Chemical Bonding

Chemical Bond:
A chemical bond is the force of attraction between atoms that

leads to the formation of chemical compounds. The bond occurs
because of, electrostatic force of attraction between atoms of
opposite charges, and through the sharing of electrons (in
covalent bonds).
Atoms lose, gain, or share electrons to attain octet configuration
and stability. The force of attraction is the result of the behaviour
of outermost or valence electrons. Based on this force, different
types of bonds are formed giving rise to different properties in
compounds.
The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably leading to
the formation of either strong or primary bonds and weak or
secondary bonds. Strong bonds include ionic or electrovalent
bonds, covalent bonds, and co-ordinate covalent or dative bonds.
Weak bonds include dipole-dipole interaction and hydrogen
bonds.
The three main types of atomic bonds are:

1. Ionic Bonds: They are formed because of non-directional
interatomic forces and electron transfer. They give structures of
high coordination and there is electrical conductivity at low
temperatures.
2. Covalent Bonds: They are formed because of localised
(directional) large interatomic forces and electron sharing. They
help form structures of low coordination and low conductivity at
low temperatures (for pure crystals).
3. Coordinate Bonds: It is formed by two atoms sharing a pair of
electrons where one of the atoms has a lone pair of electrons.
Ionic or Electrovalent Bond

Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron
between atoms. Ionic bonds occur between metals (electron
donors) and non-metals (electron acceptors) because of the
electrostatic force of attraction between positive and negative
ions. Ionic or electrovalent bonds are formed under the
conditions of low ionization energy, high electron affinity, and
high lattice energy.
Conditions for formation of Electrovalent Bond:
1. Low I.P.
2. High Electron Affinity
3. Large electronegativity Difference
Most Ionic Compound is Caesium fluoride

Ionic Bonds are stable because they are formed by electrostatic
force of attraction.
Ex : sodium chloride, magnesium chloride etc..
Covalent Bond
Covalent bonds are formed between two or more atoms when
they share electrons. They are normally formed between atoms of
similar electronegativity and may occur between atoms of the
same or of a different kind.
Example: Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen share 1, 2, and 3 electrons
respectively, with similar atoms to form molecules. Carbon and
hydrogen share electrons to form hydrocarbons.
Covalent bonds can be polar or non-polar. The more the
difference in electronegativity, the more is the polar nature of the
molecule.
Non Polar Covalent : when shared pair of electrons are equally
distributed. No separation of charge take place. The Molecule is
symmetric and electrically neutral : Ex- Hydrogen, Chlorine,
Oxygen etc..
Polar covalent bonds: are formed when shared pair of electrons
are not equally distributed. Separation of charge take place. Polar
covalent bonds are between atoms with differences in
electronegativity, for example, water, and hydrogen chloride.
Covalency is the number of electrons taking part in the formation
of shared pairs. Ex: for Hydrogen 1
Covalent bonds are of three types:

single covalent bonds
double covalent bonds
triple covalent bonds
Ionisation is the process by which covalent compounds are
converted into ions.
Co-ordinate Bond or Dative Bond

A coordinate covalent bond is also known as a dative bond or
coordinate bond or co- ionic bond is a type of covalent bond in
which the two-shared electrons are supplied by the same atom. It
is formed by two atoms sharing a pair of electrons where one of
the atoms has a lone pair of electrons. The electrons are attracted
to both the nuclei. The atom which supplies both the electrons is
called the donor and the other atom is called the acceptor.
A lone pair is a valence electron pair without bonding or sharing
with other atoms. They are found in the outermost electron shell
of an atom.
Example: Nitrogen has 5 valence electrons of which three are
used for bonding with hydrogen to form ammonia.
Nitrogen in ammonia thus has one lone pair of electrons left.
When ammonia combines with a hydrogen ion it forms
ammonium ion. Nitrogen is the donor and hydrogen is the
acceptor.

Chemical Bonding

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Chemical Bonding

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Chemical Bond:

A chemical bond is the force of attraction between atoms that

The three main types of atomic bonds are:

Ionic or Electrovalent Bond

Most Ionic Compound is Caesium fluoride

Covalent bonds are of three types:

Co-ordinate Bond or Dative Bond

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