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Mathematics Probability

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11 views3 pages

Mathematics Probability

Uploaded by

bossmanp776
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Probability is a measure of the likelihood of an event occurring.

It is a number between 0 and 1,


where:

- 0 represents an impossible event


- 1 represents a certain event
- Values close to 0 represent unlikely events
- Values close to 1 represent likely events

Types of Probability:

- Theoretical Probability: based on the number of favorable outcomes divided by the total number
of possible outcomes
- Experimental Probability: based on the results of repeated trials or experiments

Key Concepts:

- Event: a specific outcome or set of outcomes


- Sample Space: the set of all possible outcomes
- Probability Measure: a function that assigns a probability to each event
- Independence: events that do not affect each other's probability
- Conditional Probability: the probability of an event given that another event has occurred

Formulas:

- Probability of an event: P(A) = Number of favorable outcomes / Total number of possible


outcomes
- Probability of the complement: P(A') = 1 - P(A)
- Probability of the intersection: P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B)
- Probability of the union: P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)

Remember, probability is a measure of uncertainty, and it plays a crucial role in many fields,
including statistics, engineering, economics, and finance.

There are several types of probability, including:

1. *Theoretical Probability*: Based on the number of favorable outcomes divided by the total
number of possible outcomes.
2. *Experimental Probability*: Based on the results of repeated trials or experiments.
3. *Conditional Probability*: The probability of an event given that another event has occurred.
4. *Independent Probability*: The probability of two or more events that do not affect each
other's probability.
5. *Dependent Probability*: The probability of two or more events that are affected by each
other's probability.
6. *Mutually Exclusive Probability*: The probability of two or more events that cannot occur
simultaneously.
7. *Joint Probability*: The probability of two or more events occurring together.
8. *Marginal Probability*: The probability of an event occurring, regardless of other events.
9. *Posterior Probability*: The probability of an event after new information is available.
10. *Prior Probability*: The probability of an event before new information is available.
These types of probability are used in various fields, including statistics, mathematics,
engineering, economics, finance, and insurance.

Here are some examples to illustrate the different types of probability:

1. _Theoretical Probability_:
- Coin toss: P(Heads) = 1/2
- Dice roll: P(Rolling a 6) = 1/6
2. _Experimental Probability_:
- Flipping a coin 10 times and getting 6 Heads: P(Heads) = 6/10
- Rolling a die 20 times and getting 4 Sixes: P(Rolling a 6) = 4/20
3. _Conditional Probability_:
- P(Raining | Cloudy) = 0.8 (given that it's cloudy, the probability of rain is 80%)
- P(Failing | Not studying) = 0.9 (given that you didn't study, the probability of failing is 90%)
4. _Independent Probability_:
- P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B) = 0.2 × 0.3 = 0.06 (probability of A and B occurring together)
5. _Dependent Probability_:
- P(B | A) = 0.7 (given that A occurred, the probability of B is 70%)
6. _Mutually Exclusive Probability_:
- P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) = 0.4 + 0.3 = 0.7 (probability of A or B occurring)
7. _Joint Probability_:
- P(A ∩ B) = 0.1 (probability of A and B occurring together)
8. _Marginal Probability_:
- P(A) = 0.4 (probability of A occurring, regardless of B)
9. _Posterior Probability_:
- P(A | B) = 0.9 (probability of A given that B occurred)
10. _Prior Probability_:
- P(A) = 0.2 (probability of A before any new information)

These examples illustrate how probability can be applied to various situations, from simple coin
tosses to more complex conditional and dependent events.

Here are some steps to find and calculate various probability concepts:

_Find:_

1. _Intersections_: P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B)


2. _Unions_: P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)
3. _Complements_: P(A') = 1 - P(A)

_Calculate:_

1. _Conditional Probability_: P(A|B) = P(A ∩ B) / P(B)


2. _Independent Probability_: P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B)
3. _Marginal Probability_: P(A) = ∑P(A ∩ B) (sum over all B)

_Bayes' Theorem:_

1. _Posterior Probability_: P(A|B) = P(B|A) × P(A) / P(B)


_Probability Distributions:_

1. _Bernoulli Distribution_: P(X=k) = p^k × (1-p)^(1-k)


2. _Binomial Distribution_: P(X=k) = (n choose k) × p^k × (1-p)^(n-k)
3. _Poisson Distribution_: P(X=k) = (e^-λ × λ^k) / k!

Remember to apply the appropriate formulas and concepts to find and calculate the desired
probability values!

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