ANS OF QUESTION NO 2(4)

A virtual server, or virtual machine (VM), is a software-based emulation of a physical server. It runs an operating system and
applications in an isolated environment on a host machine, allowing multiple virtual servers to share the same physical
resources. This setup provides flexibility, scalability, and cost efficiency.
ANS OF QUESTION NO 2(1)

Virtualization in operating systems is the process of creating a virtual version of something, such as hardware,
storage devices, or network resources. This concept allows multiple operating systems and applications to run on a
single physical machine by partitioning its resources. Here are the key points:

1. Virtual Machines (VMs): The primary method of virtualization involves creating VMs, which are isolated
environments that mimic a physical computer's functionality.
2. Hypervisor: A hypervisor, or virtual machine monitor (VMM), is software that creates and manages VMs. It
can be either:
3. Resource Allocation: Virtualization allows dynamic allocation of the host machine's resources (CPU,
memory, storage) to different VMs as needed.
4. Isolation: Each VM operates independently, ensuring that the performance or failure of one VM does not
affect others.
5. Efficiency and Scalability: Virtualization improves resource utilization, simplifies management, and allows
for easy scaling of infrastructure by adding or modifying VMs without requiring additional physical
hardware.
6. Use Cases: Common uses include server consolidation, development and testing environments, disaster
recovery, and cloud computing.

In essence, virtualization in operating systems enables more efficient use of physical resources by creating multiple,
independent virtual environments on a single hardware platform.

ANS OF QUESTION NO 2(3)

The primary function of an operating system (OS) is to manage a computer's hardware and software resources,
providing a stable and consistent environment for applications to run. Key functions include:

1. Resource Management: Managing the CPU, memory, storage, and peripheral devices.
2. Process Management: Handling the creation, scheduling, and termination of processes.
3. File System Management: Organizing and controlling access to data on storage devices.
4. User Interface: Providing a user interface, such as a command line or graphical user interface (GUI), for
user interaction.
5. Security and Access Control: Protecting data and resources from unauthorized access and ensuring system
security.

In summary, the OS acts as an intermediary between users and computer hardware, ensuring efficient and secure
operation.

ANS OF QUESTION NO 2(5)

Utility programs, also known as utilities, are system software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize, and
maintain the computer. They perform specific tasks that support the overall functionality of the operating system
and improve the efficiency and performance of the computer. Key functions include:

1. File Management: Tools for copying, moving, deleting, and organizing files and directories (e.g., file
explorers).
2. Disk Management: Programs for formatting disks, checking disk health, and managing disk partitions (e.g.,
Disk Cleanup, Disk Defragmenter).
 3. System Monitoring: Utilities that monitor system performance, such as CPU usage, memory usage, and
network activity (e.g., Task Manager, System Monitor).
4. Security: Software that provides antivirus protection, firewall management, and data encryption (e.g.,
antivirus programs, firewalls).
5. Backup and Recovery: Tools for creating data backups and restoring lost or corrupted data (e.g., backup
software, system restore utilities).
6. Compression: Programs for compressing and decompressing files to save space (e.g., WinRAR, 7-Zip).
7. Network Management: Utilities that manage network settings and connections (e.g., network configuration
tools).

In summary, utility programs assist in the maintenance, optimization, and protection of computer systems,
enhancing their performance and reliability

ANS OF QUESTION NO 3(3)(A)

Data encryption is the process of converting plain text data into a coded format, called ciphertext, which can only be
decoded and read by someone who has the correct decryption key. This process ensures that sensitive information
remains secure and inaccessible to unauthorized individuals. Here are key points and scenarios when encryption is
needed:

1. Confidentiality: Ensures that only authorized parties can read the data.
2. Data Integrity: Protects data from being altered without detection.
3. Authentication: Verifies the identity of the data's origin or sender.
4. Compliance: Meets regulatory requirements for data protection in industries like finance, healthcare, and
government.

When Encryption is Needed:

1. Transmission of Sensitive Data: Encrypting data sent over networks, such as emails, online transactions,
and communications, to protect it from interception (e.g., HTTPS, VPNs).
2. Storage of Sensitive Information: Encrypting files and databases containing personal, financial, or
confidential business information to protect against unauthorized access (e.g., disk encryption, database
encryption).
3. Cloud Storage: Encrypting data stored in the cloud to protect it from unauthorized access by cloud service
providers or other third parties.
4. Mobile Devices: Encrypting data on mobile devices to protect against loss or theft (e.g., smartphone
encryption, secure messaging apps).
5. Backups: Encrypting backup data to ensure it remains secure even if the backup media is lost or stolen.
6. Email and Messaging: Encrypting emails and instant messages to ensure that only intended recipients can
read the content (e.g., PGP, end-to-end encryption).

In summary, data encryption is essential for protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access, ensuring
privacy, maintaining data integrity, and meeting regulatory requirements

ANS OF QUESTION NO 3(3)(B)

BitLocker is a Windows feature that encrypts the entire operating system drive to protect data. It uses a TPM chip or a USB
flash drive to store the encryption key securely. On startup, the user may need to enter a PIN or insert the USB key. BitLocker
automatically encrypts and decrypts data as it is used, ensuring security and seamless operation
ANS OF QUESTION NO 3(4)(A)

Utility programs are system software designed to help manage, maintain, and control computer resources. They
perform specific tasks that assist in the overall functionality and efficiency of the operating system.

Two Utility Programs and Their Uses:

 1. Disk Cleanup:
o Definition: Disk Cleanup is a utility program in Windows that helps free up space on a computer's
hard drive by deleting unnecessary files.
o Use: It removes temporary files, system cache, old log files, and files in the Recycle Bin. This helps
improve system performance and free up disk space.
2. Antivirus Software:
o Definition: Antivirus software is a utility program designed to detect, prevent, and remove malware,
including viruses, worms, and trojans.
o Use: It scans the computer for malicious software, quarantines or deletes detected threats, and
provides real-time protection by monitoring for suspicious activities. This helps maintain the security
and integrity of the system.

ANS OF QUESTION NO 3(4)(B)

Operating systems perform several essential functions to manage computer hardware and software resources
efficiently. Here are five key functions of operating systems:

1. Resource Management:
o Definition: The OS manages computer resources such as CPU (Central Processing Unit), memory
(RAM), disk storage, and input/output devices.
o Functions: Allocates resources to running processes, ensures fair and efficient resource utilization,
and controls access to hardware devices.
2. Process Management:
o Definition: Handles the creation, scheduling, execution, and termination of processes (programs in
execution).
o Functions: Manages processes by allocating CPU time, switching between processes, and providing
mechanisms for synchronization and communication between processes.
3. Memory Management:
o Definition: Controls and coordinates the computer's memory allocation among different processes.
o Functions: Manages memory hierarchy, virtual memory (including paging and segmentation), and
ensures efficient use of available memory resources.
4. File System Management:
o Definition: Organizes and manages files and directories stored on various storage devices (e.g., hard
disks, SSDs).
o Functions: Provides file operations such as creation, deletion, reading, and writing. Manages file
permissions, file attributes, and directory structures for efficient data access and storage.
5. Security and Access Control:
o Definition: Protects the system and its resources from unauthorized access, viruses, malware, and
other threats.
o Functions: Implements user authentication mechanisms, controls access to files and resources based
on user permissions, and provides mechanisms for data encryption, firewall protection, and system
integrity checking.

These functions collectively enable the operating system to provide a stable and secure environment for running
applications, managing hardware resources effectively, and facilitating user interaction with the computer system.