Artificial Intelligence

Unit-1. Introduction
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, Background and Applications, Turing Test and Rational Agent
approaches to AI, Introduction to Intelligent Agents, their structure, behavior and environment.

Definition
 Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-
made thinking power."
So, AI can define as: It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent
machines which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.

 According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and
engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.

 Artificial Intelligence is a field of computer science that deals with creating machines and
software that can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as recognizing
speech, making decisions, learning, and solving problems.

Goals of AI
The main goal of AI is to create machines that can perform cognitive tasks that were
previously only possible for humans. Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:

1. Replication of human intelligence.

2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks. (Solving problems that require knowledge)
3. Proving advice to the user
4. An intelligent connection of perception and action
5. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such as:
Proving a theorem, Playing chess, Plan some surgical operation, driving a car in traffic etc.
6. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by itself,
demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

Application of AI
Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming essential for
today's time because it can solve complex problems with an efficient way in multiple industries,
such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. AI is making our daily life more
comfortable and fast.

Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:
  AI in Gaming − The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc.,
where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic
knowledge.
 AI in Natural Language Processing − It is possible to interact with the computer that
understands natural language spoken by humans.
 AI in Healthcare – Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster
diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients
are worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
 AI in Finance – The finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive
intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial processes.
 AI in Expert Systems − There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and
special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice
to the users.
 AI in Vision Systems − These systems understand, interpret, and comprehend visual input
on the computer. For example,
o A spying aeroplane takes photographs, which are used to figure out spatial
information or map of the areas.
o Doctors use clinical expert system to diagnose the patient.
o Police use computer software that can recognize the face of criminal with the stored
portrait made by forensic artist.
 Data security - The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are
growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and
secure.
 AI in Speech Recognition − Some intelligent systems are capable of hearing and
comprehending the language in terms of sentences and their meanings while a human talks
to it. It can handle different accents, slang words, noise in the background, change in human’s
noise due to cold, etc.
 AI in Handwriting Recognition − The handwriting recognition software reads the text
written on paper by a pen or on screen by a stylus. It can recognize the shapes of the letters
and convert it into editable text.
 AI in Intelligent Robots − Robots are able to perform the tasks given by a human. They have
sensors to detect physical data from the real world such as light, heat, temperature,
movement, sound, bump, and pressure. They have efficient processors, multiple sensors and
huge memory, to exhibit intelligence. In addition, they are capable of learning from their
mistakes and they can adapt to the new environment.
 AI in E-commerce - We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with
some entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI algorithms,
these services show the recommendations for programs or shows, products, handle service
requests.

What is Intelligence Composed of?

The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of −

 Reasoning − It is the set of processes that enables us to provide basis for judgement, making
decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two types −
  Learning − It is the activity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being
taught, or experiencing something. Learning enhances the awareness of the subjects of the
study.

 Problem Solving − It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a desired
solution from a present situation by taking some path, which is blocked by known or
unknown hurdles.

 Decision making, which is the process of selecting the best suitable alternative out of
multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal are available.

 Perception − It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory

information.

Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by sensory organs. In the

domain of AI, perception mechanism puts the data acquired by the sensors together in a
meaningful manner.

 Linguistic Intelligence − It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write the verbal
and written language. It is important in interpersonal communication.

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:
 High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and high
accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
 High-Speed and fast decision making: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-
decision making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
 High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple
times with high accuracy.
 Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb,
exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
 Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as AI
technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per
customer requirement.
 Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving car
which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose,
Natural language processing to communicate with the human in human-language, etc.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

Following are the disadvantages of AI:
 High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of
maintenance to meet current world requirements.
 Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they
cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or
programmed.
 No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does
not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with human, and
may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not taken.
 Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting
more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
  No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but still
AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and
imaginative.

Classification of AI
Based on Capabilities AI can be classified in the following types -

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:

- Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with intelligence (not
concerned about how).
- The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world of Artificial
Intelligence.
- Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for one specific
task.
Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-commerce site, self-
driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.
2. Strong AI or General AI:
- Strong AI is the type of AI that mimics human intelligence.
- Strong AI indicates the ability to think, plan, learn, and communicate.
- Strong AI is the theoretical next level of AI: True Intelligence.
3. Super AI:
- Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass human
intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties. It is an
outcome of general AI.
- Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to
reason, solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.

Agents & Environments

An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. The agents act in their
environment. The environment may contain other agents.

What are Agent and Environment?

An agent is anything that can perceive its environment through sensors and acts upon that
environment through effectors.
 A human agent has sensory organs
such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue and
skin parallel to the sensors, and other
organs such as hands, legs, mouth, for
effectors.
 A robotic agent replaces cameras
and infrared range finders for the
sensors, and various motors and
actuators for effectors.
 A software agent has encoded bit
strings as its programs and actions.
Agent Terminology
 Performance Measure of Agent − It is the criteria, which determines how successful an agent is.
 Behavior of Agent − It is the action that agent performs after any given sequence of percepts.
 Percept − It is agent’s perceptual inputs at a given instance.
 Percept Sequence − It is the history of all that an agent has perceived till date.
 Agent Function − It is a map from the precept sequence to an action.
Rationality
Rationality is nothing but status of being reasonable, sensible, and having good sense of judgment.
Rationality is concerned with expected actions and results depending upon what the agent has perceived.
Performing actions with the aim of obtaining useful information is an important part of rationality.

What is Ideal Rational Agent?

An ideal rational agent is the one, which is capable of doing expected actions to maximize its
performance measure.
Rationality of an agent depends on the following −
 The performance measures, which determine the degree of success.
 Agent’s Percept Sequence till now.
 The agent’s prior knowledge about the environment.
 The actions that the agent can carry out.
A rational agent always performs right action, where the right action means the action that causes
the agent to be most successful in the given percept sequence.
What is PEAS?
PEAS is a short form for Performance, Environment, Actuators, and Sensors. Identifying PEAS
can help write optimum algorithms for AI.
1. Performance Measure: Performance measure is the unit to define the success of an agent.
Performance varies with agents based on their different precepts.
2. Environment: Environment is the surrounding of an agent at every instant. It keeps changing
with time if the agent is set in motion.
3. Actuator: An actuator is a part of the agent that delivers the output of action to the
environment.
4. Sensor: Sensors are the receptive parts of an agent that takes in the input for the agent.
5.
Agent Performance Measure Environment Actuator Sensor
Hospital Patient’s health, Hospital, Prescription, Symptoms,
Management Admission process, Doctors, Patients Diagnosis, Scan Patient’s
System Payment report response
Automated Car The comfortable trip, Roads, Traffic, Steering wheel, Camera, GPS,
Drive Safety, Maximum Vehicles Accelerator, Brake, Odometer
Distance Mirror