: SOLUTIONS :

Prashant Parmar
 Definitions:-
Sterilization :-

The complete destruction or removal of all

viable microorganisms which includes
spores and viruses from….
• instruments & equipments
• surfaces
• medium
 Autoclave
• Autoclave :
is a process (method) of sterilization by
saturated steam under high pressure.

(above 100' C temperature)

(safe, reliable, most accepted & widely used)

 Autoclave
• The principle is based on the fact that with
increasing the pressure, the boiling point of the
water is increased.
(temp is directly proportional to pressure)
e.g.
• 132’C to 134’C (30 lb / in2) 3-5 min.
• 126’C (20 lb / in2) 10 min.
• 121’C (15 lb / in2) 15 to 20 min.
• 115’C (10 lb /in2) 30 min.
• 105.5’C (5 lb /in2) 45-60 min.
 Definitions:-
Disinfection:-
A process used to reduce the number of viable microorganisms on
a object or surface but may not necessarily inactivate some
viruses and bacterial spores (rarely destroy all
microorganisms or spores)
– should only be used on heat sensitive items or equipments
(e.g. endoscope)
– disinfectant or germicide is a chemical agent.
Properties:-
– bactericidal or bacteriostatic
– sporicidal
– viricides
– fungicides
 Definitions:-
• Disinfectant :- (inanimate)
A chemical agent which can deactivate &/or
destroy the microorganism from inanimate
objects/surfaces

Antiseptic :- (animate)
A chemical agent (usually bacteriostatic) that can
be safely applied to the skin or mucous
membrane. (Living tissue).
 Definitions:-
Asepsis :-
• A technique of preventing excess of organisms
into the patient’s uninfected tissues.

Antisepsis :-
• The term indicates the prevention of infection
usually by inhibiting the growth of bacteria in
wound or tissues.
 1. Spirit:
• Skin antiseptic (inj. , Stitch wound,
- Ethanol 70% painting, surro. ulcer)
• Alcoholic Hand Wash
• Emergency disinfection of
3-5 min surgical instruments in vicinity to
the patient.
• To disinfect oral /rectal
• Disrupting cell thermometers
membrane (wall) &
denaturing bacterial • To disinfect–external surfaces of
proteins and so bacteria equipments eg. stethoscopes,
destroyed. manual ventilation bags,
*Bacterial spores X ventilators, cardiopulmo.
resuscitation manikins.
 1. Spirit:
• Advantages. • Disadvantages.

- It is volatile & so - Severe irritation

Evaporate rapidly
leaving treated - Poor penetrative power & their
surfaces dry. activity is lower in presence of
- It is non staining proteins.
- Rapid action, killing - Flammable – cool & well-
vegetative bacteria, ventilated areas
M. tuberculosis & many - Rubber & plastic – swell, harden
fungi, & inactivating & discolor
lipophilic viruses.
- Tonometer tips- damage tips
- Cheap
corneal opacity
- Easily available
- *Bacterial spores X
 2. Povidone Iodine

Povidone Iodine •
Surface Disinfectant
2% - 15min •
Topical Antiseptic
5% - 2-3 min •
Surgical Scrub
7.5% - 1 min. &
10% - ½ to 1 min.
•
Low Conc. Mucous membrane
antiseptic
( 2%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% ) Sol .
n
• Instrument tray, head rest, hand
• Disruption of bacterial protein piece etc.
& nucleic acid synthesis/structure • Thermometers, endoscopes,
. Hydrotherapy tanks etc.
• Scolicidal agent
• Effective Gram +ve,-ve Bacteria,
Fungi, Viruses, Spores &
Protozoa. (Soln., powder, ointment,
shampoo & vaginal pessary)
It’s action persists as long as
its color persist.
 2. Povidone Iodine

• Advantages. • Disadvantages.
- Microbicidal - Discolor the skin
- Film forming - Skin reactions
- Safe - Inactivated by organic
matters
 3. Savlon

• Detergent-Disinfectant-
• Chlorhexidine Gluconate
Antiseptic
7.5 % w/v
• Cleansing & Disinfection of
•Cetrimide 16%w/v surgical Equipments.
• Isopropyl Alcohol 6.8% v/ • Storage of previously
v
sterilized Instruments
• ? Disinfection & Prolong
Reduces surface tension & Storage of Thermometer &
damage cell wall membrane. Cheatle Forceps
( of microorganisms) • Scolicidal agent
 3. Savlon

• Advantages.
- Can safely apply to raw areas & MM
- Detergent-Disinfectant- Antiseptic

- Disadvantages.
- Skin reactions
- Growth of Pseudomonas
- Soppy & viscid
 4. H2O2 6%, 20 volume

H2O2 30 min  It is an antiseptic &

cleansing agent

 Destroy anaerobic
• Production of
organisms
destructive hydroxyl
free radicals - which  Very diluted form is
attack on membrane used in ear syringes
lipids, DNA, & other to remove wax & FB
essential cell
components  To remove blood
stains from clothes.
 4. H2O2 6%, 20 volume
• Advantages.
- Kills anaerobic organisms
- Frothing – brings out debris from the depth of the wound.
- Heat – stops capillary oozing (Local Thermo coagulation).

• Disadvantages.
- Irritant.
- Can not used in limbs in DM & PVD.
- Poor penetrability & weak transient action.
- Loses potency on keeping open, hence has a restrictive use.
- It has a Photo-oxidative property, hence stored in amber
colored bottle
H2O2
5. Gluteraldehyde 2% (Cidex)

Gluteraldehyde 2% • Metal Instruments

10 -30 min
• Face masks
• Alkylation of sulphydryl, • Plastic endotracheal
hydroxyl, carboxyl & amino tubes
groups of micro-organisms
• Polythene tubing
which alters RNA,DNA &
protein synthesis • Rubber tubing

• Anesthetic tubing
Complete sterilization → 10
Hrs
5. Gluteraldehyde 2% (Cidex)
 Scopes
Gluteraldehyde 1. Upper GI & Lower GI
2% 2. Bronchoscopes

10-30 min 3. Urethroscopes/ Cystoscopes

4. Pharyngoscopes

5. Otoscopes

6. Laparoscopes

7. Colposcope

8. Arthroscopes

9 . Endoscopes
No deleterious effect on lenses and
cement.
5. Gluteraldehyde 2% (Cidex)

• Advantages.
- Heat sensitive instruments.
- No deleterious effect on lenses and cement.
- Best disinfectant with rapid action
- Effective even in presence of protein.

- Disadvantages.
- Irritant
6. Glycerine Solution
7.Eusol (edinburgh university sol.)
 8. Mgso4 Crystals
• Hygroscopic effect
• Reduce the oedema
All
The
Best