Nonlinear Functions (Level 2) Answer Key
Nonlinear Functions (Level 2) Answer Key
ID: f89af023
A rectangular volleyball court has an area of 162 square meters. If the
length of the court is twice the width, what is the width of the court, in
meters?
A. 9
B. 18
C. 27
D. 54
Rationale
Choice A is correct. It’s given that the volleyball court is rectangular and has an area of 162 square meters. The
formula for the area of a rectangle is , where A is the area, is the length, and w is the width of the
rectangle. It’s also given that the length of the volleyball court is twice the width, thus . Substituting the
given value into the formula for the area of a rectangle and using the relationship between length and width
for this rectangle yields . This equation can be rewritten as . Dividing both sides of
this equation by 2 yields . Taking the square root of both sides of this equation yields . Since
the width of a rectangle is a positive number, the width of the volleyball court is 9 meters.
Choice B is incorrect because this is the length of the rectangle. Choice C is incorrect because this is the result
of using 162 as the perimeter rather than the area. Choice D is incorrect because this is the result of calculating
w in the equation instead of .
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Rationale
Choice C is correct. A model for a quantity S that increases by a certain percentage per time period n is an
exponential function in the form , where I is the initial value at time for r% annual
increase. It’s given that the annual increase in an employee’s salary is 4%, so . The initial value can be
Substituting these values for r and I into the form of the exponential function yields
Choices A, B, and D are incorrect and may result from incorrectly representing the annual increase in the
exponential function.
ID: 926c246b
The equation above estimates the global data traffic D, in terabytes, for the
year that is t years after 2010. What is the best interpretation of the number
5,640 in this context?
A. The estimated amount of increase of data traffic, in terabytes, each year
B. The estimated percent increase in the data traffic, in terabytes, each year
C. The estimated data traffic, in terabytes, for the year that is t years after 2010
D. The estimated data traffic, in terabytes, in 2010
Rationale
Choice D is correct. Since t represents the number of years after 2010, the estimated data traffic, in terabytes, in
2010 can be calculated using the given equation when . Substituting 0 for t in the given equation yields
Choice A is incorrect. Since the equation is exponential, the amount of increase of data traffic each year isn’t
constant. Choice B is incorrect. According to the equation, the percent increase in data traffic each year is 90%.
Choice C is incorrect. The estimated data traffic, in terabytes, for the year that is t years after 2010 is
represented by D, not the number 5,640.
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If the given function is graphed in the xy-plane, where , what is the x-coordinate of an x-intercept of
the graph?
ID: 50e40f08 Answer
Correct Answer: -6, 4
Rationale
The correct answer is either or . The x-intercepts of a graph in the xy-plane are the points where .
Thus, for an x-intercept of the graph of , . Substituting for in the equation
yields . By the zero product property, and .
Subtracting from both sides of the equation yields . Adding to both sides of the equation
yields . Therefore, the x-coordinates of the x-intercepts of the graph of are and
. Note that -6 and 4 are examples of ways to enter a correct answer.
ID: be0c419e
Immanuel purchased a certain rare coin on January 1. The function , where , gives
the predicted value, in dollars, of the rare coin years after Immanuel purchased it. What is the best
interpretation of the statement “ is approximately equal to ” in this context?
A. When the rare coin's predicted value is approximately dollars, it is greater than the predicted value, in
dollars, on January 1 of the previous year.
B. When the rare coin’s predicted value is approximately dollars, it is times the predicted value, in dollars, on
January 1 of the previous year.
C. From the day Immanuel purchased the rare coin to years after Immanuel purchased the coin, its predicted
value increased by a total of approximately dollars.
D. years after Immanuel purchased the rare coin, its predicted value is approximately dollars.
Rationale
Choice D is correct. It’s given that the function gives the predicted value, in dollars, of a
certain rare coin years after Immanuel purchased it. It follows that represents the predicted value, in
dollars, of the coin years after Immanuel purchased it. Since the value of is the value of when
, it follows that “ is approximately equal to ” means that is approximately equal to when
. Therefore, the best interpretation of the statement “ is approximately equal to ” in this context is
years after Immanuel purchased the rare coin, its predicted value is approximately dollars.
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From 2005 through 2014, the number of music CDs sold in the United
States declined each year by approximately 15% of the number sold the
preceding year. In 2005, approximately 600 million CDs were sold in the
United States. Of the following, which best models C, the number of
millions of CDs sold in the United States, t years after 2005?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Rationale
Choice B is correct. A model for a quantity C that decreases by a certain percentage per time period t is an
exponential equation in the form , where I is the initial value at time for r% annual
decline. It’s given that C is the number of millions of CDs sold in the United States and that t is the number of
years after 2005. It’s also given that 600 million CDs were sold at time , so . This number declines
by 15% per year, so . Substituting these values into the equation produces , or
Choice A is incorrect and may result from errors made when representing the percent decline. Choices C and D
are incorrect. These equations model exponential increases in CD sales, not exponential decreases.
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In the xy-plane, the y-coordinate of the y-intercept of the graph of the
function f is c. Which of the following must be equal to c ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Rationale
Choice A is correct. A y-intercept is the point in the xy-plane where the graph of the function crosses the y-
axis, which is where . It’s given that the y-coordinate of the y-intercept of the graph of function f is c. It
follows that the coordinate pair representing the y-intercept must be . Therefore, c must equal .
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because , , and would represent the y-value of the coordinate
where , , and , respectively.
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B.
C.
D.
Rationale
Choice A is incorrect and may result from correctly substituting for x in the function but incorrectly
simplifying the resulting expression to , or . Choice B is incorrect and may result
from arithmetic errors. Choice D is incorrect and may result from correctly substituting for x in the
function but incorrectly simplifying the expression to , or 11.
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A.
B.
C.
D.
Rationale
Choice D is correct. The y-intercept of the graph of an equation is the point , where b is the value of y
when . For the given equation, when . It follows that the y-intercept of the graph of the given
equation is . Additionally, for the given equation, the value of y doubles for each increase of 1 in the value
of x. Therefore, the graph contains the points , , , and . Only the graph shown in choice
D passes through these points.
Choices A and B are incorrect because these are graphs of decreasing, not increasing, exponential functions.
Choice C is incorrect because the value of y increases by a growth factor greater than 2 for each increase of 1 in
the value of x.
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An object’s kinetic energy, in joules, is equal to the product of one-half the
object’s mass, in kilograms, and the square of the object’s speed, in meters
per second. What is the speed, in meters per second, of an object with a
mass of 4 kilograms and kinetic energy of 18 joules?
A. 3
B. 6
C. 9
D. 36
Rationale
Choice A is correct. It’s given that an object’s kinetic energy, in joules, is equal to the product of one-half the
object’s mass, in kilograms, and the square of the object’s speed, in meters per second. This relationship can be
represented by the equation , where K is the kinetic energy, m is the mass, and v is the speed.
Substituting a mass of 4 kilograms for m and a kinetic energy of 18 joules for K results in the equation
, or . Dividing both sides of this equation by 2 yields . Taking the square root of
both sides yields and . Since speed can’t be expressed as a negative number, the speed of the
object is 3 meters per second.
Choice B is incorrect and may result from computation errors. Choice C is incorrect. This is the value of
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The height, in feet, of an object x seconds after it is thrown straight up in
the air can be modeled by the function . Based on
the model, which of the following statements best interprets the equation
?
A. The height of the object 1.4 seconds after being thrown straight up in the air is 1.64 feet.
B. The height of the object 1.64 seconds after being thrown straight up in the air is 1.4 feet.
C. The height of the object 1.64 seconds after being thrown straight up in the air is approximately 1.4 times as
great as its initial height.
D. The speed of the object 1.4 seconds after being thrown straight up in the air is approximately 1.64 feet per
second.
Rationale
Choice A is correct. The value 1.4 is the value of x, which represents the number of seconds after the object
was thrown straight up in the air. When the function h is evaluated for x = 1.4, the function has a value of 1.64,
which is the height, in feet, of the object.
Choices B and C are incorrect and may result from misidentifying seconds as feet and feet as seconds.
Additionally, choice C may result from incorrectly including the initial height of the object as the input x.
Choice D is incorrect and may result from misidentifying height as speed.
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An engineer wanted to identify the best angle for a cooling fan in an engine
in order to get the greatest airflow. The engineer discovered that the
function above models the airflow , in cubic feet per minute, as a
function of the angle of the fan , in degrees. According to the model, what
angle, in degrees, gives the greatest airflow?
A. –0.28
B. 0.28
C. 27
D. 880
Rationale
Choice C is correct. The function f is quadratic, so it will have either a maximum or a minimum at the vertex of
the graph. Since the coefficient of the quadratic term (–0.28) is negative, the vertex will be at a maximum. The
2
equation f( ) = –0.28( – 27) + 880 is given in vertex form, so the vertex is at = 27. Therefore, an angle of 27
degrees gives the greatest airflow.
Choices A and B are incorrect and may be the result of misidentifying which value in a quadratic equation in
vertex form represents the vertex. Choice D is incorrect. This choice identifies the maximum value of f( )
rather than the value of for which f( ) is maximized.
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Time (years) Total amount (dollars)
Sara opened a savings account at a bank. The table shows the exponential relationship between the time , in
years, since Sara opened the account and the total amount , in dollars, in the account. If Sara made no additional
deposits or withdrawals, which of the following equations best represents the relationship between and ?
A. msup
B. msup
C. msup
D. msup
Rationale
Choice B is correct. It’s given that the relationship between and is exponential. The table shows that the
value of increases as the value of increases. Therefore, the relationship between and can be represented
by an increasing exponential equation of the form , where and are positive constants. The
table shows that when , . Substituting for and for in the equation yields
, which is equivalent to , or . Substituting for in the equation
yields . The table also shows that when , . Substituting for
and for in the equation yields , or .
Dividing both sides of this equation by yields . Subtracting from both sides of this
equation yields . Substituting for in the equation yields
. Therefore, of the choices, choice B best represents the relationship between and .
ID: 281a4f3b
A certain college had 3,000 students enrolled in 2015. The college predicts
that after 2015, the number of students enrolled each year will be 2% less
than the number of students enrolled the year before. Which of the
following functions models the relationship between the number of
students enrolled, , and the number of years after 2015, x ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Rationale
Choice D is correct. Because the change in the number of students decreases by the same percentage each
year, the relationship between the number of students and the number of years can be modeled with a
decreasing exponential function in the form , where is the number of students, a is the
number of students in 2015, r is the rate of decrease each year, and x is the number of years since 2015. It’s
given that 3,000 students were enrolled in 2015 and that the rate of decrease is predicted to be 2%, or 0.02.
Substituting these values into the decreasing exponential function yields , which is
equivalent to .
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect and may result from conceptual errors when translating the given
information into a decreasing exponential function.
ID: 100030d9
A rubber ball bounces upward one-half the height that it falls each time it
hits the ground. If the ball was originally dropped from a distance of 20.0
feet above the ground, what was its maximum height above the ground, in
feet, between the third and fourth time it hit the ground?
ID: 100030d9 Answer
Rationale
The correct answer is 2.5. After hitting the ground once, the ball bounces to feet. After hitting
the ground a second time, the ball bounces to feet. After hitting the ground for the third time,
the ball bounces to feet. Note that 2.5 and 5/2 are examples of ways to enter a correct answer.
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If the given function is graphed in the xy-plane, where , what is an x-intercept of the graph?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Rationale
Choice A is correct. It's given that . The x-intercepts of a graph in the xy-plane are the points where
. Thus, for an x-intercept of the graph of function , . Substituting for in the equation
yields . Factoring the right-hand side of this equation yields
. By the zero product property, and . Subtracting from both
sides of the equation yields . Adding to both sides of the equation yields
. Therefore, the x-intercepts of the graph of are and . Of these two x-
intercepts, only is given as a choice.
ID: e1391dd6
According to Moore’s law, the number of transistors included on
microprocessors doubles every 2 years. In 1985, a microprocessor was
introduced that had 275,000 transistors. Based on this information, in which
of the following years does Moore’s law estimate the number of transistors
to reach 1.1 million?
A. 1987
B. 1989
C. 1991
D. 1994
Choice B is correct. Let x be the number of years after 1985. It follows that represents the number of 2-year
periods that will occur within an x-year period. According to Moore’s law, every 2 years, the number of
transistors included on microprocessors is estimated to double. Therefore, x years after 1985, the number of
transistors will double times. Since the number of transistors included on a microprocessor was 275,000, or
.275 million, in 1985, the estimated number of transistors, in millions, included x years after 1985 can be
modeled as . The year in which the number of transistors is estimated to be 1.1 million is
represented by the value of x when . Dividing both sides of this equation by .275 yields
, which can be rewritten as . Since the exponential equation has equal bases on each side, it
follows that the exponents must also be equal: . Multiplying both sides of the equation by 2
yields . Therefore, according to Moore’s law, 4 years after 1985, or in 1989, the number of transistors
included on microprocessors is estimated to reach 1.1 million.
Alternate approach: According to Moore’s law, 2 years after 1985 (in 1987), the number of transistors included
on a microprocessor is estimated to be , or 550,000, and 2 years after 1987 (in 1989), the number of
transistors included on microprocessors is estimated to be , or 1,100,000. Therefore, the year that
Moore’s law estimates the number of transistors on microprocessors to reach 1.1 million is 1989.
Choices A, C, and D are incorrect. According to Moore’s law, the number of transistors included on
microprocessors is estimated to reach 550,000 in 1987, 2.2 million in 1991, and about 6.2 million in 1994.
ID: 5bf0f84a
The function above models the height h, in feet, of an object above ground
t seconds after being launched straight up in the air. What does the number
72 represent in the function?
A. The initial height, in feet, of the object
B. The maximum height, in feet, of the object
C. The initial speed, in feet per second, of the object
D. The maximum speed, in feet per second, of the object
Rationale
Choice A is correct. The variable t represents the seconds after the object is launched. Since , this
means that the height, in feet, at 0 seconds, or the initial height, is 72 feet.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect and may be the result of misinterpreting the function in context.
ID: 70ebd3d0
The function N defined above can be used to model the number of species
of brachiopods at various ocean depths d, where d is in hundreds of
meters. Which of the following does the model predict?
A. For every increase in depth by 1 meter, the number of brachiopod species decreases by 115.
B. For every increase in depth by 1 meter, the number of brachiopod species decreases by 10%.
C. For every increase in depth by 100 meters, the number of brachiopod species decreases by 115.
D. For every increase in depth by 100 meters, the number of brachiopod species decreases by 10%.
Rationale
Choice D is correct. The function N is exponential, so it follows that changes by a fixed percentage for
each increase in d by 1. Since d is measured in hundreds of meters, it also follows that the number of
brachiopod species changes by a fixed percentage for each increase in ocean depth by 100 meters. Since the
base of the exponent in the model is 0.90, which is less than 1, the number of brachiopod species decreases as
the ocean depth increases. Specifically, the number of brachiopod species at a depth of meters is 90%
of the number of brachiopod species at a depth of d meters. This means that for each increase in ocean depth
by 100 meters, the number of brachiopod species decreases by 10%.
Choices A and C are incorrect. These describe situations where the number of brachiopod species are
decreasing linearly rather than exponentially. Choice B is incorrect and results from interpreting the decrease
in the number of brachiopod species as 10% for every 1-meter increase in ocean depth rather than for every
100-meter increase in ocean depth.
ID: 97158b3a
The area A, in square centimeters, of a rectangular painting can be represented by the expression ,
where is the width, in centimeters, of the painting. Which expression represents the length, in centimeters, of
the painting?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Rationale
Choice C is correct. It's given that the expression represents the area, in square centimeters, of a
rectangular painting, where is the width, in centimeters, of the painting. The area of a rectangle can be
calculated by multiplying its length by its width. It follows that the length, in centimeters, of the painting is
represented by the expression .
Choice A is incorrect. This expression represents the width, in centimeters, of the painting, not its length, in
centimeters.
Choice B is incorrect. This is the difference between the length, in centimeters, and the width, in centimeters,
of the painting, not its length, in centimeters.
Choice D is incorrect. This expression represents the area, in square centimeters, of the painting, not its
length, in centimeters.
ID: dba7432e
x f (x)
0 5
1
2
3
The table above gives the values of the function f for some values of x.
Which of the following equations could define f ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Rationale
Choice D is correct. Each choice has a function with coefficient 5 and base 2, so the exponents must be
analyzed. When the input value of x increases, the output value of f(x) decreases, so the exponent must be
Choices A and B are incorrect and may result from choosing equations that yield an increasing, rather than
decreasing, output value of f(x) when the input value of x increases. Choice C is incorrect and may result from
choosing an equation that doesn’t yield the values in the table.
ID: f5e8ccf1
B.
C.
D.
Rationale
Choice B is correct. The graph of the function f in the xy-plane has x-intercepts at the points , where
. Substituting 0 for in the given equation yields . By the zero product
property, if , then , , or . Solving each of these linear
equations for x, it follows that , , and , respectively. This means that the graph of the
whether the points in the options lie on the graph of the function f. Substituting for x and 0 for in
Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because each of these points is an x-intercept of the graph of the function f in
the xy-plane. By definition, an x-intercept is a point on the graph of the form , where k is a constant.
Substituting for x and 0 for in the given equation yields , or .
Since this is a true statement, the point lies on the graph of the function f and is an x-intercept of the
graph. Performing similar substitution using the points and also yields the true statement ,
illustrating that these points also lie on the graph of the function f and are x-intercepts of the graph.
ID: 5c00c2c1
There were no jackrabbits in Australia before 1788 when 24 jackrabbits
were introduced. By 1920 the population of jackrabbits had reached 10
billion. If the population had grown exponentially, this would correspond to
a 16.2% increase, on average, in the population each year. Which of the
following functions best models the population of jackrabbits t years
after 1788?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Rationale
Choice C is correct. This exponential growth model can be written in the form , where is
the population t years after 1788, A is the initial population, and r is the yearly growth rate, expressed as a
decimal. Since there were 24 jackrabbits in Australia in 1788, . Since the number of jackrabbits
increased by an average of 16.2% each year, . Therefore, the equation that best models this situation is
Choices A, B, and D are incorrect and may result from misinterpreting the form of an exponential growth
model.