to the greatest extent possible in the preparation of annual life tables. For 77 countries with at
least 75% of the years in range 1990-2019 available, we evaluated the completeness of the all-cause
deaths data and used completeness-adjusted death rates to inform the imputation of annual death rates
for life tables.

3.1 Updated assessments of VR completeness

Completeness for child deaths under age 15 years was assessed by comparison with UN-IGME estimates
of child mortality.7 When VR data were not available for all years for the period of interest in a country,
a full time series of estimates for child completeness are interpolated and/or extrapolated. We used a
Loess regression with a bandwidth 0.8 for the interpolation process. For extrapolation, the estimates of
child completeness are held constant before the first and after the last observation instead of using the
Loess regression. As the estimates for child mortality for ages under 15 years were derived from either 1)
VR data that are considered to be complete and therefore requires no completeness-based adjustments,
and 2) the direct use of IGME estimates for those age groups, the evaluation of completeness for child
deaths is only used for the assessment of VR completeness for the older age groups but not for adjusting
VR data for GHE’s estimation of child mortality.

Completeness of death registration for ages 15 years and over was assessed using the death distribution
methods (DDMs) as well as the estimated completeness under-5 VR data. In essence, DDMs assess VR
completeness by comparing the age distribution of the population between two censuses with the age
distribution of deaths between those same censuses. The three DDMs most widely used in demography
are adopted in our assessment for adult VR completeness, including generalized growth balance (GGB),
synthetic extinct generation (SEG), and a hybrid approach (GGBSEG) of the two.9,11–15 To produce a
smoother trends of completeness estimates for adult mortality based on the initial estimates from DDMs,
a regression analysis was then performed to use completeness estimates for children to predict that for
adults using the formula below:

log(𝐴𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠) = 𝛽̂0 + 𝛽̂1 ∗ log(𝐶ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠)

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The residuals from this regression were then smoothed using a spatiotemporal model to leverage the
available data from the entire time series and geographic locations, and subsequently brought back to the
regression equation for calculating the final estimated completeness.9,16 The final completeness estimates
were capped at 100% for those where the estimated values were greater than 100%. Those with
estimated completeness between 95% and 100% were considered complete with the final values set at
100%. Accordingly, the estimated completeness with values between 90% and 95% were rescaled to the
range of 90-100% using the formula below.

𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 2 ∗ 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 − 0.9

Annex Table B lists estimated completeness for the most recent year of death registration data for each
Member State meeting inclusion criteria.

There are five countries where registered deaths reported to WHO do not include a province or territory
not under government control. These are:

Cyprus: all data refer to government controlled areas

Georgia: excluding Abkhazia and South Osetia
Moldova: excluding Transnistria and Bender
Russia: 1993-2003 data exclude Chechnya
Serbia: excluding Kosovo-Metohija province
Singapore does not report deaths for non-citizen residents, who represent approximately 30% of the de-
facto population. For Mauritius, the deaths reported to WHO include all of Mauritius except for the island
of Rodrigues.

Once the VR completeness for adult deaths were estimated, age and sex specific mortality rates for each
country-year were calculated simply by dividing the observed mortality rates by the estimated
completeness.

3.2 Revision of annual death rates

For countries with high quality and complete death registration data, mortality estimates at the older age
groups 75 years above were validated and adjusted using data from the Human Mortality Database
(HMD)17,18, which corrects for age misstatement and under-reporting at older age groups.

For 7 countries with less than 1 million population in 2000-2015, VR death rates were smoothed using a
3-year moving average. Annual mx for ages 15+ were calculated for each VR country-year as:

mx = VR deaths /(VR population estimate)/(annual age-sex-specific completeness estimate)

For all VR countries, including those where completeness was set at 100% for all age groups, total deaths
for ages 75 years and over were calculated from the completeness-adjusted death registration data, and

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distributed to 5 year age groups 75-79,….., 95-100, 100+ according to the distributions in the annual life
tables from GBD2019 when data from HMD are absent. This was to ensure that adjustments for under-
reporting of deaths in oldest age groups, and for age misstatement, were taken into account.

3.3 Quantification of uncertainty

For completeness-adjusted VR data, deaths are assumed to follow the binomial distribution, accordingly
Monte Carlo simulation is applied to generate 1000 random draws of the age-specific mortality estimates
from a normal approximation of the binomial distribution. The 2.5 and 97.5 quantiles are used
respectively as the lower and upper 95% uncertainty bounds.

4 Infant and child mortality

Mortality rates for infants and age group 1-4years for the WHO life tables were derived from the UN-IGME
estimates of infant mortality rates (IMR) and under 5 mortality rates (U5MR) by sex, as well as for Member
States for years 1990-2019.7 For age groups 5-9 and 10-14 years, mortality rates were derived from UN-
IGME estimates of the probability of dying between ages 5 and 10 years (5q5) and between 5 and 14
(10q5) years per 1,000 child aged 5 years, for both sexes combined. We applied conventional life table
method to convert these probability values to mortality rates and used sex distribution of mortality from
GBD2019 for these two age groups to calculate sex-specific mortality rates. UN-IGME annually assesses
and adjusts all available surveys, censuses and vital registration data, to estimate country-specific trends
in mortality rates for neonates, infants, children 1-4 years and 5-14 years of age. All data sources and
estimates are documented on the website www.childmortality.org. For countries with complete recording
of child deaths in death registration systems, these are used as the source of data for the estimation of
trends in neonatal, infant and child mortality. For countries with incomplete death registration, all other
available census and survey data sources, which meet quality criteria, are used.

5 Estimated adult mortality for non-VR countries

For countries where death registration data are not available for at least 75% of the years in the period
1990-2019 available, adult mortality rates and the associated uncertainty for ages above 15 years were
based on modelling. It draws on a wide range of data sources including available death registration data
such as the Disease Surveillance Points (DSP) in China19,20 and the Sample Registration System (SRS) in
India21,22, census, nationally representative household surveys, and sibling survival history data. The tool
for estimating the country-age-sex-specific mortality rates for this group of countries is the GBD model
life table systems, 9,16 which are a further development of the modified logit model life table previously
used for WHO life table estimation in early 2000s23. The analysis accounted for the level of HIV mortality
and made use of summary mortality indices, including probability of dying for children from birth to 5
years of age (5q0) and for adults from 15 to 60 years of age (45q15), which were derived from the
aforementioned data sources to generate age-specific estimates of mortality rates for the entire age span
from age 0 to 85+ years in mostly 5-year age intervals. The methods are described in details elsewhere.9,16

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6 Data sources and methods for mortality shocks
Conflict and natural disasters (mortality shocks) may cause substantial increases in death rates for specific
country-years. These may or may not be reflected in available death registration or survey/census data.
Accordingly, the current update of WHO life tables draw on estimates of these deaths by country, year,
age and sex from GBD201914 as part of its overall cause of death analyses to replace the likely under-
reported deaths from these causes in the VR data.14 Data and methods used for updating annual mortality
shock estimates by country, age, sex and year for the period 1990-2016 are described below.

6.1 Natural disasters

Estimated deaths for major natural disasters were obtained from estimates of GBD2019 which are based
on information including the EM-DAT/CRED International Disaster Database .24 These data were used to
supplement the VR data as described in the previous WHO Life Tables Technical Paper.25

6.2 Conflict deaths

Similar to natural disasters, we used GBD2019 data for deaths due to conflicts, terrorism and legal
interventions. which were primarily estimated using data from the Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP),
International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED),
Global Terrorism Database (GTD), supplemented by vital registration systems and other relevant data
sources.26–29 Deaths were assigned for each event according to the source’s cause coding and any
description from available notes. When the deaths due to a certain event are reported across multiple
locations and estimates by side were not provided, deaths were split between the population from both
locations.

These estimates relate to deaths for which the underlying cause (following ICD conventions) was an injury
due to war, civil insurrection or organized conflict, whether or not that injury occurred during the time of
war or after cessation of hostilities. The estimates include injury deaths resulting from all organized
conflicts, including organized terrorist groups, whether or not a national government was involved. They
do not include deaths from other causes (such as starvation, infectious disease epidemics, lack of medical
intervention for chronic diseases), which may be counterfactually attributable to war or civil conflict.

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7 WHO estimates of life expectancy and healthy life expectancy
7.1 Life expectancy
Final estimates of age-sex-specific mortality rates for years 1990-2019 were used to compute abridged
life tables for 183 WHO Member States with population of 90,000 or greater in 2019. Life expectancies at
birth are reported in World Health Statistics 2019 and full life tables are available in the WHO Global
Health Observatory (www.who.int/gho).1

WHO applies standard methods to the analysis of Member State data to ensure comparability of estimates
across countries. This will inevitably result in differences for some Member States with official estimates
for quantities such as life expectancy, where a variety of different projection methods and other methods
are used. These WHO estimates of mortality and life expectancies should not be regarded as the nationally
endorsed statistics of Member States, which may have been derived using alternative methodologies and
assumptions.

7.2 Healthy life expectancy

Previous WHO estimates for healthy life expectancy (HLE or HALE) for Member States have also been
updated., using the updated WHO life tables and WHO YLD estimates based largely on YLD estimates from
GBD2019,14 with similar adjustments to disability weights and prevalences for certain causes as
previously.25

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References
1. World Health Organization. Life expectancy and Healthy life expecancy - Data by country. Glob
Heal Obs. Published online 2020. https://www.who.int/data/gho

2. World Health Organisation. World Heatlh Statistics 2018.; 2018.

3. World Health Organization. World health statistics 2019. 2019;1(1).

4. World Health Organization. World Health Statistics 2020.; 2020. doi:10.1111/cjag.12228

5. United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects 2019.; 2019.

6. World Health Organization. WHO Mortality Database. Published online 2020.

http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/mortality_rawdata/en/

7. UNICEF: WHO: World Bank: UN DESA. Levels & Trends in Child Mortality 2020. UN IGME Rep.
Published online 2020. https://childmortality.org/data

8. UNAIDS. UNAIDS Data 2020.; 2020.

https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/documents/2020/unaids-data

9. GBD 2019 Demographics Collaborators. Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life
expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: a
comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet.
2020;396(10258). doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30977-6

10. Dicker D, Nguyen G, Abate D, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life
expectancy, 1950-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet.
2018;392(10159). doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31891-9

11. Bennett NG, Horiuchi S. Estimating the Completeness of Death Registration in a Closed Population.
Popul Index. 1981;47(2):207-221.

12. Hill K. Estimating census and death registration completeness. Asian Pac Popul Forum. 1987;1(3).

13. Preston S, Coale AJ, Trussell J, Weinstein M. Estimating the completeness of reporting of adult
deaths in populations that are approximately stable. Popul Index. 1980;46(2).
doi:10.2307/2736122

14. GBD 2019 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries
in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease
Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258).

15. Forouzanfar MH, Afshin A, Alexander LT, et al. Global, regional, and national comparative risk
assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of
risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet.
2016;388(10053):1659-1724. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31679-8

16. Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, et al. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause
mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis
for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1459-1544.

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 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1

17. University of California Berkeley, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research. Human Mortality
Database. www.mortality.org

18. J.R. Wilmoth, K. Andreev, D. Jdanov and DAG. Methods Protocol for the Human Mortality
Database. Database. 2007;2007(June 2000).

19. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 全国疾病监测系统死因监测数据集 [National
Disease Surveillance System monitoring causes of death 2010]. Mil Med Sci Press. Published online
2012.

20. China Ministry of Health. 中国疾病监测报告[Cause-of-death data from Chinese Disease

Surveillance Points].

21. Registrar General of India. Causes of Death in India in 2001-2003. Published online 2009.

22. Registrar General of India and the Centre for Global Health. Causes of Death Statistics for India
2010-2013. A Joint Report of the Registrar General of India and the Centre for Global Health
Research. Published online 2015. http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-
common/Sample_Registration_System.html

23. Murray CJL, Ferguson BD, Lopez AD, Guillot M, Salomon JA, Ahmad OB. Life Tables for 191
Countries for 2000: Data, Methods, Results. In: Health Systems Performance Assessment: Debates,
Methods and Empiricism. World Health Organization; 2003:335-353.

24. EM-DAT | The international disasters database. Accessed September 16, 2020.
https://www.emdat.be/

25. World Health Organization. WHO Methods and Data Sources for Life Tables 1990-2016.; 2018.
Accessed September 16, 2020.
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26. Department of Peace and Conflict Research. Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP). Uppsala
University.

27. International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). In: ; 2019. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-95321-9_154

28. Title D, Bank W, Princeton E, et al. Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project ( ACLED ). Terror
Polit Violence. 2015;14(January).

29. Global Terrorism Database. doi:10.5260/chara.19.3.14

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Annex Table A: Data sources and methods for WHO Life Tables
Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
rates VR years
available for
life tables
ISO3
AFG Afghanistan Afghanistan Health Survey 2006 Model life table systems
Afghanistan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2003, 2010-2011
Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey 2015-2016
Afghanistan National Risk and Vulnerability Assessment 2007-
2008, 2011-2012

ALB Albania Life expectancy at birth: Based on life tables for 1987-2015 VR 1980, 1984-
derived from registered deaths by age and sex and observed 2015
trends in infant and child mortality.
DZA Algeria Algeria Maternal and Child Health Survey 1992 Model life table systems 1980-1982,
Algeria Family Health Survey 2002-2003 1985-1986,
Algeria Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 1995, 2000, 2012- 1998, 2000
2013
Algeria Vital Statistics - Deaths 1990, 2000, 2007-2010
Algeria Demography 2011
United Nations Demographic Yearbook 2000-2016

AGO Angola Angola Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2001 Model life table systems
Angola Malaria Indicator Survey 2006-2007, 2011
Angola Demographic and Health Survey 2015-2016

ATG Antigua and Total number of deaths officially reported to vital VR 1961-1964,
Barbuda registrations, by age and sex, extracted from the WHO 1966, 1969-
Mortality Database. 1978, 1983-
2009, 2012-
2017

ARG Argentina Total number of deaths officially reported to vital VR 1966-1970,

registrations, by age and sex, extracted from the WHO 1977-2018
Mortality Database.

ARM Armenia Total number of deaths officially reported to vital VR 1981-2018

registrations, by age and sex, extracted from the WHO
Mortality Database.

AUS Australia Total number of deaths officially reported to vital VR 1950-2018

registrations, by age and sex, extracted from the WHO
Mortality Database.

AUT Austria Total number of deaths officially reported to vital VR 1955-2019

registrations, by age and sex, extracted from the WHO
Mortality Database.

AZE Azerbaijan Total number of deaths officially reported to vital VR 1981-2011

registrations, by age and sex, extracted from the WHO
Mortality Database.
BHS Bahamas United Nations Demographic Yearbook Model life table systems 1969, 1971-
WHO Mortality Database 1972, 1974-
1977, 1979-
2014

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 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
rates VR years
available for
life tables
ISO3
BHR Bahrain Total number of deaths officially reported to vital VR 1980-2014
registrations, by age and sex, extracted from the WHO
Mortality Database.
BGD Bangladesh Bangladesh Special Demographic and Health Survey 2001 Model life table systems 1980-1982,
Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 1993-1994, 1996- 1984-1986
1997, 1999-2000, 2004, 2007, 2011-2012, 2014
Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2012-2013
Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011
Bangladesh Sample Vital Registration System 2003, 2010,
2012, 2013, 2014

BRB Barbados WHO Mortality Database Model life table systems 1955-2013
Country Mortality Data 1980-1999

BLR Belarus Total number of deaths officially reported to vital VR 1981-2015,

registrations, by age and sex, extracted from the WHO 2018
Mortality Database.
BEL Belgium Total number of deaths officially reported to vital VR 1954-2016
registrations, by age and sex, extracted from the WHO
Mortality Database.
BLZ Belize Belize Family Health Survey 1991, 1999 Model life table systems 1964-2016
WHO Mortality Database
United Nations Demographic Yearbook 2009-2010, 2015-2016
Belize Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006, 2011, 2015-
2016
Belize Vital Registration - Deaths 2015 ICD10
BEN Benin Benin Demographic and Health Survey 1996, 2001, 2006 Model life table systems
Benin Demographic and Health Survey 2011-2012
Benin Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014

BTN Bhutan United Nations Demographic Yearbook 2006 Model life table systems
Bhutan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010
Bhutan Population and Housing Census 2005
Bhutan Health Survey 1994

BOL Bolivia Bolivia Demographic and Health Survey 2003-2004, 2008, Model life table systems 2000-2003
(Plurinational 2016
State of) Bolivia Household Survey 2000
Bolivia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000
Bolivia National Census of Population and Housing 2001 -
IPUMS
United Nations Demographic Yearbook 1991
WHO Mortality Database

BIH Bosnia and Total number of deaths officially reported to vital VR 1985-1991,
Herzegovina registrations, by age and sex, extracted from the WHO 1998-2011,
Mortality Database. 2014, 2016

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 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality rates GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
VR years
available for
life tables
ISO3
BWA Botswana Botswana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000 Model life table systems 1995
Botswana Family Health Survey 1996, 2007-2008
Botswana Population and Housing Census 1981
Botswana Demographic Survey 2006
United Nations Demographic Yearbook 2013
Botswana Population and Housing Census 2011
Botswana Vital Statistics Report 2001, 2013, 2014, 2015

BRA Brazil Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by age VR 1977-2017
and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

BRN Brunei Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by age VR 1982-2019
Darussalam and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

BGR Bulgaria Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by age VR 1964-2018
and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

BFA Burkina Faso Burkina Faso Demographic and Health Survey 1992-1993,1998-1999, Model life table systems
2003
Burkina Faso Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006
Burkina Faso Population and Housing Census 2006
Burkina Faso Demographic and Health Survey 2010-2011
Burkina Faso Malaria Indicator Survey 2014

BDI Burundi Burundi Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000 Model life table systems
Burundi Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2005
Burundi Demographic and Health Survey 2010-2011
Burundi Malaria Indicator Survey 2012-2013
Burundi Demographic and Health Survey 2016-2017

CPV Cabo Verde United Nations Demographic Yearbook Model life table systems 1980, 1983-
Cape Verde Reproductive Health Survey 1998 1985, 1990-
WHO Mortality Database 1991, 1998,
Cape Verde Population and Housing Census 2000 2000, 2007,
Cape Verde Demographic and Health Survey 2005 2011-2012

KHM Cambodia Cambodia Special Demographic and Health Survey 1998 Model life table systems
Cambodia Intercensal Population Survey 2004
Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 1997, 1999, 2003-2005
Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2000,2005-2006, 2010-
2011, 2014
Cambodia General Population Census 2008 - IPUMS
Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2014

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 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality rates GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
VR years
available
for life
ISO3 tables
CMR Cameroon Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey 1991, 1998, 2004 Model life table systems 1987
Cameroon Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000, 2014
Cameroon Population and Housing Census 2005
Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey 2011

CAN Canada Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1950-2017
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

CAF Central African Central African Republic Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000, Model life table systems 1988
Republic 2006, 2010-2011

TCD Chad Chad Demographic and Health Survey 1996-1997 Model life table systems
Chad Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000, 2010
Chad Demographic and Health Survey 2004,2014-2015

CHL Chile Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1954-2018
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

CHN China United Nations Demographic Yearbook Model life table systems 1987-2000
China Census of Population 2000
WHO Mortality Database
China Population and Housing Census 2010
China Disease Surveillance Points 1991-2007- China CDC
China - Henan Maternal and Child Health Surveillance System
Under-5 Mortality Rate 1991-1996
China Mortality Registration and Reporting System, China CDC
2008-2015
China Intercensal Population Sample Survey of One-Percent 1995
China National Maternal and Child Health Surveillance System Child
Mortality Data By Cause 1996-2012 – MCHS
China National Maternal and Child Health Surveillance System
Provincial Child Mortality 2000-2012, 2013-2014 - MCHS
China Maternal and Child Mortality Data 1996-2012 - China CDC
China National Maternal and Child Health Surveillance System
Under-5 Mortality 1996-2013 - MCHS
China National Maternal and Child Health Surveillance System 2009
China Statistical Yearbook 2002
China WHO Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health 2007-2010
China Disease Surveillance Points and Information System for
Disease Control and Prevention Deaths 2013-2015

COL Colombia Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1953-1970,
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 1972, 1974-
1977, 1979,
1981-2017

World Health Organization Page 13

 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality rates GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
VR years
available
for life
ISO3 tables
COM Comoros Comoros Demographic and Health Survey 1996, 2012-2013 Model life table systems
Comoros Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000

COG Congo Congo Demographic and Health Survey 2005,2011-2012 Model life table systems
Congo Population and Housing Census 1984
Congo AIDS Indicator Survey 2009
Congo Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014-2015

CRI Costa Rica Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1956-2017
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

CIV Côte d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire Demographic and Health Survey 1994, 1998-1999, Model life table systems 1998
2011-2012
Côte d'Ivoire AIDS Indicator Survey 2005
Cote d'Ivoire Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2016
Côte d'Ivoire General Population and Housing Census 1998

HRV Croatia Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1982-2017
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.
CUB Cuba Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1959, 1964-
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 1965, 1968-
2017

CYP Cyprus Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1980-2018
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

CZE Czechia Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1982-2019
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

PRK Democratic North Korea Population Census 1993 Model life table systems 1993
People's
Republic of
Korea

COD Democratic Zaire Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 1995 Model life table systems
Republic of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
Congo 2001, 2010
Democratic Republic of the Congo Demographic and Health Survey
2007, 2013-2014

DNK Denmark Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1951-2018
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

DJI Djibouti Djibouti Intercensal Demographic Survey 1991 Model life table systems 1991
Djibouti Family Health Survey 2002
Djibouti Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006

World Health Organization Page 14

 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality rates GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
VR years
available
for life
ISO3 tables
DOM Dominican Dominican Republic Demographic and Health Survey 1991, 1996, Model life table systems 1956-1963,
Republic 2002, 2007 , 2013 1965-1992,
Dominican Republic Experimental Demographic and Health Survey 1994-2013
1999
Dominican Republic Special Demographic and Health Survey 2007
Dominican Republic Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000, 2014
Dominican Republic Census 2002 - IPUMS
Dominican Republic National Multipurpose Household Survey 2006
WHO Mortality Database
Dominican Republic Census 2010 - IPUMS
Dominican Republic Vital Registration - Deaths 2013 ICD10
Dominican Republic Deaths Occurred per Year, by Sex and Age
Groups of the Deceased, 2001-2016

ECU Ecuador Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1961, 1963-
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 1975, 1977-
2017
EGY Egypt Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1954-1967,
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 1970-1981,
1983-2019

SLV El Salvador Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1950-1974,
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 1980-2015
GNQ Equatorial Equatorial Guinea Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000 Model life table systems
Guinea Equatorial Guinea Demographic and Health Survey 2011

ERI Eritrea Eritrea Demographic and Health Survey 1995-1996, 2002 Model life table systems
Eritrea Demographic and Health Survey 2002

EST Estonia Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1981-2019
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.
ETH Ethiopia Ethiopia Population and Housing Census 1994, 2007 Model life table systems 1984
Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2000, 2005, 2010-2011,
2016
FJI Fiji Fiji Population and Housing Census 1996, 2007 Model life table systems 1978, 1980-
WHO Mortality Database 1987, 1992-
Fiji Population and Housing Census 2007 2009, 2011-
Country Mortality Data 1980-1999 2012

FIN Finland Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1952-2018
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

FRA France Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1950-2016
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.
GAB Gabon Gabon Demographic and Health Survey 2000-2001, 2012 Model life table systems

GMB Gambia Gambia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000, 2005-2006, 2010 Model life table systems
Gambia Demographic and Health Survey 2013

World Health Organization Page 15

 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality rates GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
VR years
available
for life
ISO3 tables
GEO Georgia Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1981-2019
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

DEU Germany Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1980-2018
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

GHA Ghana Ghana Living Standards Measurement Survey 1991-1992, 1998- Model life table systems
1999, 2005-2006
Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 1993-1994, 1998-1999,
2003, 2008, 2014
Ghana Population and Housing Census 2000 - IPUMS
Ghana Special Demographic and Health Survey 2007-2008
Ghana Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006, 2011
Ghana District Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2007-2008
Ghana - Accra Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010-2011
Ghana Census 2010
Ghana Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 Survey,
Round 4 2015
Ghana Malaria Indicator Survey 2016
United Nations Demographic Yearbook

GRC Greece Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1956-2017
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

GRD Grenada WHO Mortality Database Model life table systems 1974-1978,
United Nations Demographic Yearbook 1984-2018
Grenada Vital Registration - Deaths 2016 ICD10

GTM Guatemala Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1958-1971,
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 1974-1981,
1983-2017
GIN Guinea Guinea General Census of Population and Housing 1996 - IPUMS Model life table systems
Guinea Demographic and Health Survey 1992, 1999, 2005, 2012
Guinea General Census of Population and Housing 1983 - IPUMS
Guinea Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2016
United Nations Demographic Yearbook

GNB Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000, 2006, 2010, Model life table systems
2014

GUY Guyana Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1975-1977,
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 1979, 1984,
1988-2014
HTI Haiti Haiti Demographic and Health Survey 1994-1995, 2000, 2005- Model life table systems 1980-1981,
2006, 2012, 2016-2017 1983, 1997,
United Nations Demographic Yearbook 1999, 2001-
Haiti Mortality, Morbidity, and Utilization of Services Survey 1987 2004
Haiti Population and Housing Census 2003 - IPUMS
WHO Mortality Database
Haiti Global Fund Household Survey 2008

World Health Organization Page 16

 HND Honduras Honduras Demographic and Health Survey 2005-2006, 2011-2012 Model life table systems 1966, 1968-
WHO Mortality Database 1983, 1987-
Honduras Survey of Living Conditions 2004 1990, 2008-
Honduras Population and Housing Census 2001 2013

HUN Hungary Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1955-2019
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

ISL Iceland Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1951-2019
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

IND India India Demographic and Health Survey 1992-1993, 1998-1999 Model life table systems 1988-2008
India District Level Household Survey 1998-1999 (DLHS)
India Sample Registration System Age-Specific Death Rates 1970-
2006
India Human Development Survey 2004-2005
India Demographic and Health Survey 2005-2006, 2015-2016
India District Level Household Survey 2002-2005, 2007-2008, 2012-
2014
India SRS Compendium of Fertility and Mortality Indicators 1971-
1997
India Sample Registration System Age- and Sex-Specific Death Rates
1983-1995
India Population and Housing Census 2001
India Annual Health Survey Data 2010-2013
India Population and Housing Census 2011
India Medical Certification of Cause of Death State-Level
Tabulations 1990-1996
India Fertility and Mortality Indicators 1991
India Human Development Survey 2011-2013
India SRS Statistical Report 1995-2016
India Medical Certification of Cause of Death Report 1997-2010
India Vital Statistics 2010-2015
India Annual Health Survey 2010-2013

IDN Indonesia Indonesia Population and Housing Census 1990, 2000 Model life table systems
Indonesia Intercensal Population Survey 1995, 2005
Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 1991, 1994, 1997, 2002-
2003, 2007, 2012
Indonesia Family Life Survey 1993-1994, 1997, 2000, 2007-2008,
2014-2015
Indonesia Population Census 1990, 2000, 2010
Indonesia Special Demographic and Health Survey 2012
United Nations Demographic Yearbook

IRN Iran (Islamic Iran Demographic and Health Survey 2000 Model life table systems 1974-1975,
Republic of) Iran Population and Health Sample Survey 1974 1978-1987,
WHO Mortality Database 1991, 1995-
Iran General Census of Population and Housing 2006, 2011, 2016 1999, 2001,
United Nations Demographic Yearbook - Historical Supplement 2005-2008,
1997 2013-2016
Iran Mortality and Fertility Survey 1996
Iran Vital Registration - Deaths 1996-2001
Iran Death Registration System 2001-2015
Iran Civil Registration Recorded Deaths 2011-2016
Iran Multiple Indicator Demographic and Health Survey 2010

World Health Organization Page 17

 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality rates GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
VR years
available
for life
ISO3 tables
IRQ Iraq Iraq Multiple Indicator Rapid Assessment 2004 Model life table systems 1987-1989,
Iraq Population and Housing Census 1997 - IPUMS 2008, 2015-
Iraq Child and Maternal Mortality Survey 1999 2016
Iraq Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006, 2011
Iraq Family Health Survey 2006-2007
Iraq Infant and Child Mortality and Nutrition Survey 1991
Iraq Living Conditions Survey 2004
Mortality in Iraq Associated with the 2003-2011 Invasion and
Occupation
WHO Mortality Database

IRL Ireland Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1950-2015
age and sex , extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.
ISR Israel Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1975-2019
age and sex , extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

ITA Italy Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1951-2017
age and sex , extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

JAM Jamaica Jamaica Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000, 2005 Model life table systems 1960-1961,
Jamaica Population Census 2001 - IPUMS 1964-1965,
WHO Mortality Database 1967-1971,
Jamaica Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2005 1975, 1977,
Country Mortality Data 1980-1999 1980-1991,
1996-2014
JPN Japan Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1950-2018
age and sex , extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

JOR Jordan Jordan Demographic and Health Survey 1997, 2002, 2007 Model life table systems 1959-1960,
Jordan Interim Demographic and Health Survey 2009 1962-1966,
Jordan Demographic and Health Survey 2012 1968, 1970-
Jordan Vital Registration - Deaths 2004-2006 1975, 1978-
WHO Mortality Database 1979, 2003-
Jordan Causes of Death and Population 2013 2004, 2008-
2013, 2015
KAZ Kazakhstan Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1981-2015,
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 2017

KEN Kenya Kenya Welfare Monitoring Survey II 1994 Model life table systems
Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 1993, 1998, 2003, 2008-
2009, 2014
Kenya Population and Housing Census 1999, 2009
Kenya Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000
Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey 2005-2006
Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey 2007
Kenya Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 Survey,
Round 3 2015
Kenya Malaria Indicator Survey 2015
Kenya AIDS Indicator Survey 2007

World Health Organization Page 18

 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality rates GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
VR years
available
for life
ISO3 tables
KIR Kiribati Kiribati Population and Housing Census 2005, 2010 Model life table systems 1991-2001
WHO Mortality Database
Kiribati Demographic and Health Survey 2009
United Nations Demographic Yearbook 2014

KWT Kuwait Kuwait Family Health Survey 1996 Model life table systems 1972, 1975-
WHO Mortality Database 1989, 1991-
Kuwait Annual Bulletin for Vital Statistics - Births and Deaths 2015 2017

KGZ Kyrgyzstan Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1981-2016
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

LAO Lao People's United Nations Demographic Yearbook Special Census Topic, 2000 Model life table systems 1995
Democratic Round
Republic Laos Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011-2012
Laos Reproductive Health Survey 2005
LVA Latvia Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1980-2018
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

LBN Lebanon Lebanon Maternal and Child Health Survey 1996 Model life table systems 2017-2019
Lebanon Family Health Survey 2004
Lebanon Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000, 2009
Lebanon Registered and Reported Deaths 2004
Lebanon Vital Registration - Deaths 2009-2015
LSO Lesotho Lesotho Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000 Model life table systems
Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey 2004-2005, 2009-2010,
2014
Lesotho Demographic Survey 2001, 2011
LBR Liberia Liberia Demographic and Health Survey 2006-2007, 2013 Model life table systems
Liberia Census 2008
Liberia Malaria Indicator Survey 2008-2009, 2011, 2016

LBY Libya Libya Maternal and Child Health Survey 1995 Model life table systems 1981, 2016-
Libya Family Health Survey 2007 2017
United Nations Demographic Yearbook
Libya Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2003
Libya Vital Statistics 2006-2011
LTU Lithuania Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1980-2018
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

LUX Luxembourg Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1955-1962,
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 1965-2017

MDG Madagascar Madagascar Demographic and Health Survey 1992, 1997, 2003- Model life table systems
2004, 2008-2009
Madagascar Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000, 2011
Madagascar Malaria Indicator Survey 1995, 2013
Madagascar - South Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2012
United Nations Demographic Yearbook

World Health Organization Page 19

 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality rates GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
VR years
available
for life
ISO3 tables
MWI Malawi Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 1992, 2000, 2004-2005, Model life table systems 1987, 1998
2010, 2015-2016
United Nations Demographic Yearbook
Malawi Population and Housing Census 1998, 2008
Malawi Diffusion and Ideational Change Project (MDICP) 1998
Malawi Diffusion and Ideational Change Project (MDICP) 2001
Malawi Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 1995 2006, 2013-2014
Malawi Malaria Indicator Survey 2012, 2014, 2017
Malawi Global Fund Household Health Coverage Survey 2007-
2008

MYS Malaysia United Nations Demographic Yearbook Model life table systems 1990-2014
Country Mortality Data 1980-1999
Malaysia Vital Registration - Deaths 2010, 2011, 2013 ICD10

MDV Maldives Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1984-2017
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

MLI Mali Mali Demographic and Health Survey 1995-1996, 2001, 2006, Model life table systems 1987
2012-2013
Mali General Population and Housing Census 1998 - IPUMS
United Nations Demographic Yearbook - Historical Supplement
1997
Mali Census 2009
Mali Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2015
Mali Malaria Indicator Survey 2015

MLT Malta Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1955-2017
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.
MRT Mauritania Mauritania Demographic and Health Survey 2000-2001 Model life table systems 1988
Mauritania Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 1996, 2007, 2011,
2015
MUS Mauritius Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1957-2019
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

MEX Mexico Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1955-2017
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.
FSM Micronesia United Nations Demographic Yearbook Model life table systems
(Federated
States of)
MNG Mongolia United Nations Demographic Yearbook Model life table systems 1991-2010,
Mongolia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000, 2005, 2010, 2016
2013
Mongolia Reproductive Health Survey 1998, 2003, 2008
WHO Mortality Database
Mongolia Statistical Yearbook 2001-2005
MNE Montenegro Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1985-2010
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

MAR Morocco Morocco Special Demographic and Health Survey 1995 Model life table systems 1991-1998,
Morocco Demographic and Health Survey 1992, 2003-2004 2000-2004,
Morocco Population and Housing Census 1994, 2004 2007-2016
Morocco Maternal and Child Health Survey 1996-1997
United Nations Demographic Yearbook
Morocco National Survey on Population and Family Health 2010-
2011

World Health Organization Page 20

 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality rates GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
VR years
available
for life
tables

ISO3
MOZ Mozambique Mozambique Demographic and Health Survey 1997,2003-2004, Model life table systems
2011
Mozambique Population and Housing Census 1997
Mozambique Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 1995, 2008-2009
Mozambique Census 2007 - IPUMS
Mozambique AIDS Indicator Survey 2009
United Nations Demographic Yearbook

MMR Myanmar Myanmar Demographic and Health Survey 2015-2016 Model life table systems 1977-1978,
Myanmar Population and Housing Census 2014 2013-2014
United Nations Demographic Yearbook
Myanmar Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2009-2010

NAM Namibia Namibia Demographic and Health Survey 1992, 2000, 2006-2007, Model life table systems
2013
United Nations Demographic Yearbook
Namibia Population and Housing Census 2011

NPL Nepal Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, Model life table systems 1981, 1991
2016-2017
Nepal Fertility, Family Planning, and Health Survey 1991-1992
United Nations Demographic Yearbook 2009-2010
Nepal National Population Census 2001 - IPUMS
Nepal Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014

NLD Netherlands Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1950-2018
age and sex , extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

NZL New Zealand Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1950-2016
age and sex , extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

NIC Nicaragua Nicaragua Socio-Demographic Survey 1985-1986 Model life table systems 1959, 1961-
Nicaragua Living Standards Measurement Survey 1993, 2001, 1965, 1968-
2005 1969, 1973-
Nicaragua Demographic and Health Survey 1997-1998, 2001,2011- 1978, 1987-
2012 1994, 1996-
Nicaragua Population and Housing Census 1995, 2005 2018
Nicaragua Reproductive Health Survey 2006-2007
WHO Mortality Database
Nicaragua Vital Registration - Deaths 2014, 2015 ICD10

World Health Organization Page 21

 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality rates GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
VR years
available
for life
ISO3 tables
NER Niger Niger Demographic and Health Survey 1992, 1998, 2006, 2012 Model life table systems
Niger Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 1996, 2000

NGA Nigeria Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 1990, 2003, 2008, 2013 Model life table systems
Nigeria Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 1999, 2007, 2011
Nigeria Living Standards Survey 2003-2004, 2008-2010
Nigeria General Household Survey 2007, 2008
Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey 2010, 2015
Nigeria Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey with National
Immunization Coverage Survey Supplement 2016-2017
Nigeria Report of Livebirths, Deaths and Stillbirths 1994-2007

NOR Norway Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1951-2016
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

OMN Oman Oman Family Health Survey 1995 Model life table systems 2009-2010,
Oman General Census of Population, Housing, and Establishments 2014, 2016-
1993 2017
Oman Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2014
United Nations Demographic Yearbook
WHO Mortality Database
Oman Vital Registration - Deaths 2014 ICD10

PAK Pakistan United Nations Demographic Yearbook Model life table systems 1984-1993
Pakistan Integrated Household Survey/ Household Integrated
Economic Survey 1998-1999, 2001-2002
Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey/
Household Integrated Economic Survey 2005-2006, 2007-2008,
2008-2009
Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2006-2007, 2012-2013
Pakistan Demographic Survey 1995-1996, 1999, 2005, 2006
PAN Panama Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1954-2017
age and sex , extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.
PNG Papua New Papua New Guinea Demographic and Health Survey 1996-1997, Model life table systems 1977, 1980,
Guinea 2006-2007 1987-1998
WHO Mortality Database
Papua New Guinea Census 2000

PRY Paraguay Paraguay Demographic and Health Survey 1990 Model life table systems 1961-1963,
Paraguay Population and Housing Census 1992,2002 1965-1992,
Paraguay Reproductive Health Survey 1995-1996 1994-2017
Paraguay Integrated Household Survey 1997-1998, 2000-2001
WHO Mortality Database
Paraguay Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2016

PER Peru Peru Demographic and Health Survey 1991-1992, 1996, 2000 Model life table systems 1966-1973,
WHO Mortality Database 1977-1978,
Peru National Population and Housing Census 1993, 2007 1980-1992,
Peru Living Standards Measurement Survey 1994 1994-2017
Peru Continuous Demographic and Health Survey 2003-2008,
2009-2014
Peru Demographic and Family Health Survey 2015
Peru Demographic and Family Health Survey 2016
Peru Vital Registration - Deaths 2015 ICD10

World Health Organization Page 22

 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality rates GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
VR years
available
for life
ISO3 tables
PHL Philippines Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1963-1978,
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 1980-2011,
2014
POL Poland Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1959-2017
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

PRT Portugal Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1955-2018
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

PRI Puerto Rico Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1955-1966,
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 1969-1977,
1979-2017
QAT Qatar United Nations Demographic Yearbook Model life table systems 1981-1983,
Qatar Vital Statistics Annual Bulletin 1991, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003 1985-2017
WHO Mortality Database Version November 2015
Qatar Vital Registration - Deaths 2015, 2016 ICD10

KOR Republic of Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1980-2019
Korea age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

MDA Republic of Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1981-2018
Moldova age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

ROU Romania Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1959-1978,
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 1980-2018

RUS Russian Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1980-2019
Federation age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.
RWA Rwanda Rwanda Population and Housing Census 1991, 2002, 2012 Model life table systems
Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey 1992, 2000, 2005, 2010-
2011, 2014-2015
Rwanda Integrated Living Conditions Survey 2005-2006
Rwanda Interim Demographic and Health Survey 2007-2008
Rwanda Malaria Indicator Survey 2013
LCA Saint Lucia Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1968-2006,
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 2008-2015

VCT Saint Vincent Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1970-1972,
and the age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 1974, 1977-
Grenadines 2017

WSM Samoa Samoa Demographic and Health Survey 2009, 2014 Model life table systems 1980, 1992-
Samoa Demographic and Health Survey 2014 1993

STP Sao Tome and Sao Tome and Principe Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000, Model life table systems 1984-1985,
Principe 2006, 2014 1987
WHO Mortality Database
Sao Tome and Principe Demographic and Health Survey 2008-2009

SAU Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Family Health Survey 1996-1997 Model life table systems 2009, 2012
Saudi Arabia Vital Registration - Deaths 1996-2012
United Nations Demographic Yearbook
Saudi Arabia Demographic Research Bulletin 2007
WHO Mortality Database

World Health Organization Page 23

 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality rates GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
VR years
available
for life
ISO3 tables
SEN Senegal Senegal Demographic and Health Survey 1992-1993, 1997, Model life table systems
2005,2010-2011
Senegal General Population and Housing Census 2002 - IPUMS
Senegal Malaria Indicator Survey 2006, 2008-2009
Senegal Continuous Demographic and Health Survey 2012-2017

SRB Serbia Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1985-2017
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

SYC Seychelles United Nations Demographic Yearbook Model life table systems 1980-2015
Seychelles Population and Housing Census 1960
WHO Mortality Database
Seychelles Statistical Bulletin: Population and Vital Statistics
December 2016

SLE Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000, 2005, 2010 Model life table systems
Sierra Leone Population and Housing Census 2004 - IPUMS
Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey 2008, 2013
Sierra Leone Demographic and Health Survey 2013
Sierra Leone Statistical Digest 2007-2013

SGP Singapore Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1955-2017,
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 2019

SVK Slovakia Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1982-2014
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

SVN Slovenia Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1982-2019
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

SLB Solomon Solomon Islands Population and Housing Census 1999, 2009 Model life table systems 2017-2018
Islands Solomon Islands Demographic and Health Survey 2006-2007, 2015

SOM Somalia Somalia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 1999, 2006 Model life table systems

ZAF South Africa South Africa Living Standards Measurement Study 1993 Model life table systems 1980-1982,
South Africa Demographic and Health Survey 1998, 2016 1984-2015
South Africa Census 1996, 2001
Country Mortality Data 1980-1999
South Africa Community Survey 2007, 2016
South Africa October Household Survey 1993, 1995-1998
WHO Mortality Database
South Africa Vital Registration - Causes of Death 1997-2015
South Africa National Income Dynamics Study - Wave 2 2010-2011
South Africa Rapid Mortality Surveillance Report 2012
South Africa Population and Housing Census 2011
United Nations Demographic Yearbook

SSD South Sudan Sudan - South Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008 Model life table systems
Sudan - South Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010
United Nations Demographic Yearbook
ESP Spain Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1951-2017
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

World Health Organization Page 24

 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality rates GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
VR years
available for
life tables
ISO3
LKA Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Demographic and Health Survey 1993, 2000, 2006-2007, 2016 Model life table systems 1950-1968,
WHO Mortality Database 1977, 1980-
Sri Lanka Population and Housing Census 2001 2007, 2009-
Sri Lanka Vital Statistics - Deaths 1993, 2004-2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2013 2014
United Nations Demographic Yearbook

SDN Sudan Sudan Maternal and Child Health Survey 1992-1993 Model life table systems
United Nations Demographic Yearbook
Sudan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000, 2014
Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008 - IPUMS
Sudan Household Health Survey Report 2010
Sudan Family Health Survey 2006

SUR Suriname Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by age and VR 1963-1966,
sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 1971-1973,
1975-2014
SWZ Swaziland Swaziland Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000, 2010, 2014 Model life table systems
Swaziland Demographic and Health Survey 2006-2007
United Nations Demographic Yearbook

SWE Sweden Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by age and VR 1951-2017
sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.
CHE Switzerland Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by age and VR 1951-2017
sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.
SYR Syrian Arab Syria Maternal and Child Health Survey 1993 Model life table systems 1973-1978,
Republic WHO Mortality Database 1980-1981,
Syria Family Health Survey 2001, 2009 1983-1985,
United Nations Demographic Yearbook 1998-2010
Palestinians in Syria Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006
Syria Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006

TWN Taiwan, China Taiwan Human Mortality Database Deaths Period Data Model life table systems
Taiwan Vital Registration - Deaths 1990-2016

TJK Tajikistan Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by age and VR 1981-1982,
sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 1985-2005,
2007-2009,
2016
THA Thailand United Nations Demographic Yearbook Model life table systems 1955-2019
WHO Mortality Database
Thailand Population and Housing Census 1990, 2000
Thailand Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2005-2006, 2012
Thailand Vital Registration - Deaths 1990, 1991 ICD9
Thailand Survey of Population Change 2005-2006
Thailand Vital Registration - Deaths 2015,2016 ICD10

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 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality rates GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
VR years
available
for life
ISO3 tables
MKD North Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1982-2013
Macedonia age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

TLS Timor-Leste Timor-Leste Living Standards and Measurement Survey 2001 Model life table systems
Timor-Leste Demographic and Health Survey 2003,2009-2010, 2016
Timor-Leste Population and Housing Census 2004

TGO Togo Togo Demographic and Health Survey 1998, 2013-2014 Model life table systems
Togo Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006, 2610
Togo Population and Housing Census 2010

TON Tonga United Nations Demographic Yearbook Model life table systems 1992-2003
Tonga Demographic and Health Survey 2012

TTO Trinidad and Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1951-2012
Tobago age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

TUN Tunisia United Nations Demographic Yearbook Model life table systems 1980, 1987-
Tunisia Demographic and Health Survey 1988 1989, 1991-
Tunisia Maternal and Child Health Survey 1994-1995 2000, 2009,
Tunisia Family Health Survey 2001 2013
Tunisia Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2011-2012

TUR Turkey Turkey Demographic and Health Survey 1993, 1998, 2003-2004, Model life table systems 1978-1979,
2008, 2013-2014 1981-1984,
United Nations Demographic Yearbook 1987-2016,
Turkey Demographic Survey 1989 2019
Turkey Population Census 2000
WHO Mortality Database Version
Turkey Vital Registration - Deaths by Age and Sex 2016
TKM Turkmenistan Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1981-1982,
age and sex , extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 1985-2015

UGA Uganda Uganda Population and Housing Census 1991, 2002 - IPUMS Model life table systems
Uganda Integrated Household Survey 1992-1993
Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 1995, 2000-2001, 2006,
2011, 2016
Uganda Malaria Indicator Survey 2009-2010, 2014-2015
Uganda Living Standards Measurement Survey - Integrated Survey
on Agriculture 2009-2010
Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey 2004-2005,2011
Uganda Performance Monitoring and Accountability 2020 Survey,
Round 3 2015

UKR Ukraine Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1981-2012,
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 2014-2015,
2017-2019

ARE United Arab United Arab Emirates Family Health Survey 1995 Model life table systems 2003, 2005-
Emirates United Arab Emirates Vital Statistics - Deaths 1995-2005 2010, 2012,
United Arab Emirates Statistical Abstract 1999-2005, 2007 2016, 2019
United Arab Emirates Annual Statistical Report 2006, 2007
WHO Mortality Database

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 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality rates GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
VR years
available
for life
ISO3 tables
GBR United Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1950-2016
Kingdom age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.
TZA United Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 1991-1992 Model life table systems 1988
Republic of Tanzania Population Census 1988 - IPUMS
Tanzania Tanzania Population and Housing Census 1967
Tanzania Living Standards Measurement Study 1993-1994
Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 1996, 1999, 2004-2005,
2009-2010, 2015-2016
Tanzania Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Survey 1994
Tanzania Population Census 2002 - IPUMS
Tanzania HIV/AIDS and Malaria Indicator Survey 2007-2008
Tanzania AIDS Indicator Survey 2003-2004, 2011-2012
Tanzania National Panel Survey 2008-2009

USA United States Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1950-2017
of America age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.

URY Uruguay Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1955-1960,
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 1963-1978,
1980-2010,
2012-2019

UZB Uzbekistan Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1981-2005,
age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database. 2009-2016

VUT Vanuatu Vanuatu Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2007-2008 Model life table systems
Vanuatu Population and Housing Census 2009
Vanuatu Demographic and Health Survey 2013
VEN Venezuela Total number of deaths officially reported to vital registrations, by VR 1955-2014
(Bolivarian age and sex, extracted from the WHO Mortality Database.
Republic of)

VNM Viet Nam Vietnam Intercensal Demographic Survey 1994 Model life table systems
Vietnam Demographic and Health Survey 1997, 2002
Vietnam Population and Housing Census 1999, 2009
Vietnam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2000, 2006, 2010-2011,
2013-2014
Vietnam AIDS Indicator Survey 2005
Vietnam Population Change and Family Planning Survey 2007,
2008, 2010, 2011, 2013
Vietnam National Health Survey 2001-2002

PSE West Bank and Palestine - West Bank and Gaza Strip Multiple Indicator Cluster Model life table systems 2008-2016
Gaza Strip Survey 2000
Palestine Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2010, 2014
Palestine Demographic and Health Survey 2004
Palestine Population, Housing, and Establishment Census 1997,
2007
Palestine Demographic Survey 1995
United Nations Demographic Yearbook
Palestine Family Health Survey 2006-2007
WHO Mortality Database
Palestine - West Bank and Gaza Strip Vital Registration - Deaths
2010 ICD10

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 Member State Main data inputs for estimation of age-specific mortality rates GHE2019 lifetable method WHO MBD
VR years
available
for life
ISO3 tables
YEM Yemen Yemen Demographic and Health Survey 1991-1992, 1997, 2013 Model life table systems
Yemen Family Health Survey 2003
United Nations Demographic Yearbook Special Census Topic, 2000
Round
Yemen Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006
Yemen Annual Statistical Health Report 2006
ZMB Zambia Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 1992 Model life table systems
Zambia Census 1990 - IPUMS
Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 1996-1997
Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2001-2002
Zambia Census 2000, 2010
Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2007, 2013-2014
Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2018-2019
Zambia Malaria Indicator Survey 2006, 2012
Zambia Living Conditions Monitoring Survey 1998, 2006, 2010
Zambia Household Health Coverage Survey 2008
ZWE Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 1994, 1999, 2005-2006, Model life table systems 1982, 1986,
2010-2011, 2015 1990-1996,
Zimbabwe Multiple Indicator Monitoring Survey 2009, 2014 1998, 2002
Zimbabwe Vital Registration - Deaths 1990 ICD9
Zimbabwe Population and Housing Census 2012
United Nations Demographic Yearbook
* Total registered deaths reported to WHO Mortality Database or from other available sources. This may include registered deaths for which
cause of death was not recorded for some countries.

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Annex B: Estimated completeness* of death registration data for most recent year

Country Year Completeness (%) Country Year Completeness (%)

Albania 2015 100 Kyrgyzstan 2016 100
Antigua and Barbuda 2017 100 Latvia 2018 100
Argentina 2018 100 Lithuania 2018 100
Armenia 2018 100 Luxembourg 2017 100
Australia 2018 100 Maldives 2017 100
Austria 2019 100 Malta 2017 100
Azerbaijan 2011 88 Mauritius 2019 100
Bahrain 2014 80 Mexico 2017 100
Belarus 2018 100 Montenegro 2010 89
Belgium 2016 100 Netherlands 2018 100
Bosnia and Herzegovina 2016 100 New Zealand 2016 100
Brazil 2017 100 North Macedonia 2013 84
Brunei Darussalam 2019 82 Norway 2016 100
Bulgaria 2018 100 Panama 2017 100
Canada 2017 100 Philippines 2014 100
Chile 2018 100 Poland 2017 100
Colombia 2017 100 Portugal 2018 100
Costa Rica 2017 100 Puerto Rico 2017 100
Croatia 2017 100 Republic of Korea 2019 100
Cuba 2017 100 Republic of Moldova 2018 100
Cyprus 2018 98 Romania 2018 100
Czechia 2019 100 Russian Federation 2019 100
Denmark 2018 100 Saint Lucia 2015 100
Ecuador 2017 86 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2017 100
Egypt 2019 100 Serbia 2017 100
Estonia 2019 100 Singapore 2019 100
Finland 2018 100 Slovakia 2014 100
France 2016 100 Slovenia 2019 100
Georgia 2019 87 Spain 2017 100
Germany 2018 100 Suriname 2014 90
Greece 2017 100 Sweden 2017 100
Grenada 2018 100 Switzerland 2017 100
Guatemala 2017 87 Tajikistan 2016 91
Guyana 2014 84 Trinidad and Tobago 2012 100
Hungary 2019 100 Turkmenistan 2015 91
Iceland 2019 100 Ukraine 2019 100
Ireland 2015 100 United Kingdom 2016 100
Israel 2019 100 United States of America 2017 100
Italy 2017 100 Uruguay 2019 100
Japan 2018 100 Uzbekistan 2016 90
Kazakhstan 2017 100 Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) 2014 100

* Completeness for ages 15 and over estimated for total registered deaths reported to WHO Mortality Database or from other available sources.
This may include registered deaths for which cause of death was not recorded for some countries. Hence the completeness shown here may
be greater than that for cause of death datasets included in the WHO Mortality Database.

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