Click on this button

Click on this button

DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION
 QUIZRR 3

1. Defint ion :

dy d 2 y
An equation containing x, y & , , etc is called a differential equation. In other words, a
dx dx2
differential equation is an equation that involves an independent variable ( x) , the depednent

 dy d 2 y 

variables ( y) & the derivatives of the dependent variable  i.e., , 2 ,etc.  .

 dx dx 

Example :

dy d2 y dy
(i)  5x  0 (ii)  4 x(sin x  y) 0
dx dx2 dx

3/2
  2 2 
1   d y    dy 3
  dy  d5 y
 I  ky  1 
(iii)   dx2    dx 
(iv) 
   dx  dx5

O r d er and d egr ee of a d iffer ent ial eq uat ion

Defintion.
1. Order of the higehst order derivative occuring in the given differential equation is called the order
of the differential equation.
2. Degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest order derivative i.e. degree of a
differential equation is the power of the highest order derivative when the differential equation
has been made rational and integral i.e. free from radicals and fractions so far as the differential
co-efficietns are concerned.
Examples :

d2 y dy
(i)   y  0 . This differential equation is of second order because order of the highest
dx 2 dx

d2 y
order derivative is two. Degree of this differential equation is one because power of the
dx2

d2 y
highest order derivative is one.
dx2

2
 d3 y   dy 
3
(ii)  3   3   20.
 dx   dx 

d3 y
This differential equation is of 3rd order because highest order derivative is and its
3 dx3
d y
degree is 2 because power of the highest order derivative is 2.
dx3
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 4 QUIZRR

(iii) 1  x2 dx  1  y2 dy  0

dy 1  x2
This differential equation can be written as dx   . It is of first order and first
1  y2

degree.

Solut ion of a Differ ent ial E q uat ion

Any relation between dependent and independent variables which when substituted in the
differential equation, reduce it to an identity is called a solution of the differential equation. A
solution of a differential equation does not contain the derivatives of the dependent variables with
respect to the independent variable.

Example :
Consider the differential equation

d2 y
 y0 ...(i)
dx2

Let y  A sin x  B cos x , where A, B are arbitrary constant ...(ii)

Differentiating (ii) twice w.r.t. x, we get

d2 y
  A sin x  B cos x
dx2

d2 y d2 y
 y   y0
dx2 dx2

Therefore y  A sin x  B cos x is a solution of differential equation (i).

It can be easily seen that y  3sin x  2cos x, y  B cos x are all solutions of (i). The most general
of these solution is (ii), all others are particular solutions of the differential equation (i).

G ener al Solut ion

The solution of an ordinary differential equation of nth order, which contains n arbitrary constants
is called the complex primitive or the General Solution.
Let the equation involving the variables x, y and n independent arbitrary constants be

f ( x, y, C1 , C2 ,..., Cn )  0 ...(i)
& the differential equation obtained from (i) be

 dy d 2 y dn y 
F  x, y, , 2 ,..., n   0 ...(ii)
 dx dx dx 


DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 5

Then (i) is called the general solution of (ii).

Note that the general solution of an ordinary differential equation of nth order contains n
independent arbitrary solution of ÂnÊ arbitrary constants. Thus the general solution of an ordinary
differential equation of order one contains one arbitrary constant and of second order contains two
independent arbitary constants and so on.

Par t icular Solut ion

The solution of the differential equation for particular values of oneor more of the arbitrary
constant is called a particular solution of the given differential equation.
Note 1. The general solution of a differential equation may have several forms but the arbitrary
constants (parameters) in one form will be related to the parameters in the other form.
Example :
y  a cos( x  b) ...(1)

and y  A sin x  B cos x ...(2)

are both solutions of the differential equation

d2 y
 y0
dx2
Both (1) and (2) contains two parameters (1) can be written as
y  a (cos x cos b  sin x sin b)

  a sin b sin x  b cos c cos x

 A sin x  B cos x , where A  a  b sin c and B  b cos c
Here there are only two independent parameters A and B .

L inear and non-linear d iffer ent ial eq uat ion :

A differential equation which is of degree one in the dependent variable (unknown variable) and
its derivative is called a linear differential equation.
A differential equation which is not linear is called a non-linear differential equation.
A differential equation is linear if it can be expressed as

dn y d n1 y dy
a0 n
 a1 n1
 ...  an 1  an y  Pn
dx dx dx

Where a0 , a1 , a2 ,..., an and pn are constants or functions of independent variable x.

Thus a differential equation will be non-linear differential equation if and only if
(i) its degree is more than one
(ii) exponent of the dependent variable is more than one.
(iii) any of the differential coefficeint has exponent more than one
(iv) products containing dependent variable and its differential coefficients are present.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 6 QUIZRR
Examples :

2
d3 y  dy 
1. 2  5   7 y  x2 (non-linear)
dx3
 dx 

dy
Here exponent of is 2.
dx

dy
2. y  x (non-linear)
dx

dy
Here degree of the term y is 2.
dx

For mat ion of Differ ent ial E q uat ions

Let f ( x, y, a)  0 be a family of curves depending on one arbitrary constant a.

f ( x, y, a)  0 ...(1)

Differentiating (1) with respect to x, we get

P ( x, y, y, a)  0 ...(2)

Eliminating a from eq (1) and (2), we get an equation involving x, y, y .. This is the required
differential equation of the family of curves represented by (1). Similarly if the given differential
equation has two arbitrary constants then we differentiable the given equation twice with respect
to x. By eliminating the arbitrary constants from the given equation and the equations obtained
by the differentiation, we get the required differential equations.

Illustration 1

Find the differential equation from the family of straight lines which pass through the
origin.
Solution :
The equation of the straight lines which pass through the origin
y  mx , where m is a parameter ...(1)
Differentiating (1) with respect to x

dy
m ...(2)
dx

Eliminating x from equation (1) and (2)

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 7

Illustration 2

Find the differential equation of the family of curves y  ex ( A cos x  B sin x)

Solution :

y  ex ( A cos x  B sin x) ...(1)

Differentiating with respect to x.

dy
 ex ( A cos x  B sin x)  ex ( A cos x  B sin x)
dx

dy
 y  ex ( A sin x  B cos x) ...(2)
dx
Again differentiating with respect to x

d2 y dy dy
  ex ( A cos x  B sin x)  ex ( A sin x  B cos x)   y y [From Equation (2)]
dx 2 dx dx

d2 y dy
or 2  2 y  0 ; which is the required differential equation.
dx 2 dx

Pr ob lem b ased on for mat ion of d iffer ent ial eq aut ion
Working Rules :
(i) Write down the given equation
(ii) Differentiate the given equation with respect to independent variable x as many times as
the number of arbitrary constants.
(iii) Eliminate the arbitrary constants from given equation and the equations obtained by
differentiation.

Illustration 3
Obtain the differential equation of the family of curves represented by

y  Ae x  Be  x  x 2 , where A and B are arbitrary constants.

Solution :

Given equation is y  Aex  Be x  x2 ...(1)

Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

dy
 Aex  Be x  2 x ...(2)
dx
Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 8 QUIZRR

d2 y
2
 Aex  Be x  2 ...(3)
dx

d2 y d2 y
(1) - (2)  y  2
 x2  2 or, 2
 y  x2  2  0 ...(4)
dx dx
(4) is the required differential equation, because it does not contain arbitrary constant A and B.

Illustration 4

Show that the function y  ( A  Bx) e3 x is a solution of the differential equation

d2 y dy
6  9y  0 .
dx 2 dx
Solution :

Given, y  ( A  Bx) e3 x ...(i)

dy
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get  Be3 x  3e3 x ( A  Bx) ...(ii)
dx

d2 y
Differentiating (ii) w.r.t. x, we get  6 Be3 x  9 e3 x ( A  Bx) ...(iii)
dx2

d2 y dy
 6  9 y  {6 Be3 x  9e3 x ( A  Bx)}  6[ Be3 x  3e3 x ( A  Bx)}  {9( A  Bx)e3 x
dx2 dx

d2 y dy
 6  9y  0
dx2 dx

So, y  ( A  Bx) e3 x satisfies the given differential equation.

Hence, it is a solution of the given differential equation.

Illustration 5

Show that the differential equation of which ( x 2  y 2 )  c ( x 2  y 2 )2 is the solution is

( x 2  3 xy2 )dx  ( y3  3 x 2 y)dy

Solution :

We have x2  y2  c( x2  y2 )2
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 9

dy  dy 
2x  2 y  2 c( x2  y2 )  2 x  2 y 
dx  dx 

 dy  2 2  dy 
  x  y dx   2c( x  y )  x  y dx 
   
From (i) and (ii), we have

 dy  2( x2  y2 ) 2  dy 
 x  y  2 ( x  y2 )  x  y 
 dx  ( x  y )
2 2
 dx 

[on substituting the value of c from (i) in (ii)]

 dy   dy 
 ( x2  y2 )  x  y   2( x2  y2 )  x  y 
 dx   dx 

 x(x 2

 y2 )  2 x( x2  y2 ) 
dy
dx
 
2 y( x2  y2 ))  y( x2  y2 )

dy
 (3 xy2  x3 )  (3x2 y  y3 )
dx

 ( x3  3 xy2 ) dx  ( y3  3 x2 y) dy
which is the given differential equation.

Illustration 6

From the differential equation representing the family of curves y  A cos( x  B) , where
A and B are constants.
Solution :
We are given that y  A cos( x  B) ...(i)
[Since the given equation contains two arbitrary constants, we shall differentiate it two times and
we shall get a differential equation of second order.]
Differentiate (i) w.r.t. x,. we get

dy
  A sin( x  B) ...(ii)
dx

d2 y
  A cos( A  B)
dx2

d2 y
  y [Using (i)]
dx2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 10 QUIZRR

Illustration 7

Form the differential equation corresponding to y2  a (b  x)(b  x) by eliminating a and b.

Solution :

Given y2  a(b2  x2 ) ...(i)

[Since there are two arbitrary constants in the given equation, so we shall differentiate it two
times and we shall get a differential equation of second order.]
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get
dy dy
2y  2 ax  y   ax ...(ii)
dx dx
Differentiating (ii) w.r.t. x, we get
2
d 2 y  dy 
y    a ...(iii)
dx2  dx 
From (ii) and (iii), we get

 d 2 y  dy 2  dy
x y  y
2  dx  dx
 dx   

This is the required differential equation.

Illustration 8

(i) To form a differential equation from the equation y2  4 ax where a is the parameter.

Given curve is y2  4 ax ...(i)

Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get
dy dy 2 a
2y  4a   ...(ii)
dx dx y
Now eliminating a using (i) and (ii), we get

dy y2 dy y
y  i.e.  ...(iii)
dx 2 x dx 2 x
which is the required differential equation.
(ii) To form a differential equation of a family of circles touching y-axis at origin.
y

O x

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 11

The required equation of circles will be x2  y2  2 gx  0 ( f  c  0 ) ...(i)

where g is the parameter. That is for different values of g, we get different circles belonging to
the family.
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get

dy
2x  2 y  2g  0 ...(ii)
dx
Now eliminating ÂgÊ using (i) and (ii), we get

 dy  dy
x2  y2  2 x   x  y   0 i.e. y2  x2  2 xy 0
 dx  dx

which is the required differential eqaution.

(iii) To form a differential equation of a family of circles having centre at origin.

Let the equation of circle be y

x2  y2  a 2 ...(i)
a=4
where a (radius) is the parameter.
Differentiating (i) w.r.t. x, we get a=2
a=1
O
dy x
2x  2 y 0 (0,0)
dx
This is a differential equation for all the members of
the family & it does not contain any parameter.

Illustration 9

If the differential equation whose equation represents the family y  e 3x  be x , is

d2y dy
a b  cy  0 , then a ,b,c
dx 2 dx

Solution :

y  ae3x  bex ...(i)

Differentiating equation (i), we get

dy
 3ae3 x  bex ...(ii)
dx

d2 y
and  9 ae3 x  bex ...(iii)
dx2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 12 QUIZRR
Eliminating a and b from equation (i), (ii) & (iii), we get

d2 y 4y
  3 y  0  a  1, b  4, c  3
dx2 dx

Note : The order of differential equation (of family of curves with n constants) is equal to n. But
sometimes the order of the differential equation can be find on the basis of its solution. The
order of differential equation is equal to the number of constants involved in the solution
(in reduced condition).

FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

A first order differential equation is a relation

dy
 f ( x, y)
dx

in which f ( x, y) is a function of two variables defined on a region in the xy-plane.

Example :

dy y y
The equation 1 is a first order differential equation in which f ( x, y)  1  .
dx x x

METHOD OF SOLVING FIRST ORDER FIRST DEGREE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

We have divided the method in various types which we will discuss now.

S et - 1
dy
Type-1 Differential Equation of type  f ( x)
dx
This is a very simple type which can be solved easily by using

 dy   f ( x) dx  C

dy
Type-2 Differential equation of the type  f ( y)
dx
This is the same type as above with the only change in functions on R.H.S. Here we solve
it by the following manner.

dy
If,  f ( y) then
dx

dy dy
dx 
f ( y)
  dx  
f ( y)
C

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 13

dy
Type-3 Equation in variable separable form  f ( x)
dx

In this type the differential equation exists as product of two separate functions of x & y
respectively in R.H.S. We solve them as follow,

dy
 f ( x) g ( y)
dx

dy
  f ( x) dx
g ( y)

dy
  g ( y) 
 f ( x) dx  C

Other forms of this could be

 g ( y) dy   f ( x) dx  C

dx
or  g ( y) dy  
f ( x)
C

dy
Type-4 Equation reducible to variable separable form i.e.  f ( ax  by  c)
dx

In this form the D.E. is not directly in Type-3 but by proper substitution it can be reduced
to Type-3.
For this put ax  by  C  t

dy dt
 ab 
dx dx

Other form of this type

f (ax  by  c1 ) dx  f ( ax  by  c2 ) dy  0

in this substitute ax  by  t

dy dt
 ab 
dx dx
TIP : The success of this substitution lies only when after substritution, the D.E. gets free from
all forms of x,y terms and converts solely into a function of t.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
14 QUIZRR

Illustration 1 0
Solve the following differential equations :
Type-1

dy dy
(i)  x log x 2
(ii) (1  x )  x  2 tan 1 x .
dx dx
Solution :
(i) Given differential equation is

dy
 x log x  dy  x log xdx
dx
Integrating both sides, we get

x log x dx
 1dy   II I

x2 1 x2 x2 1
 y  log x.   . dx  log x   xdx
2 x 2 2 2

x2 1 x2
 log x  . c
2 2 2

x2 1
 y log x  x2  c
2 4
which is the required solution.
(ii) Given differential equation is

dy
(1  x2 )  x  2 tan 1 x
dx

dy dy x 2tan 1 x
 (1  x2 )  x  2 tan 1 x   
dx dx 1  x2 1  x2

 x 2 tan 1 x 
 dy   2
  dx
 1  x 1  x2 

Integrating both sides , we get

 x 2 tan 1 x 
 1dy   
 1  x
2

1  x2 
 dx

x tan 1 x
 y dx  2  1  x2 dx
1  x2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 15

1
Putting tan 1 x  t  dx  dt
1  x2

1 2x 1 t2
2  1  x2 
2
 dx  2 tdt  log 1  x  2 c
2 2

1
 y log 1  x2  (tan 1 x)2  c
2
which is the required solution.

Illustration 1 1
Tpye 2
Solve the following differential equations :

d y 1  cos 2 y d y 1  y2
(i) dx  1  cos 2 y (ii) 
dx y3

Solution :

dy 1  cos2 y
(i) Given differential equation is 
dx 1  cos 2 y

dy 2sin 2 y dy
    tan 2 y
dx 2cos2 y dx

dy
  dx  cot 2 ydy  dx
tan 2 y

Integrating both sides, we get

 cot 2 ydy   1dx

  (cos ec2 y  1) dy   1dx

  cos ec2 ydy   1dy   1dx

  cot y  y  x  c

 x  y  cot y  c  0
which is the required solution.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 16 QUIZRR
(ii) Given differential equation is

dy 1  y2 y3
  dy  dx
dx y3 1  y2

Integrating both sides, we get

y3
 y2  1
dy   1dx

 y 
  y 2  dy   1dx
y  1 


1 2y
  ydy   2
2 y 1
dy   1dx

y2 1
  log y2  1  x  c
2 2
which is the required solution.

Illustration 1 2
Tpye 3
Solve teh following differential equation.

y
(i) e x 1  y 2 dx  dy  0 (ii) (1  e 2 x )d y  (1  y 2 )e x dx  0
x

dy dy  dy 
(iii)  2 x 2  y2  x 2 y 2  2 (iv) y x  a  y2  
dx dx  dx 

 dy  dy
(v) log    a x  by (vi) 1  x 2  y2  x 2 y 2  xy 0
 dx  dx

Solution :
(i) Given differential equation is

y y
ex 1  y2 dx  dy  0  dy   ex 1  y2 dx
x x

y
 dy   xex dx
2
1 y

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 17

Integration both sides, we get

y
 dy    xex dx Puting 1  y2  t  2 ydy  dt
2
1 y

1
 ydy   dt
2

1 dt
   xex   ex dx
2 t
 
 

  t  [ xex  ex  c]  1  y2  xex  ex  c
which is the required solution.
(ii) Given differential equation is

(1  e2 x ) dy  (1  y2 ) ex dx  0

 (1  e2 x ) dx  (1  y2 ) ex dx

dy ex
  dx
1  y2 1  e2 x

Integrating both sides, we get

dy ex
 1  y2
 
1  e2 x
dx Putting ex  t  ex dx  dt

dy dt
  1 y 2
 
1  t2

 tan 1 y   tan 1 t  c  tan 1 y   tan1 ex  c

 tan 1 y  tan 1 ex  c
which is the required solution.

(iii) Given differential equation is

dy
 2 x2  y2  x2 y2  2  2 x2  2  x2 y2  y2
dx

 2( x2  1)  y2 ( x2  1)

dy dy
  ( x2  1)(2  y2 )  2
 ( x2  1) dx
dx y 2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
18 QUIZRR
Integrating both sides , we get

dy 1 y x3
 2
y 2
  ( x2  1) dx 
2
tan 1
2

3
 x c

which is the required solution.

(iv) Given differential equation is

dy  dy  dy dy
y x  a  y2   y x  ay2  a
dx  dx  dx dx

dy dy y  ay2
 y  ay2  ( a  x)  
dx dx a x

dy dx dy dx
   
y  ay 2 a x y(1  ay) a  x

Integrating both sides , we have

dy dx
 y(1  ay)

ax

1 a  dx
   y  1  ay  dy   a  x
 
[Using partial fraction]

1 1 dx
  y
dy  a 
1  ay
dy  
ax

a log 1  ay
 log y   log a  x  log c
a

 log y  log 1  ay  log a  x  c

y y
 log  log a  x c   ( a  x) c
1  ay 1  ay

which is the required solution.

(v) Given differential equation is

 dy 
log    ax  by
 dx 

dy
  eaxby [ log x  y  x  ey ]
dx

dy dy
  eax .eby  by
 eax dx
dx e

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 19

 e by dy  eax dx
Integrating both sides, we get

 eby dy   eax dx

eby eax
  c
b a

eax e by
  c0
a b
which is the required solution.

(vi) Given differential equation is

dy dy
1  x2  y2  x2 y2  xy 0  1  x2  y2 (1  x2 )  xy 0
dx dx

dy dy
 (1  x2 )(1  y2 )  xy 0  1  x2 1  y2  xy 0
dx dx

dy y 1  x2
xy   1  x2 1  y2  dy   dx
 x
dx 1  y2

Integrating both sides, we get

y 1  x2
 dy   
x
dx
1  y2

y 1
I1  
2
Let dy Putting 1  y  t  2 ydy  dt  ydy  dt
1 y 2 2

1 dt
I1 
2  t
 t  c  1  y2  c1

1  x2
Let I2    dx Puting 1  x2  z2  2 xdx  2 zdz
x

z z
 dx  dz  dx  dz
x 2
z 1

z z z2
I2    . dz    dz
z2  1 z2  1 z2  1

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 20 QUIZRR

1 1 1 z 1
  1 dz    1dz   dz   z  log  c2
z 12 2
z 1 2 z1

1 1  x2  1
  1  x2  log  c2
2 1  x2  1

Thus, from (i)

1 1  x2  1
1  y2   1  x2  log c [ c  c2  c1 ]
2 1  x2  1

1 1  x2  1
 1  y2  1  x2  log c
2 1  x2  1

which is the required solution.

Initial Value Problem

In initial valueproblem along with a differential equation some initial values are given (i.e.,
correponding values of x and y). Using the initial values, we determine the value of constant c
to get a particular solution of given differential equation.

Illustration 1 3
Solve the following initial value problems :

dy 1
(i)  2ex y3 , y(0)  (ii) edy/ dx  x  1, y(0)  3
dx 2

dy
(iii) xy  y  2, y(2)  0 (iv) (1  y2 )(1  log x) dx  xdy  0, y(1)  1
dx
Solution :
(i) Given differential equation is

dy dy
 2ex y3  3
 2ex dx
dx y
Integrating both sides, we get

dy 1
 3
 2  ex dx  2
 2 ex  c ...(i)
y 2y

1 1
Now, y(0)   when x  0, y 
2 2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 21

1
Thus  2
 2e0  c From (i)
1
2 
2

 2  2  c  c  4

1
 From (i)  2
 2 ex  4
2y

which is the required particular solution of given differential equation.

(ii) Given differential equation is

edy/ dx  x  1

dy
  log( x  1)  dy  log( x  1)dx
dx
Integrating both sides, we get

 1dy   log( x  1) dx

x
 y  log( x  1).1dx  log( x  1). x  
x1
dx

 1 
 x log( x  1)   1  dx
 x  1 

1
 x log( x  1)   1dx   dx
x1

y  x log( x  1)  x  log x  1  c ...(i)

Now, y(0)  3  when x  0, y  3

Thus, 3  0  0  log1  c [From (i)]

 c3 [  log1  0 ]

 From (i), y  x log( x  1)  x  log x  1  3

which is the required particular solution of given differential equation.
(iii) Given differential equation is

dy y dx
xy  y 2  dy 
dx y2 x

Integrating both sides , we get

y dx  2  dx
 y 2
dy  
x
  1  y  2  dy   x
 
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
22 QUIZRR

1 dx
  1dy  2
y2
dy  
x

 y  2log y  2  log x  c ...(i)

Now, y(2)  0  when x  2, y  0

Thus, 0  2 log 2  log 2  c [From (i)]

 c  3 log 2

 from (i), y  2log y  2  log x  3log 2

 log ey  log( y  2) 2  log x  log 8

ey 
 log 2
 log
( y  2) 8

ey x
 2

( y  2) 8

 8 e y  x( y  2)2
which is the required particular solution of given differential equation.
(iv) Given differential equation is

(1  y2 )(1  log x) dx  xdy  0

 xdy  (1  y2 )(1  log x) dx

dy  1  log x 
    dx
1 y 2 x 

Integrating both sides , we get

dy 1  log x
 1 y 2
 
x
dx

(1  log x)2
 tan 1 y   c ...(i)
2

[by putting 1  log x  t ]

Now, y(1)  1  when x  1, y  1

1
Thus tan 1 (1)   c [From (i)]
2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 23

 1 1 (1  log x) 2  1
  c  From (i), tan y   
4 2 2 4 2
which is the required particular solution of the given differential equation.

TYPE-4
E q uat ions R ed ucib le t o Var iab les Sep ar ab le
In some differential equations the variables are not separablem, but by suitable substituting they
can be reduced to a form in which variables are separable.

Illustration 1 4
Solve the following differential equations :

dy dy
(i)  tan 2 ( x  y) (ii)  (3 x  y  1)2
dx dx

dy dy 2 x  y
(iii)  sin( x  y)  cos( x  y) (iv) 
dx dx 3  2 x  2 y

Solution
(i) Given differential equation is

dy
 tan 2 ( x  y)
dx

dy dv dy dv
Putting x  y  v  1     1
dx dx dx dx

 Given eqaution reduces to

dv dv dv
  1  tan 2 v   tan 2 v  1   sec 2 v
dx dx dx

dv
  dx  cos2 vdv  dx
sec 2 v

Integrating both sides , we get

1  cos 2v
 cos2 vdv   1dx   2
dv   1dx

1 1 sin 2v 
2
 (1  cos2v) dv   1dx   v  x c
2 2 

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
24 QUIZRR

1 sin 2( x  y) 
  ( x  y)    x c
2 2 

1 1
 ( x  y)  sin 2( x  y)  x  c
2 4

1 1
 ( y  x)  sin 2( x  y)  c
2 4
which is required solution.

dy
(ii) Given differential equation is  (3 x  y  1)2
dx

Putting 3x  y  1  v

dy dv
 3 
dx dx

dy dv
  3
dx dx
 Given equation reduces to

dv dv dv
 3  v2   v3  3  3  dx
dx dx v 3
Integrating both sides , we get

dv
 2
v 3
  dx

1 v
 tan 1  x c
3 3

1 (3 x  y  1)
 tan 1  x c
3 3
which is the required solution.

dy
(iii) Given differential equation is  sin( x  y)  cos( x  y)
dx
Putting x y  v

dy dv
 1 
dx dx

dy dv
  1
dx dx

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 25

 Given equation reduces to

dv
 1  sin v  cos v
dx

dv
  sin v  cos v  1
dx

dv
  dx
sin v  cos v  1
Integrating both sides, we get

dv
 sin v  cos v  1
  1dx

dv
  v v
  1dx
2 tan 1  tan2
2  2 1
2 v 2 v
1  tan 1  tan
2 2

v
1  tan 2
dv
2
  v v v 
 1dx
2 tan  1  tan 2  1  tan 2
2 2 2

v
sec 2 dv
1 2
2  tan v 1 
 1dx


2

v
Putting tan 1  t
2

1 v
 sec 2 dv  dt
2 2

dt  log t  x  c
    1dx
t

v  x y
 log tan  1  x  c  log tan   1  x c
2  2 

which is the required solution.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 26 QUIZRR
(vi) Given differential equation is

dy 2 x y 2  ( x  y)
 
dx 3  2 x  2 y 3  2( x  y)

Putting x y  v

dy dv
 1 
dx dx

dy dv
 1
dx dx
 Given equation reduces to

dv 2  v
1 
dx 3  2v

dv 2  v 3  2v  2  v 1  v
 1  
dx 3  2v 3  2v 3  2v

3  2v
 dv  dx
1v
Integrating both sides , we get

3  2v
 1v
dv   1dx

 1 
  2  1  v  dv 
 
 1.dx

1
 2 1dv   dv   1dx
1v

 2v  log 1  v  x  c

 2( x  y)  log 1  x  y  x  c

 x  2 y  log 1  x  y  c
which is the required solution.

Illustration 1 5
Solve the following differential equation :

dy dy
(i) y2  x 2  xy (ii) ( x 3  3 xy 2 )dx  ( y3  3 x 2 y)dy  0
dx dx

(iii) x 2 dy  y( x  y)dx  0 , given that when x  1, y  1 .

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 27

Solution :
(i) Given differential equation is

dy dy
y2  x2  xy
dx dx

dy dy y2

2
( xy  x )  y2  
dx dx xy  x2

Since degree of each term of numerator and denominator is same i..e, 2, therefore given
equation is homogeneous.

dy dv
Putting y  vx   v x
dx dx
Given equation reduces to

dv v2 x2 v2
v x  
dx xvx  x2 v  1

dv v2 v2  v2  v
 x  v
dx v  1 v1

dv v
 x 
dx v  1

v1 dx
 dv 
v x
Integrating both sides, we get

v1 dx
 v
dv   x

1
  1  dv  log x  c
v

y y
 v  log v  log x  c   log  log x  c
x x

y
  log y  c
x
which is required solution.

(ii) Given differential equation is

dy x3  3 xy2
( x3  3 xy2 ) dx  ( y3  3 x2 y) dy  0  dx   3
y  3 x2 y

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
28 QUIZRR
Since degree of each term of numerator and denominator is same i..e, 3, therefore given
equation is homogeneous equation.

dy dv
Putting y  vx   v x
dx dx
Given equation reduces to

dv x3  3 xv2 x2
v x  3 3
dx v x  3 x2vx

dv 1  3v2
 v x  3
dx v  3v

dv 1  3v2 1  3v2  v4  3v2

 x  3 
dx v  3v v3  3v

dv 1  6v2  v4 v3  3v dx
 x   dv  
dx 3
v  3v 2
1  6v  v 4 x
Integrating both sides, we get

v3  3v dx
 2
1  6v  v 4
dx   
x

1 dt dx
4 t
  
x

where t  1  6v2  dt  (12v  4 v3 ) dv  dt  4(3v  v3 ) dv

1 1 c
 log t   log x  log c  log t  log
4 4 x

4
c c4
 log t  log   t 
 x x4

c4 6 y2 y4 c4
 1  6v2  v4   1  
x4 x2 x4 x4

 x4  6 x2 y2  y4  c4
which is the required solution.

(iii) Given differential equation is

dy yx  y2
2
x dy  y( x  y) dx  0   
dx x2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 29

dy dv
Putting y  vx   v x
dx dx

Given equation reduces to

dv vx2  v2 x2 dv
v x   v x  v  v2
dx x2 dx

dv
 x  2v  v2  (2v  v2 )
dx

dv dx
 
2v  v 2 x

Integrating both sides, we get

dv dx 1 1 1  dx
 v(2  v)
 
x
    
2  v 2  v
dv   
x

1 1 1 1 dx
 
2 v
dv  
2 2v
dv   
x

1 1
 log v  log 2  v   log x  log c
2 2

1 v c
 log  log
2 2v x

v c2 v c2
 log  log 2   2
2v x 2v x

y
x c2 x2 y
   c2
 y x2
2 2x  y
x

1
When x  1, y  1   c2
3

x2 y 1
 Rquired solution is   3 x2 y  2 x  y
2x  y 3

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
30 QUIZRR

Illustration 1 6
Solve the following differential equation :

 y  y  x
(a)  x cos  ( yd x  xd y)   y sin  ( xdy  yd x ) (b) (1  e x / y )d x  e x / y  1   dy  0
 x  x  y

(c) fy( xy  e xy )dx  x ( xy  e xy )dy  0 .

Solution :
(a) Given differential equation is

 y  y
 x cos   ydx  xdy   y sin   xdy  ydx
 x  x

y y y y
 xy cos dx  x2 cos dy  xy sin dy  y2 sin dx
x x x x

 y 2 y  2 y y
  xy cos x  y sin x  dx   x cos x  xy sin x  dy  0
   

2
y y y cos y   y  sin y
 y2 sin
xy cos  
dy x x x x  x x

dx y y y y y
x2 cos  xy sin cos  sin
x x x x x

dy y
Since is a function of , therefore, given equation is homogeneous.
dx x

dy dv
Putting y  vx   v x
dx dx
Given equation reduces to

dv v cos v  v2 sin v
v x 
dx cos v  v sin v

dv v cos v  v2 sin v v cos v  v2 sin v  v cos v  v2 sin v

 x  v
dx cos v  v sin v cosv  v sin v

dv 2v cos v cos v  v sin v dx

 x   dv  2
dx cos v  v sin v v cos v x
Integrating both sides , we get

cos v  v sin v dx
 v cos v
dv  2 
x

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 31

c
 log v cos v  2log x  log c  log v cos v  log
x2

c y y c
 v cos v   cos  2
x 2 x x x

y
 xy cos  c,
x
which is the required solution.

(b) GIven differential equation is

 x
(1  ex/ y ) dx  ex / y  1   dy  0
 y

 x
x/ y  ex/ y  1  
dy 1  e dx  y
   
dx  x dy x/ y
ex / y  1   1 e
 y
x dx dv
Putting  v  x  vy   v y
y dy dy

Given equation reduces to

dv  ev (1  v) dv  ev (1  v)
v y   y  v
dy 1  ev dy 1  ev

dv  ev  vev  v  vev
 y 
dy 1  ev

dv ev  v 1  ev dy
 y   dv  
dy 1  ev v ev y

Integrating both sides, we get

1  ev dy
 v ev
dv   
y
 log v  ev   log y  log c

c c
 log v  ev  log  v  ev 
y y

x c
  ex/ y   x  yex/ y  c
y y

which is the required solution.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
32 QUIZRR

(c) Let xy  u  xdy  ydx  d

Now given equation can be written as xy2 dx  x2 ydy  y.exy dx  x.exy dx  xexy dy  0

 xy( ydx  xdy)  exy ( ydx  xdy)  0

 xy( ydx  xdy)  exy ( ydx  xdy  2 xdy)  0

 u  2u.eu
 udu  eu  du  2. dy   0  udu  eu du  .dy  0
 y  y

1  u  eu  dy
2
  u 
 du   0
 u.e  y


1
2
  1
log u  log eu  log y  c   log xy  xy  log y  c
2

Non-homogeneous d iffer ent ial eq uat ions r ed ucib le to homogeneous for m :

Equation of the form

dy a1 x  b1 y  c1

dx a2 x  b2 y  c2

Can be reduced to a homogeneous form by putting x  X   and y  Y   , where  and  are

constants which will be determined so that the differential equation becomes homogeneous.
When x  X   , y  Y   , dx  dX , dy  dY

dy dY
 
dx dX
Now equation (1) becomes

dY a1 ( X   )  b1 (Y   )  c1

dX a2 ( X   )  b2 (Y   )  c2

dY a1 X  b1Y  a1  b1   c1
or 
dX a2 X  b2Y  a2  b2   c2

We choose  and  such that

a1  b1   c1  0

and a2  b2   c2  0

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 33

  1
so that  
b1 c2  b2 c1 c1 a2  c2 a1 a1b2  a2 b1

b1 c2  b2 c1 c a c a
or  ,  1 2 2 1
a1b2  a2b1 a1b2  a2b1

a1 b1
These values of  and  are possible only when a  b .
2 2

For these values of  and  equation (2) becomes

dY a1 X  b1Y
 ...(3)
dX a2 X  b2Y

Equation (3) is homogeneous and can be solved by putting Y  vX .

Finally replacing X by x   and Y by y   in the solution thus obtained we will get the
required solution.
Special Case.

a1 b1
If a  b  k (say) , then method given above fails. In this case equation (1) becomes
2 2

dy a2 kx  b2 ky  c1

dx a2 x  b2 y  c2

k(a2 x  b2 y)  c1
 ...(4)
a2 x  b2 y  c2

Putting z  a2 x  b2 y , we get

dz dy
 a2  b2
dx dx

 dz  dy
  dx  a2   b2 dx
 

 kz  c1 
 b2   [from (4)]
 z  c2 

dz  kz  c1 
or  a2  b2  
dx  z  c2 
Now the variables can be separated.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 34 QUIZRR

Illustration 1 7

Solve the differential equation ( x  y  1)dx  (2 x  2 y  1)dy  0

Solution :
Given differential equation can be written as
dy x y1
 ...(1)
dx 2 x  2 y  1

dz dy dy 1 dz
Put z  2 x  2 y , then  22 or  1
dx dx dx 2 dx

z
1
1 dz 2 z2
1  
2 dx z  1 2z  2

dz  z2  2(3 z  4) 3 x  4
or  2  1  
dx  2z  2  2z  2 z1

z1 z1
or
3z  4
dz  dx or  3z  4
dz   dx

1 3z  3
3  3z  4 
or dz  dx

1 3z  4  1
3  3z  4 
or dz  dz

1  1 
or 
3  1
3 z  4 
dz   dx

1 1
or z  log(3 z  4)  x  k
3 9
or 3 z  log(3 z  4)  9 x  9 k

or 6 x  6 y  log[6 x  6 y  4]  9 x  9 k

1 1 3
or y x  log  6( x  y)  4   c , where c  k
2 6 2

Illustration 1 8

dy x  2y  3
Find the solution of differential equation dx  2 x  y  3

Solution :
dy x  2 y  3
Given equation is dx  2 x  y  3 is ...(i)

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 35

Putting x  X  h, y  Y  k in equation (i)

 dx  dX & dy  dY
dY X  h  2(Y  k)  3
 from (i) 
dX 2( X  h)  Y  k  3

( X  2Y )  (h  2k  3)
 ...(ii)
(2 X  Y )  (2 h  k  3)
Now choosing h & k such that
h  2k  3  0
and 2h  k  3  0
h k 1
Solving by cross multiplication  
6  3 6  3 1  4
 h  1, k  1
dY X  2Y
 equation (ii) becomes  ...(iv)
dX 2 X  Y
dY dv
Putting Y  vX , then  v X
dX dX
dv 1  2v
 from (iv), v  X  Ê
dX 2v
Separating the variables, we get

dv 1  v2 2v dX
X   dv 
dX 2v 1v2 X

2v dX
Integrating both sides,  1v 2
dv  
X
 c1

2v
or  (1  v)(1  v)
dv  log X  c1

1 3
or log(1  v)  log(1  v)  log X  c
2 2
1 v
 3
 cX 2
(1  v)
Y
1
X  cX 2
3
or  Y
1  X 
 
or X  Y  c( X  Y )3
or x  1  y  1  c[( x  1)  ( y  1)]3

or x  y  2  c( x  y)3

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
36 QUIZRR

Illustration 1 9

d y ( x  y  1)2
Find the solution of differential equation 
dx 4( x  2)2
Solution :

dy ( x  y  1)2
Given differential equation is  ...(i)
dx 4( x  2)2
Putting x  X  h, y  Y  k in (i)
then dx  dX , dy  dY

dY ( X  h  Y  k  1)2
 given equation becomes dX  ...(ii)
4( x  h  2)2
Choosing h and k such that
h  k1  0 & h2  0  h  2, k  1

dY ( X  Y )2
equation (ii) becomes  ...(iii)
dX 4X2
dY dv
Puting Y  vX , then  v X
dX dX
 from (ii), we have

dv ( X  vX )2 (1  v)2
v X  
dX 4X2 4

dv (1  v)2 (1  v)2
X  v
dX 4 4

4 dX
Separating the variable, dv 
(1  v) 2 X

Integrating both sides, 4  (1  v)  2dv  log X  c

4
 log X  C
1v

4
or  log X  c
1  (Y / X )

4( x  h)
or  log( x  h)  c
( x  h)  ( y  k)

4( x  2)
or  log( x  2)  c is the required solution.
x y3

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 37

SET -3
TYPE-1
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
A differential equation is linear if the dependent variable (y) and its derivative appear only in
the first degree. The general form of a linear differential equation of first degree is
dy
 Py  Q ...(i)
dx
Where P and Q are the functions of x (& not of y).
dy xdy dy
Example :  xy  x2 ,  2 y  x3 ,  2 y  sin x
dx dx dx

dx
Similarly,  Px  Q is a linear differential equation, where P and Q are functions of y
dy
(& not of x).

Solution of Linear differential equation.

Multiplying equation (i) throughout by e Pdx , we get

dy 
 Py.e  Q.e
Pdx Pdx Pdx
.e
dx

d   Pdx   Pdx
or  y.e   Q.e
dx  

Integrating both sides w.r.t. x, we get

y.e   Q.e
Pdx Pdx
dx  c

Which is the required solution.

The factor e Pdx is called an integra tion factor of the differential equation & is shortly written
as I.F.
dy
Remember : The solution of
dx
 Pt  Q is y.( I . F )   Q .( I . F )dx  c .

Illustration 20
Solve the following differential equations :

(i)
dy y
  x2
dx x
(ii) ( x log x )
dy
dx
 y  2 log x 
(iii) 1  x
2
 dx
dy
 y  tan 1
x

3 dy dy 1  sin x dy
(iv) (1  x )  6 x 2 y  (1  x 2 ) (v) y 2
(vi) ( x  1)  2 xy  x2  4
dx dx 1  cos x dx

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
38 QUIZRR
Solution :
(i) Given differential equation is

dy y
  x2
dx x

1
which is linear in y, where P  and Q  x2 .
x

1
 dx log x
I .F .  e x e x [ elog m  m ]
Solution is given by

y( I .F .)   Q( I .F .) dx

x4
 yx   x2 .xdx  yx   x3 dx  yx 
4
c

(ii) Given differential equation is

dy dy y 2
( x log x)  y  2 log x   
dx dx x log x x

1 2
which is linear in y, where P  x log x and Q 
x

1
 dx
I .F .  e x log x
 elog(log x)  log x [ elog m  m ]

Solution is given by y( I .F .)   Q( I .F .) dx

2 log x 1
 y log x   dx   2tdt where t  log x  dt  dx
x x

 t2  c

 y log x  (log x)2  c

(iii) Given differential equation is

dy dy y tan 1 x
(1  x2 )  y  tan 1 x   
dx dx 1  x2 1  x2

1 tan 1 x
which is linear in y, where P  and Q 
1  x2 1  x2
1
 dx 1 x
I .F .  e 1 x2  etan
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 39

Solution is given by

y( I .F .)   Q( I .F .) dx

1 x tan1 x 1 x
 yetan  2
etan dx
1 x

1 1
  tet dt where t  tan x  dt  dx
1  x2

1 x
 yetan  tet  et  c

1 x 1 x 1 x
 yetan  tan 1 xetan  etan c

e
y  (tan 1 x  1) 
 1 x
etan
(iv) Given differential equation is

dy dy 6 x2 (1  x2 )
(1  x3 )  6 x2 y  (1  x2 )   y 
dx dx 1  x3 1  x3

6 x2 1  x2
which is linear in y, where P  and Q 
1  x3 1  x3

6 x2
 dx 3) 3 )2
I .F .  e 1 x3  e2 log(1 x  elog(1 x  (1  x3 )2

Solution is given by

y( I .F .)   Q( I .F .) dx

1  x2
 y(1  x3 )2   (1  x3 )2 dx   (1  x2 )(1  x3 ) dx
1  x3

  1  x3  x2  x5 dx   1  x2  x3  x5 dx

x3 x4 x6
 y(1  x3 )2  x    c
3 4 6

(v) Given differential equation is

dy 1  sin x
y
dx 1  cos x

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
40 QUIZRR

1  sin x
which is linear in y, where P  1 and Q 
1  cosx

I.F .  e
1 dx
 ex

Solution is given by y( I .F .)   Q( I .F .) dx

1  sin x x  1 sin x 
 yex   e dx   ex    dx
1  cos x  1  cos x cos x 

 x x
2sin cos 
x 1 2 2
 e    dx
 2cos2 x 2cos 2 x 

 2 2 

1 x x
  ex  sec 2  tan  dx
 2 2 2 

1 x x
  sec 2 ex dx   tan ex dx
2 2 2

1 x x 1 x
  sec 2 ex dx  tan ex   sec 2 ex dx
2 2 2 2 2

x x
 yex  tan e c
2

(vi) Given differential equation is

dy dy 2x x2  4
( x2  1)  2 xy  x2  4   2  2
dx dx x  1 x 1

2x x2  4
which is linear in y, where P  and Q 
x2  1 x2  1
2x
I.F.  dx log x2 1
e x2 1 e  x2  1
Solution is given by

y( I .F .)   Q( I .F .) dx

x2  4
y( x2  1)   2
( x2  1) dx   x2  4 dx
x 1

x 2
 y( x2  1)  x  4  2 log x  x2  4  c
2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 41

Type 2

Ber noulli’s E q uat ion in X / E xt end ed for m of linear eq uat ion

For this type, the equation is as follows

dy
 Py  Qyn
dx
where P & Q are functions of x alone and do not contain y. How to solve it then :

Step-1 : Make R.H.S. free of y

 dividing by yn

1 dy P
n dx
 n 1  Q
y y

dy
Step-2 : Make the coefficient of free of x. Here it is already free so go to Step-3.
dx

1
Step-3 : Substitute n1
t {Substituting the coefficient of middle term i.e.f.}
y

(n  1) dy dt

yn dx dx
putting in DE

1 dt
PQ
(1  n) dx

dt
  P(1  n)  Q(1  n)
dx
which becomes our normal linear form now & can be solved as done earlier.

Illustration 21

dy
(a) ( y log x  1) ydx  xdy (b) sec 2 y  x tan y  x 3
dx
Solution.
(a) ( y log x  1) ydx  xdy

dy
y2 log x  y  x
dx

dy
or x  y  y2 log x
dx

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
42 QUIZRR

1 dy 1 log x
or 2 dx
 
y xy x

1
Now put t
y

1 dy dt
  
y2 dx dx

dt t log x
   
dx x x

dt t  log x
  
dx x x
Now this is normal linear form

1
  dx
I.F. = e
P.dx 1
e x  e log x  elog(1/ x) 
x

 Solution becomes

1  log x   1   log x 

t.          dx      dx
 x  x  x   x2 
integratign using by parts

t 1 1 1
 log x   . dx
x x x x

t 1 1
or  log x   C
x x x

 t  log x  1  Cx

 log x  log e  Cx

 log ex  Cx
replacing the value of t

1
  log ex  Cx
y

dy
(b) sec 2 y  x tan y  x3
dx
This is again bernoulliÊs equation through simplified one as step-1 & step-2 have already
been done here. Only step-3 is required to be done

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 43

putting tan y  t

dy dt
 sec 2 y 
dx dx

dt
  xt  x3
dx
Now this is normal Linear form

I.F. = e
 xdx 3 /2
 ex

2 /2 2 /2
t.ex   x3 ex dx

x2
for R.H.S. now putting z
2

 xdx  dz
2 /2
 t.ex   2 z ez dt

using by parts
2 /2
t.ex  2ez ( z  1)  C
replacing value of t & z

2 /2 2 /2  x2 
 tan y.ex  2 ex   1  C

 2 

 x2  2
 tan y  2   1   Ce x /2
 2 
 

 solution is
2 /2
tan y  ( x2  2)  Ce2 x

Illustration 22

dy dy xy
(a) Solve the differential equation : x 2  xy  y2 (b)   xy1 / 2
dx dx 1  x 2
Solution :

dy y y2
The differential equation is   (BernoulliÊs Diferential Equation)
dx x x2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
44 QUIZRR

1 dy 1 1
 
2 dx xy
 2 ...(1)
y x

1 1 dy dt
Let t  
y y2 dx dx
On substituting in (1), we get

dy t 1
  i.e. linear differential equation.
dx x x2

1
   dx 1
I.F.  e x  e tan x 
x
Using the standard result, the solution of the differential equation is

1 1 1
     2 dx  C
x  x x

1 1
   2  C is the general solution.
xy 2x

dy xy
(b)   xy1/2
dx 1  x2

this is bernoulliÊs equation.

1 dy  x  1/2
 y  x
y dx  1  x2 
1/2

1/2 1 dy
& d( y )  , which has same function of y as in coefficient of ,
2y 1/2 dx

hence right condition for linear form.

putting y1/2  t

1 dy dt
 
2y 1/ 2 dx dx

 equation becomes

dt  x 
2  t x
dx  1  x2 

dt  x  t x
 
dx  1  x2  2 2
or

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 45

now it is normal linear form

x dx
 2
I.F. = e 1 x 2

1 xdx
2  1 x2
 e

putting 1  x2  z
 2xdx  dz

1 dz 1 1
  z  log z  log(1 x2 )
 I.F. = e 4 e 4 e 4

2 )1/4
 elog(1 x

 I.F. = (1  x2 )1/4
so solution of D.E. becomes

x
t.(I.F.) =  2
(I.F.)dx  C

x
 t.(1  x2 ) 1/4   (1  x2 ) 1/4 dx  C
2

R.H.S. can be solved by putting (1  x2 )  z

 2xdx  dz

z3/4
 t.(1  x2 ) 1/4  C
3

z3/4
 t.(1  x2 ) 1/4  C
3
putting back the value of t & z
 solution to D.E. is

y1/2 (1  x2 ) 1/4  (1  x2 )3/4  C

Illustration 23

2 dy
Solve the differential equation : y  x  y3
dx
Solution :
2 dy
The given differential equation is : y  x  y3
dx

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
46 QUIZRR

dy x
  y
dx y2

dy
  y  xy2 (BernoulliÊs Differential Equation)
dx

dy
 y2  y3  x
dx

dy dt
Let y3 = t  3 y2 
dx dx
On substituting in the differential equation, it reduces to linear differential equation : i.e.

dt
 3t  3 x
dx

 e
3 dx
I.F.  e3 x
Using the standard result, the solution of the differential equation is :

e3 xt  3  xe3 x dx  c

 1 
 y3 e3 x   x e3 x dx   e3 x dx  C
 3 

1 3 x
 y3 e3 x   xe3 x  e C
3

1
 y3   x   Ce3 x
3

  
3 y3  x  1  ke3 x is the general solution

H ow t o d ecid e whet her given D.E . is linear or not

Step-1 : Make R.H.S. independent of y.

dy
Step-2 : Make coefficeint of independent of x
dx

dy
Step-3 : If derivative of terms of y from middle term = coefficeint of term then the equation
dx
is reducible to linear D.E. by assuming the coefficient of middle term = t
else
interchange middle term & R.H.S. in original D.E. & then go to Step-1 again.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 47

For example

dy y y(log y)2
take D.E.,  log( y) 
dx x x2
Step-1  R.H.S. independent of y

1 dy 1 1
  2
y(log y) dx 2(log y) x x

dy
Step-2 : Coefficient of independent of x
dx

1
Step-3 : Middle term = x log y

1
& terms of y  (log y)

d  1  1 dy
derivative of terms of y    2 = coefficient of
dx  log y  y(log y) dx

Hence this is in Linear form

1
now put t
log y

1
 dy  dt
y(log y)2

 original DE becomes

dt t 1
   2
dx x x

dt t 1
   2
dx x x
which is our normal linear D.E. Solve it using the method used in earlier questions.

(2) But now take the example

dy tan y
 (1  x) ex sec y 
dx 1 x
applying the above procedure here too

1  dy  (1  x) ex 1
  sec y 
tan y  dx  tan y (1  x)

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
48 QUIZRR

sec y
now terms of y in middle terms  tan y  cos ecy

d 1
& (cos ecy) 
dy tan y

as it is  cot x cos ecy , hence not in linear from

so going through the else part, i.e. interchanging the middle term and R.H.S.
so DE becomes

dy tan y
  (1  x) ex sec y
dx 1  x
removing terms of y from R.H.S.

1 dy tan y
  (1  x) ex
sec y dx sec y (1  x)

dy sin y
cos y   (1  x)ex
dx (1  x)

d
now (sin y)   cos y
dx

dy
which is equal to coefficeint of except for the minus sign which can neglected.
dx

Type 3. Linear DE in x

dx
i.e.  Px  Q , where P & Q are functions of y or constants
dy

Note here I.F. would be integrated with respect to dy

I.F.=e
Pdy
i.e.
 Solution to the DE becomes

x(I.F.) =  Q.(I.F.)dy  C

Type 4. Following the same lines is BernoulliÊs D.E. in x

dx
i.e. for  Px  Qxn , the process remains the same
dy

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 49

i.e. divide by xn

1 dx P
n dy
 n 1  Q
x x

1
Let n1
t
x

(1  n) dx dt
 
xn dy dy

1 dt P
  Q
(1  n) dy t

dt P
  (1  n)  Q(1  n)
dy t

I.F.=e
 (1 n) Pdy

 Solution becomes

t(I.F.) =  Q(1  n)(I.F.)dy  C

1
 n 1
(I.F.)   Q(1  n)(I.F.)dy  C
x
Note : The condition for checking whether the given DE is linear or not will remain same as done
earlier for this type, just repalce y by x & x by y in all the conditions done there.

Illustration 24
Solve the following differential equations :

dy
(i) ydx  ( x  2 y 2 )dy  0 (ii) ( x  y  1) 1
dx

 1  dy
(iii) y2   x   0 (iv) (1  y2 )d x  (tan 1 y  x )d y
 y  dx

Solution :
(i) Given differential equation is

ydx  ( x  2 y2 ) dy  0

dx
 ydx  ( x  2 y2 ) dy  0  y  x  2 y2
dy

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
50 QUIZRR

dx x dx x
   2y    2y
dy y dy y

1
which is linear in x, where P   and Q  2 y
y

1
  dy
y  log y 1 1
I.F.  e e  elog y 
y

Solution is given by

1 1
y 
x(I.F.)   Q(I.F.)dy  x.  2 y. dy
y

x
  2 1dy  2 y  c
y

 x  2 y2  cy

(ii) Given differential equation is

dy
( x  y  1) 1
dx

dx dx
 x y1    x  y 1
dy dy

which is linear in x, where P  1 and Q  y  1

I.F. = e
1dy
 e y

Solution is given by x.(I.F.) =  Q(I.F.)dy

 xe y   ( y  1) e y dy

 xe y  ( y  1) e y   e y dy  ( y  1) e y  e y  c

 x  ( y  1)  1  ey c

 x  ( y  2)  ey c  x  y  2  ey c

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 51

2  1  dy
(iii) Given differential equation is y   x   0
 y  dx

2 dx 1 dx x 1
 y dy  x  y  0   2  3
dy y y

1 1
which is linear equation in x, where P  2 and Q  .
y y3

1 1
 dy 
y2 y
I.F. = e e

Solution is given by x(I.F.)   Q(I.F.)dy

1 1 1
 
y 1 y 1 y 1
 xe  e dy   e . 2 dy   (tet )dt
y3 y y

1 1
where t    dt  2 dy
y y


1  1
 
1
1 y
xe y
   e e y  c

  y 
 

1 1 1 1
 1   1
y
 xe  e y  e y  c  x   1  ce y
y y

(iv) Given differential equation is

(1  y2 ) dx  (tan 1 y  x) dy

dx tan 1 y x
  
dy 1 y2
1  y2

dx x tan 1 y
  
dy 1  y2 1  y2

1 tan 1 y
which is linear in x, where P  2
and Q 
1 y 1  y2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
52 QUIZRR

1
 dy
1 y
1 y2
I.F. = e  etan
Solution is given by

x(I.F.) = Q(I.F.)dy

1 y tan 1 y 1 y
 xetan  2
.etan dy
1 y

1 y 1 1
 xetan   tet dt , where t  tan y  dt  dy
1  y2

1 y 1 y 1 y
 xetan  tan 1 yetan  etan c

c
 x  (tan 1 y  1)  1 y
etan

Illustration 25
Solve the following initial value problems :

dy  
(i)  2 y tan x  sin x , y    2
dx 3

dy
(ii)  y cot x  2 x  x 2 cot x , y(0)  0
dx

3 dy
(iii) ( x  2 y )  y, y(2)  1 .
dx
Solution :

dy
(i) Given differential equation is  2 y tan x  sin x which is linear in y,
dx

P  2 tan x amd Q  sin x

I.F. = e
2 tan xdx 2 log sec x 2x
e  elog sec  sec 2 x
Solution is given by

y(I.F.) =  Q(I.F.)dx

 y sec 2 x   sin x sec 2 xdx   tan x sec xdx

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 53

 y sec 2 x  sec x  c

  
Now, y    2  when x  , y2
3 3

 
 2sec 2  sec c  8  2 c c6
3 3

y sec 2 x  sec x  6
which is the required solution.

(ii) Given differential equation is

dy
 y cot x  2 x  x2 cot x
dx

which is linear in y, where P  cot x and Q  2 x  x2 cot x

I.F. = e
cot xdx
 elog (sin x)  sin x
Solution is given by

y(I.F.)   Q(I.F.)dx

 y sin x   (2 x  x2 cot x) sin xdx   (2 x sin x  x2 cos x) dx

  2 x sin xdx   x2 cos xdx

  2 x sin xdx  x2 sin x   2 x sin xdx

 y sin x  x2 sin x  c

Now, y(0)  0  when x  0, y  0  0  0 c  c  0

Thus y sin x  x2 sin x  y  x2

which is the required solution.

(iii) Given differential equation is

dy dx
( x  2 y3 ) y  x  2 y3  y
dx dy

x dx dx x
  2 y2     2 y2
y dy dy y

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
54 QUIZRR

1
which is linear in x, where P   y and Q  2 y2

Solution is given by

x(I.F.) =  Q(I.F.).dy

1 1
 x     2 y2 dy  2 ydy
y
  y

x x
  y2  c   y2  c
y y

Now, y(2)  1  when x  2, y  1

 2  1 c  c  1

x 2 3
Thus y  y  1  x  y  y

is required solution.

Set-4

Type : Exact Form

A differential equation of the form M ( x, y)dx  N ( x, y)dy  0 is said to be exact form if its left hand
expression is the exact differential of some function i.e. ( x, y) .

i.e. du  M.dx  N.dy

It is a form which can be interpreted to get solution of DE. This form works by method of
inspection and for that you require practice.
The following shortcuts will ease out your process
1. xdy  ydx  d ( xy)

1
2. xdx  ydy  d ( x2  y2 )
2

xdy  ydx  y
3.  d 
x2
 x

ydx  xdy  x
4.  d  [remember these two by the dinominator in DE]
 y
2
y

xdy  ydx   y 
5.  d  log  
xy   x 
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 55

ydx  xdy   x 
6.  d  log  
xy   y 

xdy  ydx   y 
7.  d  tan 1   
2
x y 2
  x 

ydx  xdy   x 
8.  d  tan 1   
x2  y2   y 

ydx  xdy
9.  d  log( xy) 
xy

xdy  ydx  1 
10.  d 
 xy 
2 2
x y

Illustration 26

xdy  ydx
(a) xdx  ydy  0 (b) (1  x2 y2 ) dx  ydx  xdy (c) (1  xy) ydx  (1  xy) xdy  0
x2  y2

Solution :

xdy  ydx
  ydy
xdx   2 2
0
x  y

(a) If you see this one, this is
 x2  y2  This one is derivative of
d  y
 2  tan 1
x

 DE becomes

 x2  y2   1 y 
d   d  tan 0
 2   x 

integrating this to get the solution.

x2  y2 y
 tan 1  0
2 x

(b) (1  x2 y2 ) dx  ydx  xdy

We know RHS is of teh form d[ xy] and LHS also contains the term of xy . Rearranging

d[ xy]
dx 
1  x2 y2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
56 QUIZRR
on RHS putting xy  t

 d[ xy]  dt

dt
 dx 
1  t2

dt
integrating  dx  
1  t2

1 1 t
 x log c
2 1t

replacing t by xy

1 1  xy
 x log c
2 1  xy

(c) (1  xy) ydx  (1  xy) xdy  0

at first look we cannot see any exact form over here but let us wait.

ydx  xy2 dx  xdy  x2 ydy  0

( xdy  ydx)  xy( ydx  xdy)  0 ...(i)

now this can be in exact form
d[ xy]  xdy  ydx

  x  ydx  xdy
and d log   
  y  xy

So arranging for DE

( xdy  ydx)
 ( ydx  xdy)  0
xy

 xdy  ydx  ( ydx  xdy)

   0
 ( xy)
2
 ( xy)

d ( xy)   x 
 d  log    0
 y 
2
( xy) 

for this part
put xyt , d[ xy] dt

dt   x
  d  log     0
 y
2
t 
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 57

1  x
  log    c  0
t  y

 x 1
 log    c0
 y  xy

Illustration 27

y
(a) ydx  dx  sin ydx  xdy  log xdy  x cos yd y  0
x

xdx  yd y a 2  x 2  y2 dy y 1
(b)  (c)  
xdy  ydx x 2  y2 dx x (1  log x  log y)2

Solution :

y
(a) ydx  dx  sin ydx  xdy  log xdy  x cos ydy  0
x
arranging them to pair, to form exact forms

 y 

ydx  xdy   sin ydx  x cos ydy  
    
dx  log xdy   0
x

d [ xy] d [ x sin y]  
d[ y log x]

why d[ x sin y] ?

differentiate ( x sin y) w.r.t. x & y separately

d[ x sin y]  sin ydx  x cos ydy

   
w.r .t. x w.r.t. y

so integrating the DE formed

 d[ xy]   d[ x sin y]   d[ y log x]  0

xy  x sin y  y log x  0

xdx  ydy a2  x2  y2
(b) 
xdy  ydx x2  y2

xdx  ydy a2  ( x2  y2 )

xdy  ydx x2  y2

 x2  y2 
also we know xdx  ydy  d  
 2 

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
58 QUIZRR

 x2  y2 
d 
 2  a2  ( x2  y2 )
 xdy  ydx
x2  y2

divding both sides by x2  y2 , because

xdy  ydx   y

 d  tan 1   
2
x y 2
  x 

1 d[ x2  y2 ] a2  ( x2  y2 )  xdy  ydx 
   2 2 
2 x2  y2 x2  y2 
 x y 

1 d[ x2  y2 ]   y 
 d  tan 1   
2 x2  y2 a 2  ( x2  y2 )   x 

taking terms of ( x2  y2 ) on LHS

put x2  y2  t2 on LHS

1 2tdt   y
 d  tan 1   
 2 t2 a2  t2   x

dt   y 
  d  tan 1   
a 2  t2   x 

integrating & using standard formulaÊs

t  y
sin 1    tan 1    c
a  x

 The solution is

 x2  y2 
sin 1    tan 1  y   c
 a   x
 

dy y 1
(c)  
dx x (1  log x  log y)2

again at first look this looks like a non-exact form

dy y 1
 
dx x (1  log xy)2 using log a  log b  log ab

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 59

xdy  ydx 1

xdx (1  log( xy))2

 ( xdy  ydx)(1  log xy)2  xdx

and we know d[ xy]  xdy  ydx

putting xy  t

 d[t](1  log t)2  xdx

integrating both sides

 1.(1  log t)2 dt   xdx

solving LHS by parts

2(1  log t) x2
(1  log t) 2 .t   t. dt  c
t 2

x2
t.(1  log t)2  2 (1  log t) dt  c (i)
2
Now solving

I  (1  log t) dt   dt   log tdt

 t   log tdt

 t  (t log t  t)

 t log t
putting this value back in (i)

x2
t.(1  log t) 2  2t log t  c
2
 solution is

x2
xy(1  log xy) 2  2 xy log xy  c
2

O r t hogonal T r aj ect or y of a G iven C ur ve :

Any curve, which cuts every member of a given family of curvs at right angle, is called an
orthogonal trajectory of the family.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 60 QUIZRR
y

Orthogonal
projactory

Pr oced ur e :

(i) Let f (x, y, c)  0 be the eqaution where c is an arbitrary parameter

(ii) Differentiate the given equation w.r.t. x and eliminate c

dx dy
(iii) Substitute  for in the equation obtained in step (ii)
dy dx

(iv) Solve the differential equation obtained from step (iii).

Illustration 28

Find the orthogonal trajectories of the curve y  a x 2 .

Solution :

y  ax2 ...(i)
Differentiating equation (i), we get

dy
 2 ax ...(ii)
dx
Eliminating a from equation (i) & (ii) , we get

dy 2 y
 x ...(iii)
dx x2

dx dy
Putting  dy in equation (iii) in place of , we get
dx

 dx 2 y
   xdx  2 ydy
dy x

x2 2 y2
   2 y2  x2  0
2 2
This is the family of required orthogonal trajectories.
Note : All the curves in this family of curves are orthogonal to the given family of curves.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 61

Illustration 29

Find the orthogonal trajectory of teh curve a n1 y  xn .

Solution :

Given curve is a n1 y  xn ...(i)

n1 dy
Differentiating equation (i) w.r.t. x, we get a  nxn1 ...(ii)
dx
Eliminating a from equation (i) & (ii) we get

xn dy
 nxn1 ...(iii)
y dx

dx dy
Putting  in equation (iii) in place of , we get
dy dx

xn dx  xdx
 .  nxn 1  n   xdx  nydy
y dy ydy

x2 ny2
 c  ny2  x2  constant .
2 2

Illustration 30

Find the orthogonal trajectories of the circles x2  y2  ay  0 where a is a parameter.

Solution :

Here, x2  y2  ay  0 : differentiating w.r.t. x,

dy dy
2x  2 y a 0
dx dx

dy x2  y2 dy  2 2 x2  y2 
 2x  2 y  0  x  y  ay  0  a  
dx y dx  y 

y2  x2 dy
or 2x  0.
y dx

This is the differential equation of the circle. The equation of orthogonal trajectories is

y2  x2  dx    dx dy 
2x  .  0,  putting in place of 
y  dy   dy dx 

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
62 QUIZRR

or 2 xydy  ( x2  y2 ) dx  0 .
It is a homogeneous equation.

dy dy
Put y  vx ; then  v x
dx dx

 dv 
 2 x.vx.  v  x   x2  v2 x2  0
 dx 

 dv  dv
or 2v  v  x   1  v2  0  1  v2  2vx 0
 dx  dx

dx 2v
or  dv  0 ; integrating, we get log x  log(1  v2 )  log c
x 1  v2

 x(1  v2 )  c

 y2 
or x  1  2   c , i.e., x2  y2  cx .
 x 


T o solve d iffer ent ial eq uat ion of t he fir st or d er b ut of higher d egr ee.
Standard forms of differential equation of the first order and higher degree are as follows (here
dy
we denote by p).
dx
Ć Solvabale for p.
Form { p  f1 ( x, y)}{ p  f2 ( x, y)}...{ p  fn ( x, y)}  0

Method Solve the first order and first degree equation p  f1 ( x, y)  0 etc. If  ( x, y, c)  0 , etc. are
solutions (taking the same arbitrary constant c for each) then 1 ( x, y, c).2 ( x, y, c)...n ( x, y, c)  0
is the solution.
Ć Solvable for y. Form y  f (x, p)

Method. Differentiate y  f ( x, y) w.r.t. x which gives a first order and first degree equation
in p and x. Solve it to get  ( x, p, c)  0 .

Eliminating p from y  f (x, p) and  ( x, p, c)  0

Ć Solveable for x From x  f ( y, p)

Method. Differentiate x  f ( y, p) w.r.t. y, which gives a first order and first degree equation
in p and y. Solve it to get  ( y, p, c)  0 . Eliminate p from x  f ( y, p) and  ( y, p, c)  0 .

Ć ClairautÊs equation. Form y  px  f ( p)

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 63

Method. Differentiate w.r.t. x, we get

dp
{ x  f ( p)} 0
dx

 p  c or f ( p)  x  0

When p  c , the general solution is y  cx  f (c) which gives a family of straight lines.

When f ( p)  x  0 , eliminating p from y  px  f ( p) and f ( p)  x  0 we get a solution

which is a curve (without any arbitrary constant) touching all the lines given by y  cx  f (c) .
This solution is called the singular solution.

Illustration 31

2
 dy  dy
Solve x    ( y  x)  y0.
 dx  dx

Solution :

dy
Here xp2  ( y  x) p  y  0 where p 
dx

or xp2  xp  yp  y  0

 xp( p  1)  y( p  1)  0

or ( p  1)( xp  y)  0

or ( p  1)( xp  y)  0

 p 1  0 or xp  y  0

dy
Now, p  1  0  1
dx
 y x c

dy
xp  y  0  0 x  y0
dx

 xdy  ydx  0

 d ( xy)  0
 xy  c

 the general solution is ( y  x  c)( xy  c)  0 .

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
64 QUIZRR

Illustration 32

2
d y  dy 
Solve y  2 x   .
dx  dx 

Solution :

dy
Here, y  2 xp  p2 where p  .
dx

It is in the form y  f ( x, p) [solvabale for y]

Differentiate w.r.t. x,

dp dp
p  2 p  2x  2p
dx dx

dp
 2( x  p)  p0
dx

dx
or p  2x  2 p  0
dp

dx 2
  x  2 ...(1)
dp p

The integrating factor

2
 dp 2
e p
 e2 log p  elog p  p2 .

Multiplying (1) by p3 .

dx
p2  2 px  2 p2
dp

d
 ( p2 x)  2 p2
dp

or d ( p2 x)  2 p2 dp

2 p3 c
 p2 x   2 p2 dp    .
3 3

Thus, we have y  2 xp  p2 and 3 p2 x  2 p3  c

 2 py  c  2 p(2 xp  p2 )  (3 p2 x  2 p3 )

 4 xp2  3 p2 x  xp2  x( y  2 xp)

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 65

 p(2 y  2 x)2  xy  c

xy  c
 p .
2 y  2 x2

Putting this in y  2 xp  p2

2
xy  c  xy  c 
y  2 x.   
2 y  2 x2  2 y  2 x2 

 4 y( y  x2 )2  4 x( xy  c)( y  x2 )  ( xy  c)2

Illustration 33

2
dy  dy
Solve 1    x
 dx  dx

Solution :

dy
Here , xp  1  p2 where p 
dx

1
 x p ...(1)
p

which is of the form x  f ( y, p) {solvable for x}

Differentiating (1) w.r.t. y

1  1  dp
   2  1 
p  p  dy

 1 
or dy  p  1  2  dp
 p 

 1
 y  c    p   dp
 p

p2
or y x   log p ...(2)
2

 the p-eliminating , obtained by eliminating p from (1) and (2), is the genenral solution.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
66 QUIZRR

Illustration 34

2
dy  dy 
Solve y  x   .
dx  d x 

Solution :

dy
Here, y  xp  p2 where p  ; this is of the form y  xp  f ( p) .
dx
Differentiating w.r.t. x

dp dp
p  p x  2p
dx dx

dp dp
 ( x  2 p) 0;  x  2 p  0 or 0
dx dx

dp
0  p  c]
dx

 y  xp  p gives y  cx  c2

x
x  2p  0  p .
2

Fact s fr om car t esian cur ve :

dy y
(i) Slope of tangent at any point P ( x, y) 
dx P(x, y)
dy
(ii) Equation of tangent PQ at ( x, y) is Y  y  ( X  x) 
dx
T N
dx
(iii) Equation of normal PR at ( x, y) is Y  y   dy ( X  x)

Q S.T. M S.N. R x
2
 dx 
(iv) Length of trangent PQ at ( x, y)  y 1   
 dy 

2
 dy 
(v) Length of normal PG at ( x, y)  y 1   
 dx 

dx
(vi) Length of subtangent QM at ( x, y)  y.
dy

dy
(vii) Length of subnormal MR at ( x, y)  y. .
dx

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 67

Illustration 35
Find the equation of curve whose subtangent is n times the abscissa of the point of contact.
Solution :

dx
If (x,y) be any point on the curve, the subtangent at ( x, y)  y dy ...(i)

dx
Now y  nx (given)
dy

dy dx
or n 
y x

Integrating, n log y  log x  log c

or yn  cx which is the required equation of the family of curves.

Illustration 36
Find the equation of curve in which the length of the subnornal in twice the square of the
ordinate.
Solution :

 dy 
The subnormal at any point ( x, y) on the curve is given by y  .
 dx 

 dy  2
Now y   2y (given)
 dx 

dy
or  2dx
y

Integrating, log y  2 x  c

y
or  e2x i.e. y  ce2x
c

Illustration 37
Find the equation of the curve for which the length of the normal at any point is k times
square of the ordinate.
Solution :
2
 dy  2
Given that y 1   ky
 dx 

2
 dy  dy
or 1   k2 y2   k2 y2  1
 dx  dx

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
68 QUIZRR

dy
 dx
or 2 2 ...(i)
x y 1

dy
 dx
or x ...(i)
y2  1 / x2

Now solve it using normal integration

Illustration 38
Find equation of the cure in which the perpendicular from the origin upon the tangent is
equal to the abscissa of point of contact.
Solution :
Let P(x, y) be any point on the curve equation of tangent at P is

dy
yă y= ( x  x)
dx

dy dy
or X Y  y x 0 ...(i)
dx dx
Now, length of perpendicular from then origin (0,0) on (i) is x

dy
0 0  y x   dy  
2 2
dx  x  dy  2
   y  x dx   x  1   dx  

 dy 
2      
 dx   1
 

dy
or y2  2 xy  x2
dx

dy y2  x2
or  ...(ii)
dx 2 xy

dv v2 x2  x2 v2  1
v x   [putting y  vx in (ii)]
dx 2vx2 2v

dv v2  1 1  v2
 x  v
dx 2v 2v

2v dx
 dv  0
1 v 2 x

Integrating (1  v2 ) x  c

 x2  y2  cx

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 69

Illustration 39
Find the equation of the curve passing through (2,1) which has constant subtangent.
Solution :
The length of subtangent is constant. Using this property, we can define the differential equation
y
of the curve i.e. subtangent   k where k is a constant.
y

dy
 k y
dx
Integrate both sides to get :
kdy
 y
  dx

 k log y  x  c where c is an arbitrary constant.

As the required curve passes through (2,1), it lies on it.
 0  2k  c  2

 the equation of the curve is : k log y  x  2 .

Note that above equation can also be put in the form y  AeBx .

Illustration 40
Find the curve through (2,0) so that the segment of tangent between point of tangency and
y-axis has a constant length equal to 2.
Solution :
The segment of the tangent between the point of tangency and y-axis has a constant length
= PT  2
Using this property, we can define the differential equation of the curve i.e.

PT  x sec   x 1  tan 2   x 1  y2

2
 dy 
 x 1  2
 dx 
2 P(x, y)
 dy  4
 1   2
 dx  x T 
x
dy 4  x2
 
dx x2
Intgerate both sides to get :

4  x2
 y   dx  c1
x2
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
70 QUIZRR
Put x  2sin   dx  2cos d

cos2 
 y2 d  c1    (cos ec  sin  ) d  c1
sin 
 (2log cos ec  cot   2cos )  c

 
2  4  x2
y  2 log   4  x2   c
  x 
 

As (2,0) lies on the curve, it should satisfy its equation, i.e. c  0 .

 2 
y   2 log  2  4  x  4  x2 
 the equation of the curve is :  x .
 

Problem based on application of differential equation

Illustration 41
A normal is drawn at a point P(x,y) of a curve. It meets the x-axis at Q. If PQ is of constat
length k, then show that the differential equation describing such a curve is

dy
y   k 2  y2
dx
Find the equation of such a curve passing through (0,k). [IIT 1994]
Solution :
Let P(x, y) be any point on the curve . Given, PQ = k

 y sec [from PNQ ]

 y 1  tan 2  Y
no
rm tangent
al
2
 dy   dy  P(x, y)
 y 1   tan  dx  90Ĉ
 dx   

  dy 2   y
 k2  y2 1    
  dx   O L N Q X

2
2 2 dy  2
or k y y  
 dx 

dy
 y   k2  y2
dx

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 71

2nd part.
y
From (1),  dy    dx
k2  y2

or  k2  y2   x  c ...(2)
Sine curve (2) passes through (0,k)

  k2  k2  0  c  c  0

 from (1), required curve is  k2  y2   x

or k2  y2  x2 or x2  y2  k2

Illustration 42

Let y  f ( x ) be a curve passing through (1,1) such that the triangle formed by the co-
ordinate axes and the tangent at any point of the curve lies in the first quadrant and has
area 2. From the differential equation and determine all such possible curves. [IIT 1995]
Solution :
Equation of tangent to the curve
y  f ( x) at P ( x, y) is

dy
Y y ( X  x) ...(1)
dx

y
Putting Y  0 , we get X  x  y
1

dy
where y1 
dx

 y   y 
 A   x  ,0  x   0 as P lies on the positive side of x-axis 
 y1   y1 
Again putting X  0 in (1), we get Y  y  xy1

 B  (0, y  xy1 )[ y  xy1  0] Y

According to question area of AOB  2
y = f(x)
1 B
 OA.OB  2 or OA.OB  4
2
P(x, y)
y
or x y  xy1  4
y1 O A X

or ( xy1  y)2  4 y1

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
72 QUIZRR

 xy1  y  2  y1 ...(2)

Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get

dy1 2   dy1 
y1  x  y1    
dx 2  y1  dx 

dy1  1 
or x 0
dx   y1 


dy1 dy
  0  y1  constant  y1  c
dx dx

From (2), cx  y  2  c ...(3)

But curve (3) passes through (1,1)

 c  1  2  c  c2  2c  1  4 c

 c2  2 c  1  0  (c  1)2  0  c  1

From (3),  x  y  2

or x  y  2

But when x  1; y  1, x  y  2 is not satisfied  x  y  2 ...(4)

1
Again x 0
 y1

1 1
   x   x2
 y1  y1

1 dy 1
or y1     2
x 2 dx x

1
or y  c1 ...(5)
x
Since curve (5) passes through (1,1)

 1  1  c1  c1  0

1
 from (5), y  or xy  1 ...(6)
x
Hence required curves are
x  y  2 and xy  1 .

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 73

Illustration 43

A curve y  f ( x ) passes through the point P(1,1). The normal to the curve at P is
a ( y  1)  ( x  1)  0 . If the slope of the tangent at any point on the curve is proportional to
the ordinate of the point. Determine the equation of the curve. Also obtain the area bounded
by the y-axis, the curve and the normal to the curve at P. [IIT 1996]
Solution :
Equation of the curve is y  f ( x) ...(1)
Let P ( x, y) be any point on the curve. According to question

dy dy
dx
 ky   y 
 kdx

or log y  kx  c ...(2)
Since curve (2) passes through (1,1)
 log1  k  c  c   k ...(3)

 dy 
Also   at (1,1) = k.1  k
 dx 
But normal to the curve at P(1,1) is
a ( y  1)  x  1  0 ...(4)

1 1 1
Its slope =     k a
a k a
 from (3), c   a
Hence required curve is log y  ax  a ...(5)

or y  eax a  e a .eax ,

or y  meax , where m  e ax ...(6)

Now, A  (0, m) and B   0,1  1 

 a
Required area ABCA
1 1 1  x  a 
  ( y1  y2 ) dx     e aeax  dx
0 0 a 
Y 1
y=1+a
1 B
1 x2 
 ax  e a .  eax     a  e a (ea  1) 
1 1 1 1
 x 
a  2 a   a 2  C y = meax
 0 0
a(y
ă1
)+
1 1  A xă
  a   e a  sq. units. 1=
a 2  (0, m) y=m 0
O X

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
74 QUIZRR

Illustration 44
A curve C has the property that if the tangent drawn at any point P on C meets the co-
ordinate axes at A and B, then P is the mid point of AB. The curve passes through the point
(1,1). Determine the equation of the curve. [IIT 1998]
Solution :
Let the given curve C be y  f ( x) ...(1)
Let P(x,y) be a point on curve (1).
Equation of the tangent to curve (1) at P is

dy
Y y ( X  x) ...(2)
dx
Here (X,Y) is arbitrary point on the tangent and (x,y) is arbitrary point on the curve.

y
Putting Y  0 , we get X  x 
dy
dx

dy
and putting X  0 , we get Y  y  x .
dx
Since line (2) cuts x and y axes at A and B respectively.

 dy   dy 
 A  x y/ ,0  , B   0, y  x 
 dx   dx 
Since P(x,y) is the mid point of AB,

dy dy
 2x  x  y / x  y ...(3)
dx dx

dy dy
and 2y  y  x x  y ...(4)
dx dx

dy
From (3) and (4), x  y
dx

dy dx
or   0  log y  log x  log c
y x

or log xy  log c

or xy  c or xy  c or xy  c ...(5)
Since curve (5) passes through (1,1)
 c  1.1  1
From (5), required curve is xy  1 ...(6)

[ xy  1 does not pass through (1,1)]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 75

Illustration 45
A curve passing through the point (1,1) has the property that the perpendicular distance
of the origin from the normal at any point P of the curve is equal to the distance of P from
the x-axis. Determine the equation of the curve. [IIT 1999]
Solution :
Let the curve be y  f ( x) ...(1)
Equation of the normal to curve (1) at any point P(x,y) is

dx
Y y ( X  x)
dy

dx dx
or X  Y  y x 0 ...(2)
dy dy

where (X,Y) is the co-ordinate of any point on the normal.

According to question length of perpendicular from (0,0) to line (2) = distance of P(x,y) from x-
axis

dx
y x  dx 
2   dx 2 
dy  y  x   y2
1  
  y or dy    dy  
2   
 dx 
  1
 dy 

2 2
 dx  dx  dx 
or y2  x2    2 xy  y2  y2  
 dy  dy  dy 

dx  2 dx dx 
 x  2 xy  y2 0
dy 
or
dy  dy

dx
  0  x = constant = k
dy

But the curve passes through (1,1)  x1

dx dx
Again x2  2 xy  y2  0.
dy dy

dx 2 xy
  2
dy y  x2

dy y2  x2
or  ...(3)
dx 2 xy

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
76 QUIZRR

dy dv
Put y  vx , then  v x
dx dx

dv v2  1
From (3), v  x 
dx 2v

dv v2  1 1  v2
or x  v
dx 2v 2v

2v dx
or  1 v 2
dv   
x

 c 
or log(1  v2 )   log x  log c  log  
 x
 

c
or 1  v2 
x

y2c  y2 
or 1 2    c  0 and 1   0 
x x  x2 

or x2  y2  cx ...(4)

Since curve (4) passes through (1,1)  2  c .

 From (4), x2  y2  2 x  0

Thus required curves are x  1  0 and x2  y2  2 x  0 .

Illustration 46
A country has a food defict of 10%. Its population grows continuously at a rate of 3% per
year. Its annual food production every year is 4% more than that of the last year. Assuming
that the average food requirement per person remains constant, prove that the country
will become self-sufficeint in food after n year, where n is the smallest integer bigger than
or equal to
log10  log 9
log(1.04)  0.03
[IIT 2000]

Solution :
Let x0 be the present population and y0 be the present food production. Let k units be the food
requirement per person which is given to be constant.

9
Given, y0  kx0 ...(A)
10

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 77

Since population grows continuously at the rate of 3% per year.

Therefore, if x be the population at any time t, then

dx 3
 x  0.03 x
dt 100

x dx t
 x0 x 0
 0.03dt

 log e x  log e x0  0.03t

 x  x
 log    0.03t   e0.03t  x  x0 e0.03t ...(B)
 x0  x0

 Population after n years is given by x  x0 e0.03n

 Food requirement after n years is given by

x  kx0 e0.03 n ...(1)

Food production after n years is given by

n
 4 
y  y0  1   y0 (1.04)n
100 
...(2)


For self sufficeincy in food, y  xt

9
 y0 (1.04) n  kx0 e0.03 n  kx0 (1.04) n  kx0 e0.03 n
10

n
 1.04  10
  0.03   9
e 

 n(log1.04  0.03)  log10  log 9

log10  log 9
 n
log1.04  0.03

Illustration 47
A hemisphere tank of radius 2 metres is initially full of water and has an outlet of 12cm2
cross-sectional area at the bottom. The outlet is opened at some instant. The flow through
t h e ou t l et i s accor di n g t o t h e l aw v(t )  0.6 [2 gh(t )] , where v(t) and h(t) are respectively the
velocity of the flow through the outlet and the height of water level above the outlset at
time t and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Find the time it takes to empty the tank.
[IIT 2001]

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
78 QUIZRR
Solution :
Let PQ and RS be the level of water at time t and t + dt respectively.
Let OL  x, OM  x  dx . O
A  B
Given OO  2 metres L X
P Q
R M S
Now LQ2  OQ2  OL2  22  x2
Decrease in volume of water in the tank in time dt
O´
  LQ2 .LM   (22  x2 ) dx ...(1)
Volume of water following out in time dt

12
 .v(t)dt
1002

12  v  0.6 2 gh 
 0.6 2 gh dt
10000  

7.2

10000
2 g (2  x) dt  h  OL  2  x ...(2)

From (1) and (2)

7.2
2 g (2  x) dt   (22  x2 ) dx
10000

10000  (4  x2 )
or dt  dx
7.2 2g 2  x

Let the tank become empty in time T, then

T 10000  2
0 dt  7.2 2g
0 (2  x) 2  xdx (3)

Put z2  2  x , then 2zdz   dx

When x  0, z  2 , when x  2, z  0

 from (3)

10000 2
T
(7.2)

2g 0
(4  z2 ) z2 dz

2
100002  z3 z5  20000  8 2 4 2 
 4    .  
(7.2) 2 g  3 5 
0
(7.2) 2 g  3 5 

20000 7 17 105

 4 2. 
(7.2) 2. g 15 135 g units.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 79

Illustration 48

dy
Solve the differential equation : y  (1  p ) x  a p 2 , where p  .
dx
Solution :

The given differential equation is y  (1  p) x  ap2 [solveable for y, refer section 3.3] ...(1)
Differentiating the given eqaution w.r.t. x, we get

dy dp dp
 p  1 p x  2ap
dx dx dx

dp
 0  1 ( x  2 ap)
dx

dx
  x  2ap  0 , which is a linear equation.
dp

I.F. = e dp
 ep
Using the standard result, the solution of the differential equation is :

xe p  2a  pe p dp  C  2a( p  1) e p  C

 x  2a(1  p)  Ce p (2)

The p-eliminating of (1) and (2) is the required solution.

Illustration 49

Solve the differential eqaution : p2 y  2 px  y

Solution :

y yp
The given differential is : x   [solvable for x, refer section 3.4] ...(1)
2p 2

Differentiating with respect to y, we get

dx 1 1 y dp p y dp
    
dy p 2 p 2 p2 dy 2 2 dy

1 p y dp  1 
    2  1 
2p 2 2 dy  p 

1  p2 y dp 1  p2
 
2p 2 dy p2

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
80 QUIZRR

y dp
 1 as 1  p2  0
p dy

 pdy  ydp  0  d ( py)  0

C
Integrating, we get py  k  p  .
y

Putting the value of p in (1), we get

C2 C
y.  2 x. y C 2  2Cx  y2
y2 y

which is the required solution.

Illustration 50
Find the equation of the curve passing through (1,2) whose differential equation is

y( x  y 3 )dx  x ( y3  x )dy .
Solution :

Here, ( xy  y4 ) dx  ( xy3  x2 ) dy

or y3 ( ydx  xdy)  x( ydx  xdy)  0

xdy  ydx
or  x2 y3 .  xd ( xy)  0
x2

y  y  d ( xy)
or  d   0 (dividing by x3 y2 )
x  x  x2 y2

y  y d ( xy)
or  d    c
x  x ( xy)2

2
 y
  1 y2 1
x ( xy) 1  c0
  
  .
c 2 x2 xy
2 1

 y3  2 x  2 cx2 y  0
It passes through (1,2). So
23  2  2c.2  0

10 5
 c 
4 2

 the curve is y3  2 x  5 x2 y  0

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 QUIZRR 81

Illustration 51

dy
If y1 , y2 are two solutions of the differential equation  P ( x ). y  Q( x ) then prove that
dx
y  y1  c ( y1  y2 ) is the general solution of the equation where c is any constant . For what
relation between the constants ,  will the linear combination  y1   y2 also be a solution.
Solution :
As y1 , y2 are two solutions of the differential equation.
dy
 P ( x). y  Q( x) ...(1)
dx
dy1
  P ( x). y1  Q( x) ...(2)
dx
dy2
and  P( x). y2  Q( x) ...(3)
dx
From (1) - (2)
 dy dy1 
 dx  dx   P ( x).( y  y1 )  0
 
d
 ( y  y1 )  P( x).( y  y1 )  0 ...(4)
dx
From (2) - (3)
d
( y1  y2 )  P ( x).( y1  y2 )  0 (5)
dx
From (4) and (5)
d d d
( y  y1 ) ( y  y1 ) ( y1  y2 )
dx y  y1 dx
   dx
d y1  y2 y  y1 y1  y2
( y1  y2 )
dx
 integrating log( y  y1 )  log( y1  y2 )  log c
or log( y  y1 )  log c( y1  y2 )
 y  y1  c( y1  y2 ) .
Now, y   y1   y2 will be a solution if
d
( y1   y2 )  P ( x).( y1   y2 )  Q( x)
dx
 dy1   dy 
or   P ( x) y1     2  P ( x) y2   Q( x)
 dx   dx 
or  .Q( x)   .Q( x)  Q( x) , using (2) and (3)
 (   )Q( x)  Q( x) .
Hence     1 .

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
 82 QUIZRR

Illustration 52

du dv
Let u( x ) and v( x ) satisfy the differential equation  p( x )u  f ( x ) and  p( x )v  g ( x )
dx dx
respectively where p(x), f(x) and g(x) are continuous functions. If u ( x1 )  v( x1 ) for some x 1
and f ( x )  g ( x ) for all x  x1 , prove that any point (x, y), where x > x 1, does not satisfy the
equations. y  u( x ) and y  v( x ) .
Solution :

du( x)
Here,  p( x)u( x)  f ( x)
dx

dv( x)
and  p( x)v( x)  g ( x)
dx

d[u( x)  v( x)]
  p( x){u( x)  v( x)}  f ( x)  g ( x)
dx

d   p ( x) dx   p ( x) dx
or {u( x)  v( x)}.e
dx 
  { f ( x)  g ( x)}e

 it was in linear form

x
  p ( x) dx  x  p ( x) dx

{u( x)  v( x)}e   x1 { f ( x)  g( x)}e dx ...(1)
  x1

  p( x) dx    p( x) dx 
e   ,  e  
Let    
 x   x1

Clearly,  ,  are positive

  p ( x) dx 
 u( x)  v( x)   {u( x1 )  v( x1 )}.  0  f ( x)  g ( x) for x  x1 and e  0
 

 {u( x)  v( x)}  {u( x1 )  v( x1 )}  0 [because u( x1 )  v( x1 ) ]

 u( x)  v( x)  0 for x  x1

 u( x)  v( x) when x  x1 .
Hence the problem.

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION