Development Brief

North Woolwich, Albert Island,

and Southern Beckton

BU1 Transforming Local Areas

Deborah, Laura, Marianne, Jing, Neysan, Pedro, Stephanos
Contents 1 Introduction 5

1.1 Executive Summary 6

1.2 Historical and Geographic Context 7

2 Analysis 9

2.1 Synthesis 10
2.1.1 A Political-Economic Perspective 10
2.1.2 Socio-Cultural Understandings 10
2.1.3 Qualitative Research Findings 11
2.1.4 Regeneration Plans 11
2.1.5 The Spatiality of the Site as a Whole 11
2.2 Potentialities & Weaknesses 12

3 Strategic Development & Design Framework 13

3.1 Vision Statement 14

3.1.1 The Vision Further Explained 14
3.2 Principles 15
3.2.1 Spatial Agency 15
3.2.2 Flexibility 15
3.2.3 Exchange 15
3.3 Guidelines 16

4 Design Strategy & Intervention Sites 19

4.1 Why this Strategy? 21

4.2 How could this be done? 22
4.3 Where could this happen? 24
4.4 Who could be involved? 26
4.5 What could this look like? 28
4.5.1 Albert Island 28
4.5.2 Language Exchange 32
4.5.3 Enhancing Local Initiatives 36
4.5.4 Building a Narrative 38

5 Conclusion 41

List of Figures 44
References 45

3
PART 1

Introduction
1.1 Executive East London in general has seen mass
regeneration in more recent years and
Summary the Royal and King George V docks are
no exception to this trend. ExCel London;
the DLR; Crossrail; the UEL campus; the
Siemens building; and the Newham Council
offices were all completed (or are still to be)
in the last few decades. Deindustrialisation,
and the closing of the docks, have left the
area spatially and socially fragmented
with high levels of transience and a diverse
population. This report presents an
alternative to the economic regeneration
that the area is used to, with the aim of
allowing local residents, and users of the
space, to actively engage and lead in its
design. Following trends elsewhere, this
design strategy builds on the principle of
giving spatial agency to this population and
allowing those who best understand the
area to design what is useful for them.
This report will briefly contextualise North
Woolwich, Albert Island and the southern
areas of Beckton, before presenting a
synthesis of the previous analytical lenses.
Five overarching categories arose from this
process: a political economic perspective;
socio-cultural understandings; qualitative
research findings; regeneration plans; and
the spatiality of the site as a whole. These
points of analysis allowed the development
of the potentialities and weaknesses of
the site. One of the aims of this report was
to use these findings to build upon the
sites potentialities and to mitigate these
weaknesses. Building on this, our vision
statement sets out the core aims of our
strategy: to allow the residents and users of
space to make the decisions about its use,
design and implementation. Three guiding
principles further cement this vision: spatial
agency; flexibility; and exchange. This
report will then detail: why this strategy;
where this could happen; who could be
involved; what could this look like; and how
could it be achieved? Exemplar cases are
provided to further detail these points.

6
PART 1: INTRODUCTION
 North Woolwich after World War II
(Photo: London Development Authority)

1.2 Historical and Geographic Context

»» The Royal Albert and King George V »» The LDDC also designated the
docks, were among the last group of docks Docklands area an enterprise zone in
built towards the end of the 19th century 1982, encouraging businesses to relocate
(The Innes Partnership, 1998). or start in the area by exempting them
from property taxes, simplifying planning
»» Post-war rebuilding enabled a resurgence regulations and capital allowances (The
of industrial activity soon after the Blitz, Innes Partnership, 1998).
though the docklands became obsolete and
closed in 1981. »» This intervention was unpopular among
local residents; their needs of affordable
»» This left behind long stretches of derelict housing being largely neglected (Ibid.).
land along with high unemployment and
poverty (LDA, 2010). »» This took its toll on the local economy too;
by 1991 area unemployment had risen to
»» Change came with the London Docklands 25% and there was a declining population
Development Corporation, in 1981, and (Ibid).
its first proposal to construct London City
Airport.

7
PART 1: INTRODUCTION
PART 2

Analysis
2.1 Synthesis
2.1.1 A Political-Economic choosing to use monopoly services further
away. This phenomena is not unique to this
Perspective area but an example of high street decline
in the UK.
There is a disparity between the populations
needs and desires and the development
of the site as a whole. Although there are 2.1.2 Socio-Cultural
many large employers in close proximity to
these residents there is still high levels of
Understandings
unemployment and deprivation as a result.
The site has been identified by many key The heterogeneity of residents in the site
actors in London as strategic for investment; was frequently acknowledged within the
exemplified by the chosen location of different analytical lenses; demonstrating
Newham Councils offices. North Woolwich the multiplicity of different identities.
in particular has experienced a decline in its Ethnic diversity, religious practice,
main high street with many residents now employment and income, education levels

10
PART 2: ANALYSIS
and language were just a few of the socio- 2.1.4 Regeneration Plans
cultural differences discussed; these were
shown to be a point of tension as well as a
One of the core themes presented was the
positive potentiality. There has been, and
future planned and potential development
is still is, high levels of transience within
in the area. The relatively fast paced and
the area; in part due to successive waves
thorough transformation of the Royal
of immigration and also due to its role as a
Dock’s has been acknowledged historically
transport hub. The perceived level of social
and is identified as a certainty for the sites
cohesion in the site, or lack there of, was not
future. The east of London is becoming a
thoroughly understood; with the responses
focus for development with the Olympic
of interviewees proving highly variable.
Legacy plans reshaping large parts of the
Demographic data illustrated a social and
city. Starting with the initial development of
cultural discontinuity between this site and
the dock’s and its associated infrastructure,
the rest of London and England.
successive development including: London
City Airport; UEL; ExCel; and the DLR
have shaped the character and spatiality of
2.1.3 Qualitative Research Beckton, Albert Island and North Woolwich
Findings through time. The way in which mass
infrastructure has impacted these spaces
A common qualitative research is likely to continue with the Crossrail
methodology was carried out to establish development having begun in the site and
a more holistic understanding of the Royal the ABP masterplan approved of.
Dock’s as a whole space. This has allowed
for more critical reflections on people’s
lived experiences and their everyday. 2.1.5 The Spatiality of the
Amongst residents, employees and visitors Site as a Whole
of the site there were commonalities in
points addressed, despite different lenses
The spatiality of the site has been shown
of analysis. Many interviewees mentioned
to have been produced by a number
the green and open public spaces as an
of competing factors: political forces;
asset of the site, however, the safety of
economically led development; land
these areas was a concern at night-time.
ownership; policies; power relations;
The diversity of the different users and
industrialisation; deindustrialisation; and
residents was referred to commonly as
the people who live, work and visit the
a problem and a cause of tensions. The
site. Albert Island, Beckton and North
isolation and fragmentation, both social
Woolwich are all in themselves spatially
and spatial, was also highlighted with many
diverse with different typologies of housing
different people identifying the space as
and open space. The housing stock is varied
unique in the context of London. Many
with a high percentage of it social housing.
younger people particularly, spoke about a
The site has higher levels of green and
lack of activity and services in the area and a
open space than many other inner city
need to travel to reach shops, employment
areas and has exposure to the Thames; an
and other sites of activity. The transport
entity that shapes the space physically and
services were mentioned in a positive way,
economically. The space is shown to be both
although concerns over their affordability
a nodal point and a fragmented leftover.
were raised.

11
PART 2: ANALYSIS
2.2 Potentialities & Weaknesses

12
PART 2: ANALYSIS
PART 3

Strategic Development
& Design Framework
3.1 Vision Statement
We envision a place where diversity isn’t a barrier; but aids
social cohesion. Where residents are able to directly influence
the spaces in which they live and work; giving agency to the
users. Fostering local partnerships and giving creative licence
to local people in order to produces spaces that meet their
needs and priorities.

3.1.1 The Vision Further Explained

This strategy places the local residents of Council; creating spaces that meet the
North Woolwich and southern Beckton needs and desires of this population. The
firmly at the centre of further, local, emphasis of this strategy is as much on the
spatial initiatives. It has been identified process and who is engaging, as it is on the
previously that this area suffers from social final outcome.
fragmentation but by designing new local
spaces and activities this process in turn “Due to the nature of design professions,
co-produces cohesion. This strategy is not an intervention or design solution is always
centred on a discrete process or result but produced, even when it is best to leave
is more interested in a dynamic and evolving a place as it is ... in some cases designers
future. The mechanism and outcome of can best function as activists when what
different interventions would be developed is needed is protection and advocacy over
through partnerships between local urban design” (Moser, 2007)
residents, major local actors and Newham

14
PART 3: STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT & DESIGN FRAMEWORK
3.2 Principles
and by chance the desired outcome is
3.2.1 Spatial Agency achieved, it is short-lived as circumstances
change. A fixed design response cannot
Our reality is indeterminate, implying that be an answer to an urban challenge,
the outcomes of development are not known rather it requires flexibility in planning by
and not foreseeable. Design, then, should accommodating change over time, and
not be conceived in an isolated intellectual having the ability to respond to social,
or conceptual space, but rather be unfixed at economic and environmental demands. To
the start and remain open-ended, allowing simplify complex reality into a document
for incremental transformation, rather or plan is inhibitive of long-term flexibility
than large-scale sudden change. Designing and should be replaced with more organic
on the ground requires the collaboration transformative forms of development.
of those that will use and reuse the space,
likely the inhabitants and those earning
their livelihood in the area. Planning and 3.2.3 Exchange
architecture are not disciplines confined to
professionals, nor should they be conceived While spatial agency addresses a personal
of as a commodity for the affluent. They are and flexibility an institutional dimension,
rather ways in which the spatial agency of a third dimension on the level of society is
every human can be delivered. Though not necessary. An organic urban development,
expected to be innate, spatial agency can driven by universal spatial agency, also
be fostered through developing spatial requires a healthy and convivial space within
judgement and reflective awareness. which thought and practice can be advanced.
Exchange at this level requires frequent
social interaction, and for that interaction
3.2.2 Flexibility to grow more intimate culminating in
a form of community at the local level.
The fundamental assumption underlying While respecting personal freedoms, it is
current planning practices is that understood that the communal enables the
specific outcomes can be achieved co-production of knowledge and space and
through meticulously designed plans, e.g. is thereby fundamental for healthy built
masterplans. However, reality is so complex environments.
that even if plans are implemented correctly

15
PART 3: STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT & DESIGN FRAMEWORK
3.3 Guidelines The diagram below depicts the overall
process of development for this
development brief, and in particular the
specificity around the guidelines.

16
PART 3: STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT & DESIGN FRAMEWORK
 17
PART 3: STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT & DESIGN FRAMEWORK
PART 4

Design Strategy
& Intervention Sites
4.1 Why this Strategy?
This strategy would build upon Newham Examples of similar
Council, and the Mayors of Newham’s,
current aims of creating a resilient processes/strategies:
borough; through community, personal
and economic resilience, and acting in
the interest of local residents (Newham
Council, 2013a, Newham Council, 2013b).
Whilst looking for alternative forms of
deign: building education not schools,
healthcare not hospitals and building
for the majority not the minority, this
strategy would help to strengthen social
cohesion in the area (Parvin, 2014, Awan,
2014). Allowing residents to be heavily
involved in the design and development of
spaces in North Woolwich, Albert Island
and southern Beckton, whilst working in
partnership with the council and other local
interests, the area could be used to better
serve its current population. The sites long
industrial history, its young and diverse Park Fiction, Hamburg, Germany
population, its proximity to the Thames and
the multitude of open, leftover and public This park area was redeveloped and
spaces should be used as opportunities for redesigned by local people after protesting
strengthening local resilience. This would against other development initiatives.
provide an alternative, and complimentary, Although the process took many years to
strategy to the economic regeneration that complete, as the space held a lot of social
is already planned for the area. This scheme tensions, the principle adopted of ‘any idea
would increase trust and transparency counts’ has made for a successful outcome.
between residents and the council, as well The redevelopment and design of this park
as encouraging people to stay in the area was completed with a highly participatory
(rather than using services elsewhere); approach in partnership with the local
both of which are aims of Newham Council authorities and financed by public funds
(Newham Council, 2013a). from a programme called ‘art in public
space’ (Spatial Agency, 2014a).

Sans Souci Cinema, Soweto, South Africa

With almost no funds available, this project

sought to re-utilise an abandoned space
with high symbolic value in the community.
By running a series of events; designers,
architects and local planners hoped to get
local people to participate in remembering
and reproducing the history of the building;
in order to bring the space back into local
consciousness (Spatial Agency, 2014b).

PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES

21
4.2 How could this be done?

This illustrates the beginning

of a longer term strategy
of engagement with local
residents, whereby they are
able to start making decisions
that will directly impact their
future. This provides a basis
for a longer, more holistic
»» Engage with residents; »» Make this new approach
form of regeneration.
visible to local people;
»» Build Trust;
We start by prioritising local
»» Use social media, pamphlets
identity and social cohesion »» Promote new strategy
and events as catalysts for
with the hope that his will in different places to reach
action, eg. screenings of the
act as a catalyst for other different groups of people; in
world cup.
forms of change. Building schools, the local shops, the
on peoples livelihoods and park, betting shops, pubs, etc.
their everyday we hope to
create an environment where
people want o stay in the
are; concentrating on local
residents desires rather than
initially aiming to attract new START THESE INITIAL PROCESSES SHOULD BE CO
people to the area.

22
PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES
 »» Use different tactics to »» Create a local leadership »» Run pilot projects schemes
identify the needs and desires network and plan for so that the people involved
of local residents; their hopes engagment; can see tangiable results;
for the area;
»» Begin to get volunteers »» Use ideas that can be
»» Adopt an approach of ‘no to lead design schemes and adapted and changed when
idea too big’. create plans for action in the produced;
area;
»» Engage with other local
actors to get their input and
support.

ONTINUOUS

PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES

23
4.3 Where could this happen..?

24
PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES
PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES
25
4.4 Who could be involved?

26
PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES
PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES
27
4.5 What could this look like?
4.5.1 Albert Island
Albert Island is a space that seems isolated
from North Woolwich and South Beckton;
a forgotten space, however, it is easily
accessible from these two areas. Currently,
there is some activity on the island, such as
Gallions Point Marina and the Docklands
Riders LTD that occupies a significant space
for warehouse and off-road motorcycle
riding, but there is still a great amount of
vacant space. This is a location of great
potential and the following proposal looks
at how the use of space can be explored (Development of Skills for Employment, Varley-
Winter, 2013)
through testing different uses as flexible
and changeable solutions.

‘Projects can link participants into networks which

increase their chances of finding employment.’
(Varley-Winter, 2013, pp.9)

28
PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES
Mobilising local people through collective agricultural projects.

Suggested Intervention The innovation of an urban agricultural

plot and community owned garden to
be managed by local residents. The aim
would be to create activity and transform
the space as a catalyst for new local
relationships and networks. The ‘Roots
to Work’ Report (Varley-Winter, 2013),
carried out by Capital Growth, identifies
urban agriculture projects as catalysts for
improving the employability of individuals
and groups; as well as strengthening
community relationships.
The proposal objective is to promote the
following:
»» Community engagement/relationships
»» Health education
»» Creating flows of production and
consumption
»» Creating transferable skills increasing
employability
»» Possibility for trade opportunities

PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES

29
‘Participation in community food-growing groups and city farms can
also develop technical skills which prepare individuals for jobs, transfer
enterprise skills and encourage engagement in formal learning’
(Varley-Winter, 2013, pp.8).

Potential Actors/
Partnerships
Newham Council: At the centre of this
intervention is the local people. The
councils role therefore becomes essential
to mobilise and encourage people to
get involved with the project while also
being receptive to the flexibility of the
intervention as a temporary solution that
will be shaped by the opinions of locals.
University of East London: Different
departments may be able to help promote
and educate healthy living options in the
community using this space and to help
transform the spatial features through
design. By engaging/partnering with local
communities this space could be used to
test and implement knowledge, gained by
students, in a practical situation(vocational
learning).
Cultivate London: It may be possible, in the
long term, to build a partnership with this
organisation which have a few sites across
London. In these sites Cultivate London
work with 16-24 year olds to help provide
horticulture training and job opportunities
(Cultivate London, 2013).

30
PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES
Example Cases
(Culpepper Community Gardens, Culpepper, 2014)

Culpeper Community Garden,

Islington, UK
A ‘beautiful public open space in the heart
of Islington, London, which serves both
as a city park and as an environmental
community project. Managed by and
for local people, it is a unique project
where people from all walks of life come
together to appreciate and enhance their
environment’ (Culpepper, 2014).

R-URBAN ‘Simply working physically,

outdoors and in a natural
This project seeks to build urban resilience
in European cities through creating environment, contributes
networks that create flows and networks to mental well-being for
based on urban activities. It is a strategy
which is being implemented in a number participants’
of sites around Colombes over a four year (Varley-Winter, 2013, pp.7).
period (UrbanTactics, 2008, RUrban, 2012).

PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES

31
 Social Language Exchange: Creating relaxed and fun environments
for the interchange of linguistic skills.

4.5.2 Language Exchange

The site is characterised by the diverse language within the area. The diversity of
backgrounds of its inhabitants; with a languages and cultural backgrounds could
large percentage of the population not however be a strength of the site. Leftover
having English as their first language. space could be used to further understand
This becomes an identifiable barrier to people’s perceptions and aspirations with
many people getting employment but also regards to language and communication.
creates a negative view of the diversity of

32
PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES
Suggested Intervention To create social moments and interactions
through events and social evenings to
facilitate the sharing, practising and informal
teaching of various languages. This could be
from learning basic conversational levels of
a language, to exercising skills being taught
on a formal teaching curriculum/course
through real life conversations. This works
as an exchange of knowledge, and can be a
way to encourage social interactions within
the area and become a platform for learning
and improving English for employment
reasons, amongst others. These language
centres could be in Local pubs, restaurants,
community centres and possibly outdoors
in summertime or good weather (‘Exchange
Centres’). This principle could be applied to
the exchange of other knowledge, skills or
training.

There is also the possibility of a food exchange place

with similar objectives and parameters.

PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES

33
 Shown here is the Language Exchange Event

Potential Actors/
Partnerships
University of East London - Linguistics
Department could help to promote
vocational learning amongst students and
residents.
Community Centre Organisations/Local
businesses - Using local businesses and
spaces in the area would help provide new
opportunities for local businesses as it will
help to increase custom on special language
nights. The use of community centres may
open up the range of people that will attend,
such as children or teenagers who may be
restricted in local pubs.

34
PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES
Example Case (Language Exchange Ireland, Real Events, 2013)

Language Exchange
Dublin, Ireland
Groups of people meet once a week in a local
pub to practice different languages. People
are paired based on the language skills they
have or want to obtain. This has created
social activity and cohesion as residents
have been able to help one another using
skills they already had (Real Events, 2013).

(Language Exchange Ireland, Real Events, 2013)

PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES

35
“It doesn’t feel like things are being developed, just that everything is
being taken away.”

4.5.3 Enhancing Local Initiatives

36
PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES
There are already many small initiatives in Potential Actors/
the area that could be further developed
with the support of the council and local Partnerships
businesses. By supporting these initiatives
and empowering them to continue and
grow, it is likely that stronger community
networks and social cohesion will be a
product. This would help to build relations
between residents and the council and
develop trust and common aims.
Many of these initiatives support children
or more vulnerable groups, within
Newham, who may not be benefiting
from other regeneration plans. Enhancing
existing projects, businesses and skills that
residents have will help to revive the area
and stimulate action. As these projects
have already been initiated, often with
little funding or external support, it can be
seen that there is a great potentiality and
enthusiasm for local improvements.
In supporting groups of local residents, the
council would enable an impetus for change
that is already prevailing and, as such, help
to create local resilience and communities
that need less support in the future.

“Sometimes it feels like the Government doesn’t think we exist.”

PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES

37
Example Case (Singstars Choir, TedX, 2013)

Based in the Asta Community Hub this choir

The Royal Dock’s Singstars was set up by locals for children and adults
in Silvertwon and North Woolwich after
“Being part of this has been feeling like the regeneration in the area was
not for them. Many of the people taking
wonderful, it has taken away part explained that it is helping children
some stress from me and has build confidence and giving them dreams
and ambition. This brings people together
helped my kids confidence.” from different local areas and communities
and provides activity in an area where
residents often feel neglected. There are
hopes within the group of expanding and
making it a central part of the area with the
group themselves stating that it is helping
them build local resilience (TedX, 2013).

Fight for Peace Fight for Peace is a global organisation with

a centre based in North Woolwich. Using
boxing, martial arts, education and training,
the centre is a space for young people;
particularly those in an area suffering from
high levels of crime. All members are offered
different forms of education and training,
as well as legal and psychological support.
One of the aims of the organisation is to
better prepare young people for further
education or the job market and this could
be strengthened if it was streamlined with
opportunities from the Job Centre and with
support from Newham Council and UEL
particularly (Fight for Peace, 2014).

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PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES
 A collective Past, Present and hopes for the Future

4.5.4 Building a Narrative

»» Using temporary or permanent sites »» This would create a story; the history of
of exhibition to invite residents to build a the docks and the history of those cultures
narrative of their understanding of the sites and identities that formed the space today.
history as well as their own.
»» This could be tied to cultural events and
»» There is much transience in the area, huge other activities in the local area.
diversity and a contentious site history but
that does not mean that a collective past
cannot be constructed.

PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES

39
Potential Actors/
Partnerships

(Below and Right: Possible manifestations of the

promotion and activities.)

40
PART 4: DESIGN STRATEGY & INTERVENTION SITES
PART 5

Conclusion
This report presents an alternative form of regeneration for the
areas of North Woolwich, Albert Island and southern Beckton;
placing residents firmly at the centre of the process.
The current regeneration plans do not feel that this strategy would not only benefit
take into account the local population the local residents individually but as a
and their needs, desires and aspirations. collective, empowering them to prioritise
Having considered the potentialities and the things they feel are of more central
weaknesses within the area, we sort to importance; be it healthcare, employment,
consider ideas which would be suggestive education or a new cinema. There are many
but not prescriptive, leaving room for the examples of local initiatives in the area
thoughts and opinions of the local people already that could benefit from further
to form the permanent use of spaces in the support from the council. We feel that these
area and community activity. This strategy initiatives indicate a desire of local people
aims to build upon strengths within the to be involved in the transformation of the
community and to run inline with Newham area; rather than being passive recipients.
councils own aims of creating resilience. We

PART 5: CONCLUSION
43
List of Figures
7 (Photo) North Woolwich after World War II

10 (Diagram) Synthesis across BUDD groups

12 (Diagram) Potentialities and Weaknesses

16 (Diagram) Process and Specificity surrounding Guidelines

21 (Photo) Park Fiction, Hamburg (Germany)

(Photo) Sans Souci Cinema, Soweto (South Africa)

22 (Diagram) Long-Term Strategy of Engagement

24 (Map) Intervention Sites

26 (Diagram) Actor Map

28 (Diagram) Development of Skills for Employment

(Map) Albert Island Intervention

29 (3D) Albert Island Intervention

(Diagram) Principles in Albert Island Intervention

30 (Diagram) Actors in Albert Island Intervention

31 (Photo) Culpepper Community Gardens

(Photo) R-URBAN Community Garden

32 (Map) Language Exchange Intervention

33 (Diagram) Principles in Language Exchange Intervention

(3D) Food Exchange Scenario

(Photo) Language Exchange Scenario

34 (3D) Language Exchange Scenario

(Diagram) Actors in Language Exchange Intervention

35 (Photo) Language Exchange in Dublin (Ireland)

(Photo) Ticket to Language Exchange Ireland

36 (Map) Enhancing Local Initiatives Intervention

37 (Diagram) Actors in Enhancing Local Initiatives Intervention

(Diagram) Principles in Enhancing Local Initiatives Intervention

38 (Photo) The Royal Dock’s Singstars

(Photo) Fight for Peace Logo

39 (Map) Building a Narrative Intervention

40 (Diagram) Actors in Building a Narrative Intervention

(Diagram) Principles in Building a Narrative Intervention

(Photo) Possible Marketing along river

(Photo) Scenario Manifestation along road

44
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