Lesson7 METALS

METALS
ENGR CS CAYABAS
INTRODUCTION
• All the things around us are made
of 100 or so elements.
• These elements were classified
by Antoine Lavoisier into metals
and non-metals by studying their
properties.
INTRODUCTION
A metal is either an element, a compound or
an alloy that is usually a good conductor of
both heat and electricity.
STRUCTURE OF A METAL
• The structures of metals can be used to explain
many of the characteristic physical properties of
metals.
• In metals, and in many other solids, the atoms are
arranged in regular arrays called crystals
Metals in the Periodic Table
1. ALKALI METALS
• The leftmost part of the periodic table are the Group 1

METALS or the ALKALI METALS.
• These are abundant in minerals and sea water.
• Alkali metals when reacted with water form alkaline or
basic solution.
2. ALKALINE EARTH METALS
These are mostly found on the Earth’s crust.

3.TRANSITION METALS
• Transition elements (also known as transition metals)

are elements that have partially filled d orbitals.
• Fe is the most abundant transition metal on earth , the
fourth most abundant among all elements and plays
important roles in nature.
4.GROUP 12 METALS
• Sulfide ores of zinc, cadmium and mercury serve as raw
materials in metallurgy. These metals are located
immediately after the transition metals in the periodic
table but they do not behave like transition metals.
• The major zinc containing ore is zinc blende (also known
as sphalerite), which is zinc sulfide (ZnS). 95% of zinc is
mined from of the zinc sulfide ores.
• Mercury is extracted by heating cinnabar (HgS) in a
current of air.
5.GROUP 13 METALS
• These metals exist as alumino-silicates in the Earth’s crust and is more

abundant than iron. The properties of aluminum are well known as it
is widely used and encountered in everyday life.
• Group 13 is sometimes referred as the boron group, but B is the only
metalloid in the family. The rest are considered as poor metals
6.Group 14 METALS
• These are tin and lead.
• Of the ten isotopes of tin, Sn, Sn-118 (24.22%) and Sn-120 (33.59%) are
the most abundant. Metallic tin is present as α tin (gray tin), which is
stable below 13.2 °C and β tin which is stable at higher temperatures.
At low temperatures, the phase transition is quick.
• Pb-208 (52.4%) is the most abundant among the four stable isotopes of
lead, Pb. Lead is the end product of natural radioactive decay and has
82 protons. The atomic number 82 is important as it is especially
stable. Thus, Pb exhibits high abundance for a heavy element .
7.Inner Transition Metals
• Cerium is the 25th most abundant element in the Earth's crust,
and even the least abundant of the naturally-occurring
lanthanides, lutetium, the 60th most abundant element, is much
more common than either silver or gold.
• Lanthanides and actinides are elements with unfilled f orbitals.
Lanthanides are all metals with reactivity similar to group 2
elements. Actinides are all radioactive elements. Lanthanides are
used in optical devices (night vision goggles), petroleum refining,
and alloys.
PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
OF METALS
1.METALLIC LUSTER
-The metals have a shiny appearance, they show a METALLIC

LUSTER. Due to their shiny appearance they can be used in
jewelry and decorations
2.HARDNESS
• Metals are MOSTLY HARDER TO CUT. Their hardness varies from

one metal to another. Some metals like sodium, potassium and
magnesium are easy to cut.
• Metal hardness is a characteristic that determines the surface
wear and abrasive resistance.
3.MALLEABILITY
• Metals on being hammered can be beaten into thinner sheets.
This property is called MALLEABILITY. Most metals are
malleable. Gold and Silver metals are the most malleable
metals. They can be hammered into very fine sheets. Thin
aluminum foils are widely used for safe wrapping of medicines,
chocolates and food material.
4.DUCTILITY
• Wires are made from copper, aluminum, iron and
magnesium. This property of drawing the metal in to thin
wires is called DUCTILITY. Most metals are ductile.
Why are metals ductile and malleable?
Because layers of atoms can easily slide over each
other when a force is applied.
5.GOOD CONDUCTORS OF
ELECTRICITY
• Electric wires in our homes are made of aluminum and copper.
They are GOOD CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY. Electricity flows
most easily through gold, silver, copper and aluminum. Gold
and silver are used for fine electrical contacts in computers.
Copper wires are used in electrical appliances while aluminum
is cheaper is generally used for making electrical cables.
The SI unit of electrical conductivity is siemens per
metre (S/m).
6.GOOD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT
• Cooking utensils and water
boilers are also made of iron,
copper and aluminum, because
they are GOOD CONDUCTORS
OF HEAT.
• Metals are particularly good
conductors of heat because
their particles are very closely
packed so the vibrations are
passed on very quickly.
7.SONOROUS
• Metals are generally SONOROUS. That is they make a ringing
sound when struck. Therefore, they are used for making bells.
Metal wires are used in musical instruments.
8.TOUGHNESS and
TENSILE STRENGTH
• Metals such as iron are very STRONG. Therefore, it is therefore,
widely used in the construction of buildings, bridges, railway
lines, carriages, vehicles and machinery.
• Strength is a metal's
resistance to non-recoverable
deformation, otherwise
called plastic deformation.
8.TOUGHNESS and
TENSILE STRENGTH
• Metals have HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH, that is they can be
stretched to some degree without breaking. Metals like
tungsten has high tensile strength
9.SOLID
• All metals except Mercury, exist in the SOLID form at room
temperature. Therefore, they retain their shapes under normal
conditions.
9.HIGH MELTING and BOILING
POINTS
• Metals have the highest boiling and melting points
because they have the strongest chemical bonds which are
metallic.
• Tungsten has the highest melting point.
CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
OF METALS
• Metals, when burned in the presence of oxygen,
combine with oxygen to form METALLIC OXIDES
which are basic in nature
• Different metals react differently with water. Sodium reacts
violently with water forming sodium hydroxide and hydrogen.
Magnesium reacts mildly with water but vigorously with steam.
Zinc and iron react mildly with steam. Copper, gold and silver do
not react with water at all. Most metals, on reacting with water
produce hydroxide.
• Metals differ in their reactivity with acids. Most metals react
with acids to produce salts and hydrogen.
REACTIVITY SERIES
• The reactivity series of metals, also known as the
activity series, refers to the arrangement of metals
in the descending order of their reactivities.
• Metals replace other metals. When an iron nail is placed in a
test tube containing copper sulfate. The nail is coated with a
layer of copper while the blue copper sulfate solution has
turned greenish. The green solution is a solution of iron sulfate
• Most metals corrode when they are exposed to atmosphere.
For example, the iron gets rusty after sometime if it is not
painted. Titanium is highly resistant to corrosion.
ALLOYS
• These are mixtures of metals.
• Example:
Bronze: copper and tin
Brass: copper and zinc
Stainless steel: iron, chromium, nickel and carbon
Metals are often used in the form of alloys
because
a. Alloys are more resistant to corrosion
b. It improves the appearance
c. Alloys are generally stronger
Most Common Metals Used in
Construction
• Metals are commonly used for building construction,
predominantly for durability, strength, and aesthetic
requirements.
•Steel
•Beams for structural frameworks in
buildings
•Plates for highway construction
•Sheeting for commercial building walls
•Sheeting for roofs
•Structural steelwork for building bridges
Construction
•Iron
•Creating alloys to produce stronger metals
•Producing rods to improve the strength of
concrete structures
•Production of screws, nails and hinges for
fixtures
•Manufacture of tools such as cutting tools,
hammers and knives
Construction
•Aluminum
•Windows and door frames
•Rolling shutters
•Offshore superstructures
•Swimming pool facilities
•Metal roofing sheets
•External wall cladding on buildings
•Solar panels
•Safety bridges and stairways
Construction
•Copper
-oldest known metal that's still used
in the construction industry.
•Plumbing systems
•Gutter systems
•Exterior cladding
•Exterior decorative features
•Heating systems

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Lesson7 METALS

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METALS

• The leftmost part of the periodic table are the Group 1

These are mostly found on the Earth’s crust.

• Transition elements (also known as transition metals)

• These metals exist as alumino-silicates in the Earth’s crust and is more

-The metals have a shiny appearance, they show a METALLIC

• Metals are MOSTLY HARDER TO CUT. Their hardness varies from

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